Interventions for latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA) in adults

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2017, Issue 12, 2011, Pages

  Brophy, Sinead ^a   Davies, Helen ^b   Mannan, Sopna ^b   Brunt, Huw ^c   Williams, Rhys ^b  

^a SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c PUBLIC HEALTH WALES   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE; C PEPTIDE; CHINESE DRUG; GLUCOSE; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE 65; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INSULIN; METFORMIN; ROSIGLITAZONE; SULFONYLUREA; VITAMIN D; 2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE; GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN; HERBACEOUS AGENT; SULFONYLUREA DERIVATIVE;

ADVERSE EVENT; DIET THERAPY; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HUMAN; INSULIN DEPENDENCE; INTERVENTION STUDY; LATENT AUTOIMMUNE DIABETES IN ADULTS; MORTALITY RATE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SHORT COURSE THERAPY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT DURATION; ADULT; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; IMMUNOLOGY; META ANALYSIS; METABOLISM; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC);

ADULT; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL; GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INSULIN; METFORMIN; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS; THIAZOLIDINEDIONES;

EID: 80055090829     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006165.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Agardh C-D, Cilio C, Lethagen A, Lynch K, Leslie D, Palmer M, et al. Clinical evidence for the safety of GAD65 immunomodulation in adult-onset autoimmune diabetes. Journal of diabetes and its complications 2005;19:238-46.
2. Agardh C-D, Lynch K, Palmer M, Link K. GAD65 vaccination: 5 years of follow-up in a randomised dose-escalating study in adult-onset autoimmune diabetes. Diabetologia 2009;52:1363-68.
3. Cabrera-Rode E, Perich P, Diaz-Horta O, Tiberti C, Molina G, Arranz C, et al. Slowly progressing type 1 diabetes: Persistence of islet cell autoantibodies is related to glibenclamide treatment. Autoimmunity 2002;35(7):469-74.
4. Davis T, Wright A, Mehta Z, Cull C, Stratton I, Bottazzo G, et al. Islet autoantibodies in clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes: prevalence and relationship with metabolic control [UKPDS 70]. Diabetologia 2005;48:695-702. [MEDLINE: PMID: 15729570]
5. Kobayashi T, Nakanishi K, Murase T, Kosaka K. Small doses of subcutaneous insulin as a strategy for preventing slowly progressive beta cell failure in islet cell antibody positive patients with clinical features of NIDDM. Diabetes 1996;45:622-6.
6. Landstedt-Hallin L, Arnert P, Lins PE, Bolindert J, Olsen H, Groop L and Scandinavian insulin sulphonylurea study group research team. The role of sulphonylurea in combination therapy assessed in a trial of sulphonylurea withdrawal. Diabetes Medicine 1999;16:827-34.
7. Li X, Liao L, Yan X, Huang G, Lin J, Lei M, Wang X, Zhou Z. Protective effects of 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on residual beta-cell function in patients with adult-onset latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA). Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2009;25:411-416.
8. Maruyama T, Shimada A, Kanatsuka A, Kasuga A, Takei I, Yokoyama J, et al. Multicenter prevention trial of slowly progressive type 1 diabetes with small dose of insulin (the Tokyo Study). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2003;1005:362-9.
9. Maruyama T, Tanaka S, Shimada A, Funae O, Kasuga A, Kanatsuka A, et al. Insulin Intervention in Slowly Progressive Insulin Dependent (Type 1) Diabetes Mellitus. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2008;93(6):2115-21.
10. Thunander M, Thorgeirsson H, Torn C, Petersson C, Landin-Olsson M. Beta-cell function and metabolic control in Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) with early insulin vs conventional treatment: A three-year follow-up. European Journal of Endocrinology 2011;164:239.
11. Xu X, Zhang D. Effect of Tanguikang in improving the function of pancreatic islet beta cells in patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine 2008;28(10):882-5.
12. Yang Z, Zhou Z, Li X, Huang G, Lin J. Rosiglitazone preserves islet beta-cell function of adult onset latent autoimmune diabetes in 3 years follow-up study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2009;83:54-60.
13. Zhou Z, Li X, Huang G, Peng J, Yang L, Yan X, Wang J. Rosiglitazone combined with insulin preserves islet beta cell function in adult-onset latent autoimmune diabetes [LADA]. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews 2005;21:203-8.
14. Zhu L-Q, Liu Y-H, Huang M. Study on improvement of islet beta cell function in patients with latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults by integrated Chinese and Western Medicine. Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western Medicien 2004;24(7):581-4.
15. Alvarsson M, Sundkvist G, Lager I, Henricsson M, Berntorp K, Fernqvist-Forbes E, et al. Beneficial effects of insulin versus sulphonylurea on insulin secretion and metabolic control in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Care 2003;26(8):2231-7.
16. Berkis LM, Jensen RA, Lagerquist E, Hall TR, Agardh CD, Ciliot CM, et al. GAD65 autoantibody epitopes in adult patients with latent autoimmune diabetes following GAD65 vaccination. Diabetes Medicine 2007;24:521-6.
17. Bjork E, Berne C, Kampe O, Wibell L, Oskarsson P, Karlsson F. Diazoxide treatment at onset preserves residual insulin secretion in adults with autoimmune diabetes. Diabetes 1996;45:1427-30.
18. Chaillous L, Lefevre H, Thivolet C, Boitard C, Lahlou N, Atlan-Gepner C, et al. Oral insulin administration and residual Beta cell function in recent onset type 1 diabetes: a Multicentre randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 2000;356:545-9.
19. Conget I, Aguilera E, Pellitero S, Naf S, Bendtzen K, Casamitjana R, et al. Lack of effect of intermittently administered sodium fusidate in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus: the FUSIDM trial. Diabetologia 2005;48:1464-8. [MEDLINE: PMID: 15995847]
20. DCCT Research Group. Effect of intensive therapy on residual beta cell function in patients with type 1 diabetes in the diabetes control and complications trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 1998;128(7):517-23.
21. Desai M, Cull CA, Horton VA, Christie MR, Bonifacio E, Lampasona, V, et al. GAD autoantibodies and epitope reactivities persist after diagnosis in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults but do not predict disease progression: UKPDS 77. Diabetologia 2007;50:2052-60.
22. Desai M, Clark A. Autoimmune diabetes in adults: lessons from the UKPDS. Diabetic Medicine 2008;25 (Suppl 2):30-4.
23. Ergun-Longmire B, Marker J, Zeidler A, Rapaport R, Raskin P, Bode B, et al. Oral insulin therapy to prevent progression of immune-mediated (type 1) diabetes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2004;1029:260-77.
24. Goday A, Pujol-Borrell R, Fernadez J, Casamitjana R, Rios M, Vilardell E, Gomis R. Effects of a short prednisone regime at clinical onset of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 1993;20:39-46.
25. Heise T, Bott S, Tusek C, Stephan J-A, Kawabata T, Finco-Kent D, et al. The effect of insulin antibodies on the metabolic action of inhaled and subcutaneous insulin. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2161-9. [MEDLINE: PMID: 16123484]
26. Karges B, Durinovic-Bello, Heinze E, Boehm B, Debatin K-M, Karges W. Complete long term recovery of beta cell function in autoimmune type 1 diabetes after insulin treatment. Diabetes Care 2004;27(5):1207-8. [MEDLINE: PMID: 15111548]
27. Kobayashi T, Maruyama T, Shimada A, Kasuga A, Kanatsuka A, Takei I, et al. Insulin intervention to preserve beta cells in slowly progressive insulin dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2002;958:117-30.
28. Leslie R. Intervention in patients with type 1 diabetes masquerading as type II diabetes. Diabetes Nutrition Metabolism 1996;9:319-24.
29. Leslie RDG, Kolb H, Schloot NC, Buzzetti R, Mauricio D, De Leiva A, et al. Diabetes classification:grey zones, sound and smoke: Action LADA1. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2008;24:511-9.
30. Linn T, Ortac K, Laube H, Federlin K. Intensive therapy in adult insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is associated with improved insulin sensitivity and reserve: a randomised, controlled prospective study over 5 years in newly diagnosed patients. Metabolism 1996;45(12):1508-13.
31. Littorin B, Sundkvist G, Hagopian W, Landin-Olsson M, Lernmark A, Ostman J, et al. Islet cell and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies present at diagnosis of diabetes predict the need for insulin treatment. Diabetes Care 1999;22(3):409-12.
32. Loriz Peralta O, Campos Bonilla B, Granda Ybern ML, Sanmarti Sala A, Arroyo Bros J. Detection of LADA-type diabetes in overweight diabetic patients. Is treatment with metformin suitable?. Aten Primaria 2007;39(3):133-7.
33. Martin S, Schernthaner G, Nerup J, Gries F, Koivisto V, Dupre J, et al. Follow-up of cyclosporin A, treatment in type 1 (insulin - dependent) diabetes mellitus: lack of long term effects. Diabetologia 1991;34:429-34.
34. Matsumoto M, Satou S. Small doses of insulin may prevent the decrease of intrinsic insulin secretion in anti-GAD, ICA and IA-2 antibody-positive slowly progressive type 1 diabetes. Journal of the Japan Diabetes Society 2005;48(4):257-61.
35. Matthews D, Cull C, Stratton I, Holman R, Turner R. UKPDS 26: Sulphonylurea failure in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients over six years. Diabetic medicine 1998;15:297-303.
36. Mayorov A, Naumenkova I, Antsiferov M, Dedov I. Influence of insulin treatment on insulin sensitivity in insulin requiring type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2005;68:S54-S59. [MEDLINE: PMID: 15955377]
37. Murao S, Kondo S, Ohashi J, Fujii Y, Shimizu I, Fujiyama M, et al. Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody, IA-2 antibody and fasting C-peptide levels predict beta cell failure in patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). A 5 year follow-up of the Ehime study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2008;80:114-21.
38. Ovalle F, Bell D. Effect of Rosiglitazone versus insulin on the pancreatic beta cell function of subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27(11):2585-9. [MEDLINE: PMID: 15504990]
39. Pozzilli P, Visalli N, Cavallo M, Signore A, Baroni M, Buzzetti R et al and the IMDIAB study Group. Vitamin E and nicotinamide have similar effects in maintaining residual beta cell function in recent onset insulin dependent diabetes (the IMDIAB IV study). European Journal of Endocrinology 1997;137:234-9.
40. Pozzilli P, Pitocco D, Visalli N, Cavallo G, Buzzetti R, Crino A, et al. No effect of oral insulin on residual beta-cell function in recent-onset type 1 diabetes (the IMDIAB VII). Diabetologia 2000;43:1000-4.
41. Pugliese A. Peptide-based treatment for autoimmune diseases: learning how to handle a double-edged sword. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2003;111:1280-2.
42. Ravnik-Oblak M, Mrevlje F. Insulin versus a combination of insulin and sulphonylurea in the treatment of NIDDM patients with secondary oral failure. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 1995;30:27-35.
43. Raz I, Avron A, Tamir M, Metzger M, Symer L, Eldor R, et al. Treatment of new-onset type 1 diabetes with peptide DiaPep277 is safe and associated with preserved beta-cell function: extension of a randomised, double-blind, phase II trial. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2007;23:292-8.
44. Rosario PWS, Reis JS, Fagundes TA, Calsolari MR, Amim R, Silva SC, et al. Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA): Usefulness of Anti-Gad Antibody Titers and Benefit of Early Insulinization. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia 2007;51/1:52-8.
45. Sa J, Silva R, Nasri F, Velloso L, Chacra A, Dib S. Non-obese adult onset diabetes with oral hypoglycaemic agent failure: islet cell autoantibodies or reversible beta cell refractoriness?. Brazillian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2003;36:1301-9.
46. Schloot NC, Meierhoff G, Lengyel C, Vandorfi G, Takacs J, Panczel P, et al. Effect of heat shock protein peptide DiaPep277 on Beta-cell function in paediatric and adult patients with recent-onset diabetes mellitus type 1: two prospective, randomised, double-blind phase II trials. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2007;23:276-85.
47. Schories M, Peters T, Rasenack J, Reincke M. Islet-cell antibodies and type 1 diabetes after treatment with interferon-alpha. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 2004;129:1120-4.
48. Scranton R, Su M, Turner R, Testa M. Quality of life considerations for insulin versus oral agent therapy in persons presenting with characteristics of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults [LADA]. American Diabetes Association. 2004:Abstract number: 1835-P.
49. Secchi A, Pastore M, Sergi A, Pontiroli A, Pozza G. Prednisone administration in recent onset type 1 diabetes. Journal of autoimmunity 1990;3:593-600.
50. Steffes M, Jackson M, Sibley S, Thomas W. Beta cell Function and the development of diabetes related complications in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes Care 2003;26(3):832-6.
51. Stenstrom G, Gottsater A, Bakhtadze E, Berger B, Sundkvist G. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: Definition, prevalence, Beta cell function and treatment. Diabetes 2005;54(S2):S68-S72.
52. Takino H, Yamasaki H, Sera Y, Abe T, Ozaki M, Kondo H, et al. The preliminary report from the nation-wide prevention study for type 1 diabetes initially diagnosed as type 2 in Japan. Diabetes/metabolism reviews 1998;14:329-35.
53. Turner R, Stratton I, Horton V, Manley S, Zimmet P, Mackay I, et al. UKPDS 25: autoantibodies in islet-cell cytoplasm and glutamic acid decarboxylase for prediction of insulin requirement in type 2 diabetes. The Lancet 1997;350:1288-93.
54. van Deutekom AW, Heine RJ, Simsek S. The islet autoantibody titre: their clinical relevance in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and the classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine 2007;25:117-25.
55. Vidal J, Fernandez-Balsells M, Sesmilo G, Aguilera E, Casamitjana R, Gomis R, et al. Effects of Nicotinamide and intravenous insulin therapy in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23(3):360-4.
56. Weng J, Li Y, Xu W, Shi L, Zhang Q, Zhu D, et al. Effect of intensive insulin therapy on Beta-cell function and glycaemic control in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a Multicentre randomised parallel-group trial. Lancet 2008;May 24:1753-60.
57. Zinman B, Kahn SE, Haffner SM, O'Neill MC, Heise MA, Freed MI, ADOPT Study Group. Phenotypic Characteristics of GAD antibody positive recently diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes in north America and Europe. Diabetes 2004;53:3193-200. [MEDLINE: PMID: 15561950]
58. Safety of Diamyd® in Patients With LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adult). Ongoing study December 2004.
59. Randomised, controlled, parallel-group study to investigate the clinical effectiveness of early insulin treatment in patients with LADA. Ongoing study 2007.
60. Non Insulin Requiring Autoimmune Diabetes (NIRAD) project. Ongoing study 2006.
61. Is "Beta Cell Rest" by Insulin Treatment Beneficial Compared to State-of-the Art Enhancers of Insulin Secretion in Preserving Beta Cell Function in Subjects With Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of the Adult (LADA)?. Ongoing study March 2009.
62. Rosiglitazone intervention study on patients with type 1.5 diabetes. Ongoing study 2000.
63. Safety, Tolerability, Immunological and Clinical Efficacy of Multiple Subcutaneous Doses of DiaPep277 in Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA). Ongoing study October 2002.
64. Protective Effects of Sitagliptin on β Cell Function in Patients With Adult-onset Latent Autoimmune Diabetes(LADA) (DPP-LADA). Ongoing study May 2010.
65. Amori RE, Lau J, Pittas AG. Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2007;298(2):194-206.
66. Appel SJ, Wadas TM, Rosenthal RS, Ovalle F. Latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood (LADA): an often misdiagnosed type of diabetes mellitus. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 2009;21(3):156-9.
67. Beales P, Pozzilli P. Thiazolidinediones for the prevention of diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse: implications for human type 1 diabetes. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2002;18(2):114-7.
68. Bingley P, Bonifacio E, Mueller P. Diabetes Antibody Standardization Program, first assay proficiency evaluation. Diabetes 2003;52(5):1128-36.
69. Black C, McIntyre L, Mesa-Perez JA, Royle PL, Thomas S, Waugh N. Meglitinide analogues for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004654.pub2]
70. Brophy S, Williams D.R.R, Leslie D on behalf of the Action LADA Research Group. Epidemiology of latent autoimmune diabetes [LADA] in eight centres in Europe. Diabetic medicine. 2006; Vol. 23:4 Suppl. [ISSN 0742-3071]
71. Brophy S, Davies H, Dunseath G, Stephens JW, Platts J, Lane H, et al. Experience of the introduction of routine antibody testing in primary care and of running a trial for latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). Diabetes research and clinical practice 2011;Epub ahead of print((Apr 2011)).
72. Cabrera-Rode E, Perich P, Diaz-Horta O, Tiberti C, Molina G, Arranz D, et al. Slowly progressing type 1 diabetes: persistence of islet cell autoantibodies is related to glibenclamide treatment. Autoimmunity 2002;35(7):469-74.
73. Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement 1960;20:37-46.
74. Davies H, Brophy S, Fielding A, Bingley P, Chandler M, Hilldrup I, et al. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) in South Wales: incidence and characterization. Diabetic Medicine 2008;25:1354-7.
75. Gale E. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: a guide for the perplexed. Diabetologia 2005;48:2195-9.
76. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in medicine 2002;21:1539-58.
77. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analysis. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557-60.
78. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.5 [updated May 2005]. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2005. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
79. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
80. Kobayashi T, Nakanishi K, Murase T, Kosaka K. Small doses of subcutaneous insulin as a strategy for preventing slowly progressive beta-cell failure in islet cell antibody-positive patients with clinical features of NIDDM. Diabetes 1996;45(5):622-6.
81. Kobayashi T, Maruyama T, Shimada A, Kasuga A, Kanatsuka A, Takei I, et al. Insulin intervention to preserve beta cells in slowly progressive insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2002;958:117-30.
82. Lau J, Ioannidis JPA, Terrin N, Schmid CH, Olkin I. The case of the misleading funnel plot. BMJ 2006;333:597-600.
83. Leslie R.D, Williams D.R.R, Pozzelli P. Type 1 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA): one end of the rainbow. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006;91(5):1654-9.
84. Lewis S, Clarke M. Forest plots: trying to see the wood and the trees. BMJ 2001;322(7300):1479-80.
85. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med 1999;6(7):1-28. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100]
86. Lohmann T, Kellner K, Verlohren HJ, Krug J, Steindorf J, Scherbaum WA, et al. Titre and combination of ICA and autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase discriminate two clinically distinct types of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). Diabetologia 2001;44(8):1005-10.
87. Maruyama T, Shimada A, Kanatsuka A, Kasuga A, Takei I, Yokoyama J, et al. Multicenter prevention trial of slowly progressive type 1 diabetes with small dose of insulin (the Tokyo study): preliminary report. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2003;1005:362-9.
88. Nabhan F, Emanuele M, Emanuele N, Nabhan F. Latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood. Unique features that distinguish it from type 1 and 2. Postgraduate Medicine 2005;117(3):7-12.
89. Naik R, Palmer J. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 2003;4:233-41.
90. Naik RG, Brooks-Worrell BM, Palmer JP. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009;94(12):4635-44.
91. Owen KR, Stride A, Ellard S, Hattersley AT. Etiological investigation of diabetes in young adults presenting with apparent type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26(7):2088-93.
92. Palmer J. Beta cell rest and recovery - does it bring patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults to euglycaemia?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2002;958:89-98.
93. Pozzilli P, Di Mario U. Autoimmune diabetes not requiring insulin at diagnosis (latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult): definition, characterization and potential prevention. Diabetes Care 2001;24(8):1460-7.
94. Richter Bernd, Bandeira-Echtler Elizabeth, Bergerhoff Karla, Clar Christine, Ebrahim Susanne H. Pioglitazone for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858]
95. Richter Bernd, Bandeira-Echtler Elizabeth, Bergerhoff Karla, Clar Christine, Ebrahim Susanne H. Rosiglitazone for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858]
96. Richter B, Bandeira-Echtler E, Bergerhoff K, Lerch CL. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. [DOI: CD006739.pub2]
97. Saenz Antonio, Fernandez-Esteban Inmaculada, Mataix Angel, Ausejo Segura Monica, Roqué i Figuls Marta, Moher David. Metformin monotherapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858]
98. Schernthaner G, Hink S, Kopp H, Muzyka B, Streit G, Kroiss A. Progress in the characterization of slowly progressive autoimmune diabetes in adult patients (LADA or type 1.5 diabetes). Experimental Clinical Endocrinology Diabetes 2001;109:S94-S108.
99. Scranton R, Su M, Turner R, Testa M. Quality of life considerations for insulin versus oral agent therapy in persons presenting with characteristics of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults [LADA]. American Diabetes Association. 2004:Abstract number: 1835-P.
100. Stenstrom G, Gottsater A, Bakhtadze E, Berger B, Sundkvist G. Section II: Type 1- related forms of diabetes. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Diabetes 2005;54:S68-S72.
101. Sterne JAC, Egger M, Davey Smith G. Investigating and dealing with publication and other biases. In: Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG editor(s). Systematic Reviews in Health Care; Meta-analysis in Context. London: BMJ Publishing Group, 2001:189-208.
102. Takeda H, Kawasaki E, Shimizu I, Konoue E, Fujiyama M, Murao S, et al. Clinical, autoimmune, and genetic characteristics of adult-onset diabetic patients with GAD auto-antibodies in Japan (Ehime Study). Diabetes Care 2002;25(6):995-1001.
103. Takino H, Yamasaki H, Sera Y, Abe T, Ozaki M, Kondo H, et al. The preliminary report from the nation-wide prevention study for type 1 diabetes initially diagnosed as type 2 in Japan. Diabetes/metabolism reviews 1998;14(4):334-5.
104. Tuomi T, Groop L, Zimmet P, Rowley M, Knowles W, MacKay I, et al. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase reveal latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults with a non-insulin-dependent onset of disease. Diabetes 1993;42:359-62.
105. Turner R, Stratton I, Horton V, Manley S, Zimmet P, Mackay IR, et al. UKPDS 25: autoantibodies to islet-cell cytoplasm and glutamic acid decarboxylase for prediction of insulin requirement in type 2 diabetes. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Lancet 1997;350 (9087):1288-93.
106. Van de Laar FA, Lucassen PL, Akkermans RP, Van de Lisdonk EH, De Grauw WJ. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for people with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting blood glucose. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: CD005061.pub2]
107. Zhou Z, Li X, Huang G, Peng J, Yang L, Yan X, et al. Rosiglitazone combined with insulin preserves islet beta cell function in adult-onset latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA). Diabetes/ Metabolism Research and Review 2004;21(2):203-8.
108. Zinman B, Kahn SE, Haffner SM, O'Neill MC, Heise MA, Freed MI. Phenotypic characteristics of GAD antibody-positive recently diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes in North America and Europe. Diabetes 2004;53(12):3193-200.