The watt balance: Determination of the Planck constant and redefinition of the kilogram

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

Volumn 369, Issue 1953, 2011, Pages 3936-3953

  Stock, M ^a  

^a PAVILLON DE BRETEUIL   (France)

Author keywords

International prototype; International System of Units; Kilogram; Planck constant; Redefinition; Watt balance

Indexed keywords

EXPERIMENTS; QUANTUM ELECTRONICS;

INTERNATIONAL PROTOTYPE; KILOGRAM; PLANCK CONSTANT; REDEFINITION; WATT BALANCE;

METRIC SYSTEM;

EID: 80055068795     PISSN: 1364503X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0184     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (32)

1. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. (2006) The international system of units, 8th edn. Sévres, France: BIPM.
2. Davis, R. 2003 The SI unit of mass. Metrologia 40, 299-305. (doi:10.1088/0026-1394/40/6/001)
3. Taylor, B. N. & Witt, T. J. 1989 New international electrical reference standards based on the Josephson and quantum Hall effects. Metrologia 26, 47-62. (doi:10.1088/0026-1394/26/1/004)
4. Vigoureux, P. 1964 A determination of the ampere. Metrologia 1, 3-7. (doi:10.1088/0026- 1394/1/1/003)
5. Clothier, W. K., Sloggett, G. J., Bairnsfather, H., Curry, M. F. & Benjamin, D. J. 1989 A determination of the volt. Metrologia 26, 9-46. (doi:10.1088/0026-1394/26/1/003)
6. Jeffery, A., Elmquist, R. E., Shields, J. Q., Lee, L. H., Cage, M. E., Shields, S. H. & Dziuba, R. F. 1998 Determination of the von Klitzing constant and the fine-structure constant through a comparison of the quantized Hall resistance and the ohm derived from the NIST calculable capacitor. Metrologia 35, 83-96. (doi:10.1088/0026-1394/35/2/3)
7. Mills, I. M., Mohr, P. J., Quinn, T. J., Taylor, B. N. & Williams, E. R. 2006 Redefinition of the kilogram, ampere, kelvin and mole: A proposed approach to implementing CIPM Recommendation 1 (CI-2005). Metrologia 43, 227-246. (doi:10.1088/0026-1394/43/3/006) (Pubitemid 43830226)
8. Andreas, B. et al. 2011 Determination of the Avogadro constant by counting the atoms in a 28Si crystal. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 030801. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.030801)
9. Mohr, P. J., Taylor, B. N. & Newell, D. B. 2008 CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006. Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 633-730. (doi:10.1103/RevModPhys. 80.633)
10. Josephson, B. D. 1962 Possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling. Phys. Lett. 1, 251-253. (doi:10.1016/0031-9163(62)91369-0)
11. Shapiro, S. 1963 Josephson currents in superconducting tunnelling: The effect of microwaves and other observations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 11, 80-82. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.11.80)
12. Klitzing, K. V., Dorda, G. & Pepper, M. 1980 New method for high-accuracy determination of the fine-structure constant based on quantized Hall resistance. Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 494-497. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.494)
13. Poirier, W. & Schopfer, F. 2009 Resistance metrology based on the quantum Hall effect. Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 172, 207-245. (doi:10.1140/epjst/e2009-01051-5)
14. Jeanneret, B. & Benz, S. P. 2009 Application of the Josephson effect in electrical metrology. Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 172, 181-206. (doi:10.1140/epjst/e2009-01050-6)
15. Shiota, F. & Hara, K. 1987 A study of a superconducting magnetic levitation system for an absolute determination of the magnetic flux quantum. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 36, 271-274.
16. Kibble, B. P. 1976 A measurement of the gyromagnetic ratio of the proton by the strong field method. In Atomic masses and fundamental constants, vol. 5 (eds J. H. Sanders & A. H. Wapstra), pp. 545-551. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
17. Eichenberger, A., Jeckelmann, B. & Richard, P. 2003 Tracing Planck's constant to the kilogram by electromechanical methods. Metrologia 40, 356-365. (doi:10.1088/0026-1394/40/6/007)
18. Eichenberger, A., Genevés, G. & Gournay, P. 2009 Determination of the Planck constant by means of a watt balance. Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 172, 363-383. (doi:10.1140/epjst/e2009- 01061-3)
19. Kibble, B. P., Robinson, I. A. & Belliss, J. H. 1990 A realization of the SI watt by the NPL moving-coil balance. Metrologia 27, 173-192. (doi:10.1088/0026-1394/27/4/002)
20. Robinson, I. A. 2007 An initial measurement of Planck's constant using the NPL Mark II watt balance. Metrologia 44, 427-440. (doi:10.1088/0026-1394/44/ 6/001) (Pubitemid 350212278)
21. Inglis, A. D., Sanchez, C. A. & Wood, B. M. 2010 The NRC watt balance project. In Digest 2010 Conf. on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, Daejeon, South Korea, 13-18 June 2010, pp. 514-515. Daejeon, Korea: CPEM.
22. Olsen, P. T. et al. 1989 A measurement of the NBS electrical watt in SI units. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 38, 238-244. (doi:10.1109/19.192279)
23. Williams, E. R., Steiner, R. L., Newell, D. B. & Olsen, P. T. 1998 Accurate measurement of the Planck constant. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 2404-2407. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.2404)
24. Steiner, R., Newell, D. & Williams, E. 2005 Details of the 1998 watt balance experiment determining the Planck constant. J. Res. Natl Inst. Stand. Technol. 110, 1-26. (Pubitemid 40541708)
25. Steiner, R. L., Williams, E. R., Newell, D. B. & Liu, R. 2005 Towards an electronic kilogram: An improved measurement of the Planck constant and electron mass. Metrologia 42, 431-441. (doi:10.1088/0026-1394/42/5/014) (Pubitemid 41436732)
26. Steiner, R. L., Williams, E. R., Liu, R. & Newell, D. B. 2007 Uncertainty improvements of the NIST electronic kilogram. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 56, 592-596. (doi:10.1109/TIM.2007. 890783) (Pubitemid 46541974)
27. Eichenberger, A., Baumann, H., Jeanneret, B., Jeckelmann, B., Richard, P. & Beer, W. 2011 Determination of the Planck constant with the METAS watt balance. Metrologia 48, 133-141. (doi:10.1088/0026-1394/48/3/007)
28. Genevés, G. et al. 2005 The BNM watt balance project. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 54, 850-853. (doi:10.1109/TIM.2005.843576) (Pubitemid 40535841)
29. Picard, A., Fang, H., Kiss, A., de Mirand́s, E., Stock, M. & Urano, C. 2008 Progress on the BIPM watt balance. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 58, 924-929. (doi:10.1109/TIM.2008.2009913)
30. Picard, A., Bradley, M. P., Fang, H., Kiss, A., de Mirand́s, E., Parker, B., Solve, S. & Stock, M. 2011 The BIPM watt balance: Improvements and developments. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 60, 2378-2386. (doi:10.1109/TIM. 2011.2126130)
31. Zhang, Z., He, Q. & Li, Z. 2006 An approach for improving the watt balance. In Digest 2006 Conf. on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, Turin, Italy, 9-14 July 2006, pp. 126-127. Turin, Italy: Edizioni CLUT.
32. Zhang, Z., He, Q., Li, Z., Lu, Y., Zhao, J., Han, B., Fu, Y., Li, C., & Li, S. 2011 Recent development on the Joule Balance at NIM. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 60, 2533-2538. doi:10.1109/TIM.2011.2113930)