Direct covariance measurement of CO2 gas transfer velocity during the 2008 Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment: Wind speed dependency

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 116, Issue 11, 2011, Pages

  Edson, J B ^a   Fairall, C W ^b   Bariteau, L ^c   Zappa, C J ^d   Cifuentes Lorenzen, A ^a   McGillis, W R ^d   Pezoa, S ^b   Hare, J E ^c   Helmig, D ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

^b EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^d Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASSOCIATED GAS; EXPERIMENTS; OCEANOGRAPHY; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; VELOCITY; WATER VAPOR; WIND EFFECTS;

AIR-SEA EXCHANGE; COVARIANCE METHOD; DIRECT MEASUREMENT; DUAL TRACERS; FLUX PARAMETERIZATION; GAS EXCHANGE; GAS TRANSFER; HIGH WINDS; KEY COMPONENT; MOISTURE CONTAMINATION; NORTH ATLANTIC; NORTH SEA; OPEN OCEAN; PHYSICAL PROCESS; QUADRATIC DEPENDENCE; QUADRATIC FORMULATION; SOUTHERN OCEAN; TRANSFER VELOCITY; WIND SPEED;

CARBON DIOXIDE;

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; CARBON DIOXIDE; COVARIANCE ANALYSIS; GAS EXCHANGE; HEAT TRANSFER; MASS TRANSFER; MOMENTUM; OPEN OCEAN; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; WIND VELOCITY;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); SOUTHERN OCEAN;

EID: 80054969357     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011JC007022     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Bariteau, L., J. Hueber, K. Lang, D. Helmig, C. W. Fairall, and J. E. Hare (2010), Ozone deposition velocity by ship-based eddy correlation flux measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 441-455, doi:10.5194/amt-3-441-2010.
2. Blomquist, B. W., C. W. Fairall, B. Huebert, and D. J. Kleiber (2006), DMS sea-air transfer velocity: Direct measurements by eddy covariance and parameterization based on the NOAA/COARE Gas Transfer Model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L07601, doi:10.1029/2006GL025735. (Pubitemid 43772892)
3. Blomquist, B. W., B. J. Huebert, C. W. Fairall, and I. C. Faloona (2010), Determining the sea-air flux of dimethylsulfide by eddy correlation using mass spectrometry, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1-20, doi:10.5194/amt-3-1-2010.
4. Broadgate, W. (Ed.) (2004), SOLAS science plan and implementation strategy, IGBP Rep., 50, 88 pp., IGBP Secr., Stockholm.
5. Businger, J. A. (1997), On the measurement of the transfer of gases across the air-sea interface, J. Appl. Meteorol., 36, 1113-1115, doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1997)0362.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 28236127)
6. 2 Measurements, PICES Spec. Publ., 3, 191 pp., N. Pac. Mar. Sci. Organ., Sydney, B. C., Canada.
7. Dupuis, H., C. Guerin, D. Hauser, A. Weill, P. Nacass, W. M. Drennan, S. Cloche, and H. C. Graber (2003), Impact of flow distortion corrections on turbulent fluxes estimated by the inertial dissipation method during the FETCH experiment on R/V L'Atalante, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C3), 8064, doi:10.1029/2001JC001075.
8. Edson, J. B., and C. W. Fairall (1998), Similarity relationships in the marine atmospheric surface layer for terms in the TKE and scalar variance budgets, J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2311-2328, doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<2311: SRITMA>2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 128612429)
9. Edson, J. B., A. A. Hinton, K. E. Prada, J. E. Hare, and C. W. Fairall (1998), Direct covariance flux estimates from mobile platforms at sea, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 547-562, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1998)0152.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 128590030)
10. Edson, J. B., C. J. Zappa, J. A. Ware, W. R. McGillis, and J. E. Hare (2004), Scalar flux profile relationships over the open ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C08S09, doi:10.1029/2003JC001960. (Pubitemid 39437402)
11. Edson, J. B., M. D. DeGrandpre, N. Frew, and W. R. McGillis (2008), Investigations of air-sea gas exchange in the CoOP coastal air-sea chemical flux program, Oceanography, 21, 34-45.
12. Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. S. Godfrey, J. B. Edson, G. S. Young, and G. A. Wick (1996a), Cool skin and warm layer effects on the sea surface temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1295-1308, doi:10.1029/95JC03190. (Pubitemid 26468055)
13. Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, D. P. Rogers, J. B. Edson, and G. S. Young (1996b), Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for TOGA COARE, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3747-3764, doi:10.1029/95JC03205. (Pubitemid 26470414)
14. Fairall, C. W., J. E. Hare, J. B. Edson, and W. McGillis (2000), Parameterization and micrometeorological measurements of air-sea gas transfer, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 96, 63-106, doi:10.1023/A:1002662826020.
15. Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. E. Hare, A. A. Grachev, and J. B. Edson (2003), Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm, J. Clim., 16, 571-591, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2003)0162.0. CO;2. (Pubitemid 37164410)
16. Fairall, C. W., L. Bariteau, A. A. Grachev, R. J. Hill, D. E. Wolfe, W. Brewer, S. Tucker, J. E. Hare, and W. Angevine (2006), Coastal effects on turbulent bulk transfer coefficients and ozone deposition velocity in ICARTT, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23S20, doi:10.1029/2006JD007597. (Pubitemid 47260834)
17. Fairall, C. W., J. E. Hare, D. Helmig, and L. Ganzveld (2007), Water-side turbulence enhancement of ozone deposition to the ocean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 443-451, doi:10.5194/acp-7-443-2007. (Pubitemid 46180342)
18. 3, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C00F09, doi:10.1029/2010JC006884.
19. Hare, J., C. Fairall, W. McGillis, J. Edson, B. Ward, and R. Wanninkhof (2004), Evaluation of the NOAA/COARE air-sea gas transfer parameterization using GasEx data, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C08S02, doi:10.1029/2003JC002256. (Pubitemid 39437395)
20. Hintsa, E. J., J. W. H. Dacey, W. R. McGillis, J. B. Edson, C. J. Zappa, and H. J. Zemmelink (2004), Sea-to-air fluxes from measurements of the atmospheric gradient of dimethylsulfide and comparison with simultaneous relaxed eddy accumulation measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C01026, doi:10.1029/2002JC001617.
21. Ho, D. T., C. S. Law, M. J. Smith, P. Schlosser, M. Harvey, and P. Hill (2006), Measurements of air-sea gas exchange at high wind speeds in the Southern Ocean: Implications for global parameterizations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16611, doi:10.1029/2006GL026817. (Pubitemid 44945736)
22. Ho, D. T., C. L. Sabine, D. Hebert, D. S. Ullman, R. Wanninkhof, R. C. Hamme, P. G. Strutton, B. Hales, J. B. Edson, and B. R. Hargreaves (2011a), Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment: Setting the stage, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C00F08, doi:10.1029/2010JC006852.
23. Ho, D. T., R. Wanninkhof, P. Schlosser, D. S. Ullman, D. Hebert, and K. F. Sullivan (2011b), Toward a universal relationship between wind speed and gas exchange: Gas transfer velocities measured with 3He/SF6 during the Southern Ocean Gas Exchange Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C00F04, doi:10.1029/2010JC006854.
24. 2 sensors, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 299-311, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2000)0172.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 30258117)
25. 2 flux by eddy covariance technique in the equatorial Indian Ocean, J. Oceanogr., 63, 449-456, doi:10.1007/s10872-007-0040-7. (Pubitemid 46705689)
26. 2 flux in the Greenland Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L12603, doi:10.1029/2011GL047722.
27. Liss, P. S., and L. Merlivat (1986), Air-sea gas exchange rates: Introduction and synthesis, in The Role of Air-Sea Interactions in Geochemical Cycling, edited by P. Buat-Menard, pp. 113-129, D. Reidel, Hingham, Mass.
28. Liss, P. S., and P. G. Slater (1974), Flux of gases across the air-sea interface, Nature, 247, 181-184, doi:10.1038/247181a0.
29. MacIntyre, S., W. Eugster, and G. W. Kling (2001), The critical importance of buoyancy flux for gas flux across the air-water interface, in Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 127, edited by M. A. Donelan et al., pp. 135-139, AGU, Washington, D. C.
30. Marandino, C., W. De Bruyn, S. Miller, and E. Saltzman (2009), Eddy correlation measurements of the air/sea flux of dimethylsulfide over the Eastern Pacific Ocean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 345-356, doi:10.5194/acp-9-345-2009.
31. 2 gradients for air-sea flux estimates, Mar. Chem., 98, 100-108, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2005.09.003. (Pubitemid 43049763)
32. McGillis, W. R., J. W. H. Dacey, N. M. Frew, E. J. Bock, and B. K. Nelson (2000), Water-side flux of dimethylsulfide, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1187-1193, doi:10.1029/1999JC900243.
33. 2 fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 16,729-16,745, doi:10.1029/2000JC000506.
34. McGillisW. R., J. B. Edson, J. D. Ware, J. W. H. Dacey, J. E. Hare, C. W. Fairall, and R. Wanninkhof (2001b), Carbon dioxide flux techniques performed during GasEx-98, Mar. Chem., 75, 267-280,doi:10.1016/S0304-4203(01)00042-1 (Pubitemid 32818238)
35. 2 fluxes in the equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C08S02, doi:10.1029/ 2003JC002256. (Pubitemid 39437395)
36. 2 and DMS in the North Atlantic by eddy covariance, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L15816, doi:10.1029/2009GL038907.
37. 2 exchange by eddy covariance, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D02304, doi:10.1029/2009JD012193.
38. 2 by the oceans, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L11802, doi:10.1029/2005GL025408. (Pubitemid 44123137)
39. Nightingale, P. D., G. Malin, C. S. Law, A. J. Watson, P. S. Liss, M. J. Liddicoat, J. Boutin, and R. C. Upstill-Goddard (2000), In situ evaluation of air-sea gas exchange using novel conservative and volatile tracers, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 14, 373-387, doi:10.1029/1999GB900091.
40. 2 flux over the ocean: Development of a novel method, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L03607, doi:10.1029/2009GL041482.
41. 2 flux, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L23607, doi:10.1029/2010GL045597.
42. Rowe, M. D., C. W. Fairall, and J. A. Perlinger (2011), Chemical sensor resolution requirements for near-surface measurements of turbulent fluxes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5263-5275, doi:10.5194/acp-11-5263-2011.
43. Rutgersson, A., A. Smedman, and E. Sahlée (2011), Oceanic convective mixing and the impact on air-sea gas transfer velocity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L02602, doi:10.1029/2010GL045581.
44. Soloviev, A. V. (2007), Coupled renewal model of ocean viscous sublayer, thermal skin effect and interfacial gas transfer velocity, J. Mar. Syst., 66, 19-27, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.03.024. (Pubitemid 46694307)
45. Soloviev, A. V., and P. Schlüssel (1994), Parameterization of the cool skin of the ocean and of the air-ocean gas transfer on the basis of modeling surface renewal, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1339-1346, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<1339:POTCSO>2.0.CO;2.
46. 2 and nutrients in the high-latitude surface oceans: A comparative study, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 7, 843-878, doi:10.1029/93GB02263. (Pubitemid 24430526)
47. Taylor, P. K. (2000), Intercomparison and validation of ocean-atmosphere energy flux fields, final report of the Joint WCRP/SCOR Working Group on Air-Sea Fluxes, Rep. WCRP-112, 306 pp., World Clim. Res. Programme, Geneva, Switzerland.
48. U.S. Department of Energy (1994), Handbook of methods for the analysis of the various parameters of the carbon dioxide system in sea water, version 2, Rep. ORNL/CDIAC-74, edited by A. G. Dickson and C. Goyet, Washington, D. C.
49. Vlahos, P., and E. C. Monahan (2009), A generalized model for the air-sea transfer of dimethylsulfide at high wind speeds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L21605, doi:10.1029/2009GL040695.
50. Wanninkhof, R. (1992), Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7373-7382, doi:10.1029/92JC00188.
51. 2 exchange in natural waters, Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 689-697, doi:10.4319/lo.1996.41.4.0689. (Pubitemid 26324529)
52. 2 exchange and wind speed, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1889-1892, doi:10.1029/1999GL900363.
53. Wanninkhof, R., W. E. Asher, D. T. Ho, C. Sweeney, and W. R. McGillis (2009), Advances in quantifying air-sea gas exchange and environmental forcing, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 213-244, doi:10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163742.
54. Webb, E. D., G. I. Pearman, and R. Leuning (1980), Correction of flux measurements for density due to heat and water vapor transport, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 106, 85-100, doi:10.1002/qj.49710644707.
55. Weiss, R. F. (1970), The solubility of nitrogen, oxygen and argon in water and seawater, Deep Sea Res., 17(4), 721-735.
56. Weiss, R. F. (1974), Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: The solubility of a non-ideal gas, Mar. Chem., 2, 203-215, doi:10.1016/0304-4203(74)90015-2.
57. Woolf, D. K. (1997), Bubbles and their role in gas exchange, in The Sea Surface and Global Change, edited by R. Duce, P. Liss, and U. Cambridge, pp. 173-206, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K., doi:10.1017/CBO9780511525025. 007.
58. Yang, M., B. W. Blomquist, C. W. Fairall, S. D. Archer, and B. J. Huebert (2011), Air-sea exchange of dimethylsulfide in the Southern Ocean: Measurements from SO GasEx compared to temperate and tropical regions, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C00F05, doi:10.1029/2010JC006526.
59. Zemmelink, H. J., J. W. H. Dacey, E. J. Hintsa, W. R. McGillis, W. W. C. Gieskes, W. Klaassen, H. W. de Groot, and H. J. W. de Baar (2004), Fluxes and gas transfer rates of the biogenic trace gas DMS derived from atmospheric gradients, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C08S10, doi:10.1029/2003JC001795. (Pubitemid 39437403)