Open ocean gas transfer velocity derived from long-term direct measurements of the CO2 flux

Geophysical Research Letters

Volumn 37, Issue 23, 2010, Pages

  Prytherch, John ^a   Yelland, Margaret J ^a   Pascal, Robin W ^a   Moat, Bengamin I ^a   Skjelvan, Ingunn ^b   Srokosz, Meric A ^a  

^a NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^b BJERKNES CENTRE FOR CLIMATE RESEARCH   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; PLANTS (BOTANY); WIND;

AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS; CONTROL PROCEDURES; DIRECT MEASUREMENT; EDDY COVARIANCE; FLUX MEASUREMENTS; INFRARED GAS ANALYZERS; MEAN WIND SPEED; OPEN OCEAN CO2 FLUX MEASUREMENT;

GASES;

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; CARBON DIOXIDE; EDDY COVARIANCE; GAS TRANSPORT; OPEN OCEAN; PARAMETERIZATION; WIND VELOCITY;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH);

EID: 78649819696     PISSN: 00948276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2010GL045597     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Asher, W. (2009), The effects of experimental uncertainty in parameterizing air-sea gas exchange using tracer experiment data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 131-139, doi:10.5194/acp-9-131-2009.
2. Asher, W. E., and R. Wanninkhof (1998), The effect of bubble-mediated gas transfer on purposeful dual-gaseous tracer experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 103(C5), 10,555-10,560, doi:10.1029/98JC00245.
3. Asher, W., J. Edson, W. McGillis, R. Wanninkhof, D. T. Ho, and T. Litchendorf (2002), Fractional area whitecap coverage and air-sea gas transfer velocities measured during GasEx-98, in Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 127, edited by M. A. Donelan et al., pp. 199-203, AGU, Washington, D. C.
4. Brooks, I. M., et al. (2009), Physical exchanges at the air-sea interface: UK-SOLAS field measurements, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90(5), 629-644, doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2578.1.
5. Edson, J. B., A. A. Hinton, K. E. Prada, J. E. Hare, and C. W. Fairall (1998), Direct covariance flux estimates from mobile platforms at sea, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 547-562, doi:10.1175/1520-0426 (1998)0152.0.CO;2.
6. Fairall, C. W., J. E. Hare, J. B. Edson, and W. McGillis (2000), Parameterization and micrometeorological measurement of air-sea gas transfer, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 96, 63-106, doi:10.1023/A:1002662826020.
7. Ho, D. T., C. S. Law, M. J. Smith, P. Schlosser, M. Harvey, and P. Hill (2006), Measurements of air-sea gas exchange at high wind speeds in the Southern Ocean: Implications for global parameterizations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L16611, doi:10.1029/2006GL026817. (Pubitemid 44945736)
8. Huebert, B. J., B. W. Blomquist, M. X. Yang, S. D. Archer, P. D. Nightingale, M. J. Yelland, J. Stephens, R. W. Pascal, and B. I. Moat (2010), Linearity of DMS transfer coefficient with both friction velocity and wind speed in the moderate wind speed range, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L01605, doi:10.1029/2009GL041203.
9. Jähne, B., G. Heinz, and W. Dietrich (1987), Measurement of the diffusion coefficients of sparingly soluble gases in water, J. Geophys. Res., 92 (C10), 10,767-10,776, doi:10.1029/JC092iC10p10767.
10. 2 sensors, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 299-311, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(2000)0172.0.CO;2.
11. 2 flux by eddy covariance technique in the equatorial Indian Ocean, J. Oceanogr., 63, 449-456, doi:10.1007/s10872-007-0040-7. (Pubitemid 46705689)
12. 2 fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 16,729-16,745, doi:10.1029/2000JC000506.
13. Monahan, E. C., and M. C. Spillane (1984), The role of oceanic whitecaps in air-sea gas exchange, in Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, edited by G. H. Jirka and W. Brutsaert, pp. 495-504, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass.
14. Nightingale, P. D., G. Malin, C. S. Law, A. J. Watson, P. S. Liss, M. I. Liddicoat, J. Boutin, and R. C. Upstill-Goddard (2000), In situ evaluation of air-sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 14, 373-387, doi:10.1029/1999GB900091.
15. Pedreros, R., G. Dardier, H. Dupuis, H. C. Graber, W. M. Drennan, A. Weill, C. Guérin, and P. Nacass (2003), Momentum and heat fluxes via the eddy correlation method on the R/V L'Atalante and an ASIS buoy, J. Geophys. Res., 108(C11), 3339, doi:10.1029/ 2002JC001449.
16. 2 measuring systems and data-reduction routines, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 56, 512-522, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.005.
17. 2 flux over the ocean: Development of a novel method, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L03607, doi:10.1029/2009GL041482.
18. Smith, S. (1988), Coefficients for sea surface wind stress, heat flux, and wind profiles as a function of wind speed and temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15,467-15,472, doi:10.1029/JC093iC12p15467.
19. 2 fluxes, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 869-875, doi:10.1029/JC090iC01p00869.
20. 14C measurements, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB2015, doi:10.1029/2006GB002784. (Pubitemid 47323964)
21. 2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 49, 1601-1622, doi:10.1016/S0967- 0645(02) 00003-6.
22. 2 fluxes, in Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 127, edited by M. A. Donelan et al., pp. 351-356, AGU, Washington, D. C.
23. Wanninkhof, R., W. E. Asher, D. T. Ho, C. Sweeney, and W. R. McGillis (2009), Advances in quantifying air-sea gas exchange and environmental forcing, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 213-244, doi:10.1146/annurev. marine.010908.163742.
24. Webb, E. K., G. I. Pearman, and R. Leuning (1980), Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 106, 85-100, doi:10.1002/qj.49710644707.
25. 2 flux measurements, J. Mar. Syst., 66, 130-139, doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.04.011. (Pubitemid 46694315)
26. Woolf, D. K. (1997), Bubbles and their role in gas exchange, in The Sea Surface and Global Change, edited by P. S. Liss and R. A. Duce, pp. 173-206, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511525025.007, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
27. Woolf, D. K. (2005), Parameterization of gas transfer velocities and sea-state-dependent wave breaking, Tellus, Ser. B, 57, 87-94, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2005.00139.x. (Pubitemid 40473106)
28. Yelland, M. J., P. Taylor, I. E. Consterdine, and M. H. Smith (1994), The use of the inertial dissipation technique for shipboard wind stress determination, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11(4), 1093-1108, doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1994)0112.0.CO;2.
29. Yelland, M. J., et al. (1998), Wind stress measurements from the open ocean corrected for airflow distortion by the ship, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 1511-1526, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1998)0282.0.CO;2.
30. 2, heat and momentum, J. Oper. Oceanogr., 2009, 15-23.