Multilevel ecotoxicity assessment of polycyclic musk in the earthworm Eisenia fetida using traditional and molecular endpoints

Ecotoxicology

Volumn 20, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 1949-1958

  Chen, Chun ^a   Xue, Shengguo ^b   Zhou, Qixing ^a   Xie, Xiujie ^a  

^a NANKAI UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Ecotoxicity; Eisenia fetida; Polycyclic musk; Quantitative real time PCR

Indexed keywords

CATALASE; GALAXOLIDE; MUSK; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; TONALIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BIOMARKER; CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE; COCOON; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); EARTHWORM; ECOTOXICOLOGY; ENZYME; GENE EXPRESSION; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; TOXICITY;

ANNETOCIN GENE; ARTICLE; CALRETICULIN GENE; CATALASE GENE; COCOON; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; DNA SEQUENCE; DOWN REGULATION; ECOTOXICITY; EISENIA FETIDA; GENE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC MARKER; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GROWTH RATE; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70 GENE; LD 50; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE GENE; UPREGULATION;

ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; BENZOPYRANS; CALRETICULIN; CATALASE; ECOTOXICOLOGY; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC MARKERS; HSP70 HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; INVERTEBRATE HORMONES; LETHAL DOSE 50; OLIGOCHAETA; PEPTIDES, CYCLIC; REPRODUCTION; SOIL; SOIL POLLUTANTS; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENES; TOXICITY TESTS, CHRONIC; UP-REGULATION;

EISENIA FETIDA;

EID: 80054941358     PISSN: 09639292     EISSN: 15733017     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0735-9     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. J An Q Zhou Y Sun Z Xu 2009 Ecotoxicological effects of typical personal care products on seed germination and seedling development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Chemosphere 76 10 1428 1434 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.004 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVSnsrfK
2. AM Api RH San 1999 Genotoxicity tests with 6-acetyl-1, 1, 2, 4, 4, 7-hexamethyltetraline and 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8-hexahydro-4, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8-hexamethylcyclopenta-gamma-2-benzopyran Mutat Res 446 1 67 81 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXnvFWrtrk%3D
3. V Asensio P Kille A Morgan M Soto I Marigomez 2007 Metallothionein expression and Neutral Red uptake as biomarkers of metal exposure and effect in Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus terrestris exposed to Cd Eur J Soil Biol 43 S233 S238 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2007.08.022 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlGjsL%2FI (Pubitemid 350137838)
4. F Balk R Ford 1999 Environmental risk assessment for the polycyclic musks AHTN and HHCB in the EU: I. Fate and exposure assessment Toxicol Lett 111 1-2 57 79 10.1016/S0378-4274(99)00169-1 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXnslyjtLc%3D
5. F Balk RA Ford 1999 Environmental risk assessment for the polycyclic musks, AHTN and HHCB-II. Effect assessment and risk characterisation Toxicol Lett 111 1-2 81 94 10.1016/S0378-4274(99)00170-8 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXnslyjtb8%3D
6. K Bester 2004 Retention characteristics and balance assessment for two polycyclic musk fragrances (HHCB and AHTN) in a typical German sewage treatment plant Chemosphere 57 8 863 870 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.08.032 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXos1yksbo%3D (Pubitemid 39360321)
7. A Bigot P Vasseur F Rodius 2010 SOD and CAT cDNA cloning, and expression pattern of detoxification genes in the freshwater bivalve Unio tumidus transplanted into the Moselle river Ecotoxicology 19 2 369 376 10.1007/s10646-009-0419-x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtVSmsbc%3D
8. N Bitsch C Dudas W Körner K Failing S Biselli G Rimkus H Brunn 2002 Estrogenic activity of musk fragrances detected by the E-screen assay using human mcf-7 cells Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 43 3 257 264 10.1007/s00244-002- 1192-5 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnvFCmtb8%3D (Pubitemid 35013293)
9. L Böhm R Düring 2010 Partitioning of polycyclic musk compounds in soil and aquatic environment-experimental determination of KDOC J Soils Sediments 10 4 708 713 10.1007/s11368-010-0200-z
10. W Böhmer 2007 Occurrence of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge and their Behaviour in Soils and Plants. Part 2: investigation of Polycyclic Musks in Soils and Plants (9 pp) J Soils Sediments 7 1 36 44 10.1065/jss2006.10.187.2 (Pubitemid 46336074)
11. M Breitholtz L Wollenberger L Dinan 2003 Effects of four synthetic musks on the life cycle of the harpacticoid copepod Nitocra spinipes Aquat Toxicol 63 2 103 118 10.1016/S0166-445X(02)00159-5 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXitlWntbo%3D (Pubitemid 36349085)
12. F Brulle G Mitta C Cocquerelle D Vieau S Lemiere A Lepretre F Vandenbulcke 2006 Cloning and real-time PCR testing of 14 potential biomarkers in Eisenia fetida following cadmium exposure Environ Sci Technol 40 8 2844 2850 10.1021/es052299x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xit1emsbg%3D
13. F Brulle AJ Morgan C Cocquerelle F Vandenbulcke 2010 Transcriptomic underpinning of toxicant-mediated physiological function alterations in three terrestrial invertebrate taxa: a review Environ Pollut 158 9 2793 2808 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.06.019 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXps1Giur8%3D
14. C Chen QX Zhou S Liu ZM Xiu 2011 Acute toxicity, biochemical and gene expression responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to polycyclic musks Chemosphere 83 8 1147 1154 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.006 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXltFemu7o%3D
15. PM Craig CM Wood GB McClelland 2007 Oxidative stress response and gene expression with acute copper exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio) Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 293 5 R1882 R1892 10.1152/ajpregu.00383.2007 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlGhsbvO (Pubitemid 350085664)
16. H Deng GX Guo YG Zhu 2011 Pyrene effects on methanotroph community and methane oxidation rate, tested by dose-response experiment and resistance and resilience experiment J Soils Sediments 11 2 312 321 10.1007/s11368-010-0306-3 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXptFSqtw%3D%3D
17. A Elbaz YY Wei QA Meng Q Zheng ZM Yang 2010 Mercury-induced oxidative stress and impact on antioxidant enzymes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Ecotoxicology 19 7 1285 1293 10.1007/s10646-010-0514-z 1:CAS:528: DC%2BC3cXht1GjtrzP
18. H Fromme T Otto K Pilz 2001 Polycyclic musk fragrances in different environmental compartments in Berlin (Germany) Water Res 35 1 121 128 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00233-5 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXotVeht7c%3D
19. R Gatermann S Biselli H Hühnerfuss G Rimkus M Hecker L Karbe 2002 Synthetic musks in the environment. Part 1: species-dependent bioaccumulation of polycyclic and nitro musk fragrances in freshwater fish and mussels Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 42 4 437 446 10.1007/s00244-001-0041-2 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjtFymur4%3D (Pubitemid 34454407)
20. TW Goo S Park BR Jin EY Yun I Kim S Nho SW Kang OY Kwon 2005 Endoplasmic reticulum stress response of Bombyx mori calreticulin Mol Biol Rep 32 3 133 139 10.1007/s11033-004-5908-7 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVWls77M (Pubitemid 41374354)
21. R Guo I Lee U Kim J Oh 2010 Occurrence of synthetic musks in Korean sewage sludges Sci Total Environ 408 7 1634 1639 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.009 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhvFKjurk%3D
22. J Homa E Olchawa S Stürzenbaum A John Morgan B Plytycz 2005 Early-phase immunodetection of metallothionein and heat shock proteins in extruded earthworm coelomocytes after dermal exposure to metal ions Environ Pollut 135 2 275 280 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.10.019 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhsleisLs%3D (Pubitemid 40269834)
23. Y Horii J Reiner B Loganathan K Senthil Kumar K Sajwan K Kannan 2007 Occurrence and fate of polycyclic musks in wastewater treatment plants in Kentucky and Georgia, USA Chemosphere 68 11 2011 2020 10.1016/j.chemosphere. 2007.04.054 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXotlWqsL4%3D (Pubitemid 47103193)
24. PG Jo YK Choi CY Choi 2008 Cloning and mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas in response to cadmium exposure Comp Biochem Physiol C 147 4 460 469
25. SM Lee SB Lee CH Park J Choi 2006 Expression of heat shock protein and hemoglobin genes in Chironomus tentans (Diptera, chironomidae) larvae exposed to various environmental pollutants: a potential biomarker of freshwater monitoring Chemosphere 65 6 1074 1081 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.042 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XpsVKkur4%3D (Pubitemid 44311195)
26. J Lehotsky P Kaplan M Matejovicova R Murin P Racay L Raeymaekers 2002 Ion transport systems as targets of free radicals during ischemia reperfusion injury Gen Physiol Biophys 21 1 31 37 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmvVaksbc%3D (Pubitemid 34464314)
27. 2+ increases and cell death J Biol Chem 273 21 12858 12862 10.1074/jbc.273.21.12858 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjsVerurg%3D (Pubitemid 28246843)
28. Liu S, Zhou QX, Chen C (2010) Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to 1,3,4,6,7,8 hexahydro 4,6,6,7,8,8 hexamethyl cyclopenta 2 benzopyran. Environ Toxicol. doi: 10.1002/tox.20661
29. W Luana F Li B Wang X Zhang Y Liu J Xiang 2007 Molecular characteristics and expression analysis of calreticulin in Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis Comp Biochem Physiol B 147 3 482 491 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.03.001 (Pubitemid 46783658)
30. T Luckenbach D Epel 2005 Nitromusk and polycyclic musk compounds as long-term inhibitors of cellular xenobiotic defense systems mediated by multidrug transporters Environ Health Perspect 113 1 17 24 10.1289/ehp.7301 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFCqtb4%3D
31. A Maekawa Y Matsushima H Onodera M Shibutani H Ogasawara Y Kodama Y Kurokawa Y Hayashi 1990 Long-term toxicity/carcinogenicity of musk xylol in B6C3F1 mice Food Chem Toxicol 28 8 581 586 10.1016/0278-6915(90)90159-K 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXivF2itA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 20374220)
32. N Matscheko S Lundstedt L Svensson J Harju M Tysklind 2002 Accumulation and elimination of 16 polycyclic aromatic compounds in the earthworm (Eisenia fetida) Environ Toxicol Chem 21 8 1724 1729 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlsVWmsLo%3D (Pubitemid 34764908)
33. T Mori F Morita A Inokuchi Y Takao S Kohra N Tominaga T Takemasa K Arizono 2006 Ecotoxicological effect of Polycyclic musks on Caenorhabditis elegans J Health Sci 52 3 276 282 10.1248/jhs.52.276 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD28XmsVyktrs%3D (Pubitemid 43824820)
34. YY Mosleh S Paris-Palacios M Couderchet G Vernet 2003 Acute and sublethal effects of two insecticides on earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) under laboratory conditions Environ Toxicol 18 1 1 8 10.1002/tox.10095 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhtFKjsLc%3D (Pubitemid 36322312)
35. J Müeller W Böhmer 2006 Occurrence of polycyclic musks in sewage sludge and their behaviour in soils and plants. Part 1: behaviour of polycyclic musks in sewage sludge of different treatment plants in summer and winter (5 pp) J Soils Sediments 6 4 231 235 10.1065/jss2006.10.187.1 (Pubitemid 44896085)
36. D Nadeau S Corneau I Plante G Morrow R Tanguay 2001 Evaluation for Hsp70 as a biomarker of effect of pollutants on the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris Cell Stress Chaperones 6 2 153 10.1379/1466-1268(2001)006<0153:EFHAAB>2.0. CO;2 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkvVOgu7w%3D (Pubitemid 32522222)
37. T Nakamori A Fujimori K Kinoshita T Ban-nai Y Kubota S Yoshida 2010 mRNA expression of a cadmium-responsive gene is a sensitive biomarker of cadmium exposure in the soil collembolan Folsomia candida Environ Pollut 158 5 1689 1695 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.11.022 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmt1KmsLs%3D
38. H Nakata H Sasaki A Takemura M Yoshioka S Tanabe K Kannan 2007 Bioaccumulation, temporal trend, and geographical distribution of synthetic musks in the marine environment Environ Sci Technol 41 7 2216 2222 10.1021/es0623818 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXisVGlsLk%3D (Pubitemid 46595177)
39. M Núñez A Osorio V Tapia A Vergara C Mura 2001 Iron-induced oxidative stress up-regulates calreticulin levels in intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells J Cell Biochem 82 4 660 665 10.1002/jcb.1194 (Pubitemid 32724950)
40. OECD (1984) Earthworm, acute toxicity tests, Guideline for testing chemicals. No.207.OECD, Paris, France
41. OECD (2004) Earthworm reproduction test, Guideline for testing chemicals. No. 222. OECD, Paris
42. P Olsvik T Kristensen R Waagb B Rosseland K Tollefsen G Baeverfjord M Berntssen 2005 mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GSH-Px) and lipid peroxidative stress in liver of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to hyperoxic water during smoltification Comp Biochem Physiol C 141 3 314 323 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.04.005 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MvlvValuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 40848652)
43. L Osemwengie S Gerstenberger 2004 Levels of synthetic musk compounds in municipal wastewater for potential estimation of biota exposure in receiving waters J Environ Monit 6 6 533 539 10.1039/b400514g 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2cXksVChtL4%3D (Pubitemid 38869580)
44. T Oumi K Ukena O Matsushima T Ikeda T Fujita H Minakata K Nomoto 1994 Annetocin: an oxytocin-related peptide isolated from the earthworm, Eisenia foetida Biochem Biophys Res Commun 198 1 393 399 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1055 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXisVSmsL4%3D (Pubitemid 24172766)
45. T Oumi K Ukena O Matsushima T Ikeda T Fujita H Minakata K Nomoto 1996 Annetocin, an annelid oxytocin-related peptide, induces egg-laying behavior in the earthworm, Eisenia foetida J Exp Zool A 276 2 151 156 10.1002/(SICI)1097- 010X(19961001)276:2<151::AID-JEZ8>3.0.CO;2-N 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XntVeitr0%3D
46. J Pedersen M Soliman I Suffets 2005 Human pharmaceuticals, hormones, and personal care product ingredients in runoff from agricultural fields irrigated with treated wastewater J Agric Food Chem 53 5 1625 1632 10.1021/jf049228m 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1aqurc%3D (Pubitemid 40322162)
47. M Pfaffl 2001 A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR Nucleic Acids Res 29 9 e45 10.1093/nar/29.9.e45 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38nis12jtw%3D%3D
48. L Quirósa B Piñaa M Soléb J Blascoc M Lópezd M Rivae D Raldúa 2007 Environmental monitoring by gene expression biomarkers in Barbus graellsii: laboratory and field studies Chemosphere 67 6 1144 1154 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.11.032 (Pubitemid 46206040)
49. J Rao P Kavitha 2004 Toxicity of azodrin on the morphology and acetylcholinesterase activity of the earthworm Eisenia foetida Environ Res 96 3 323 327 10.1016/j.envres.2004.02.014 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnsV2jsrc%3D (Pubitemid 39277318)
50. JS Rhee S Raisuddin KW Lee JS Seo JS Ki IC Kim HG Park JS Lee 2009 Heat shock protein (Hsp) gene responses of the intertidal copepod Tigriopus japonicus to environmental toxicants Comp Biochem Physiol C 149 1 104 112
51. H Ricketts A Morgan D Spurgeon P Kille 2004 Measurement of annetocin gene expression: a new reproductive biomarker in earthworm ecotoxicology Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 57 1 4 10 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2003.08.008 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3sXpsVSiu70%3D (Pubitemid 37491380)
52. G Rimkus 1999 Polycyclic musk fragrances in the aquatic environment Toxicol Lett 111 1-2 37 56 10.1016/S0378-4274(99)00191-5 1:CAS:528: DyaK1MXnslyjtLg%3D
53. R Ryan D Ryan D Dowling 2005 Multiple metal resistant transferable phenotypes in bacteria as indicators of soil contamination with heavy metals J Soils Sediments 5 2 95 100 10.1065/jss2004.10.120 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpslSmu7o%3D (Pubitemid 40924004)
54. H Satake K Takuwa H Minakata O Matsushima 1999 Evidence for conservation of the vasopressin/oxytocin superfamily in Annelida J Biol Chem 274 9 5605 10.1074/jbc.274.9.5605 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhsFaqs7k%3D (Pubitemid 29109211)
55. JG Scandalios 2005 Oxidative stress: molecular perception and transduction of signals triggering antioxidant gene defenses Braz J Med Biol Res 38 7 995 1014 10.1590/S0100-879X2005000700003 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpslWjtro%3D (Pubitemid 41078961)
56. V Scheil A Zürn H Köhler R Triebskorn 2010 Embryo development, stress protein (Hsp70) responses, and histopathology in zebrafish (Danio rerio) following exposure to nickel chloride, chlorpyrifos, and binary mixtures of them Environ Toxicol 25 1 83 93 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhslWrsbo%3D
57. R Schreurs E Sonneveld J Jansen W Seinen B van der Burg 2005 Interaction of polycyclic musks and UV filters with the estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), and progesterone receptor (PR) in reporter gene bioassays Toxicol Sci 83 2 264 272 10.1093/toxsci/kfi035 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXisVWrtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 40227896)
58. Shahla Y, Doris D (2010) Effects of pesticides on the growth and reproduction of earthworm: a review. Appl and Environ Soil Sci. doi: 10.1155/2010/678360
59. W Shek M Murphy J Lam P Lam 2008 Synthetic polycyclic musks in Hong Kong sewage sludge Chemosphere 71 7 1241 1250 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.069 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXktFCmsbg%3D
60. M Šilerová E Kauschke P Procházková R Josková L Tučková M Bilej 2007 Characterization, molecular cloning and localization of calreticulin in Eisenia fetida earthworms Gene 397 1-2 169 177 10.1016/j.gene.2007.04.035 (Pubitemid 46977142)
61. D Spurgeon S Hopkin 1999 Tolerance to zinc in populations of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus from uncontaminated and metal-contaminated ecosystems Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 37 3 332 337 10.1007/s002449900522 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtFyntbg%3D (Pubitemid 29461439)
62. D Spurgeon S Stürzenbaum C Svendsen P Hankard A Morgan J Weeks P Kille 2004 Toxicological, cellular and gene expression responses in earthworms exposed to copper and cadmium Comp Biochem Physiol C 138 1 11 21 (Pubitemid 39094418)
63. YH Sun R Tang DP Li XZ Zhang J Fu P Xie 2008 Acute effects of microcystins on the transcription of antioxidant enzyme genes in crucian carp Carassius auratus Environ Toxicol 23 2 145 152 10.1002/Tox.20317 10.1002/tox.20317 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXkt1CmsLo%3D (Pubitemid 351458203)
64. A Telerman R Amson 2009 The molecular programme of tumour reversion: the steps beyond malignant transformation Nat Rev Cancer 9 3 206 216 10.1038/nrc2589 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFOqsbc%3D
65. T Ternes N Herrmann M Bonerz T Knacker H Siegrist A Joss 2004 A rapid method to measure the solid-water distribution coefficient (Kd) for pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances in sewage sludge Water Res 38 19 4075 4084 10.1016/j.watres.2004.07.015 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXosFSmu74%3D (Pubitemid 39370919)
66. N Van Straalen 2008 Genomics technology for assessing soil pollution Nico M van Straalen and Dick Roelofs J Biol 7 19 10.1186/jbiol80
67. Y Wan Q Wei J Hu X Jin Z Zhang H Zhen J Liu 2007 Levels, tissue distribution, and age-related accumulation of synthetic musk fragrances in Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis): comparison to organochlorines Environ Sci Technol 41 2 424 430 10.1021/es061771r 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1yrtrfI (Pubitemid 46106271)
68. D Webb MM Gagnon 2009 The value of stress protein 70 as an environmental biomarker of fish health under field conditions Environ Toxicol 24 3 287 295 10.1002/tox.20432 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlsF2ls74%3D
69. R Yamauchi H Ishibashi M Hirano T Mori J Kim K Arizono 2008 Effects of synthetic polycyclic musks on estrogen receptor, vitellogenin, pregnane X receptor, and cytochrome P450 3A gene expression in the livers of male medaka (Oryzias latipes) Aquat Toxicol 90 4 261 268 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.09.007 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVWmu7zJ
70. S Zheng Y Song X Qiu T Sun M Leigh Ackland W Zhang 2008 Annetocin and TCTP expressions in the earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to PAHs in artificial soil Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 71 2 566 573 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.10.025 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFamt7rO
71. Zhou QX, Kong FX, Zhu L (2004) Ecotoxicology (in Chinese). Science Press, Beijing