Marine social-ecological responses to environmental change and the impacts of globalization

Fish and Fisheries

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 427-450

  Perry, R Ian ^a   Ommer, Rosemary E ^b   Barange, Manuel ^c   Jentoft, Svein ^d   Neis, Barbara ^e   Sumaila, U Rashid ^f  

^a PACIFIC BIOLOGICAL STATION   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

^c PLYMOUTH MARINE LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

^e MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

^f UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Adaptive capacity; Case studies; Diversity; Fishing; Globalization; Marine; Social ecological systems; Spatial scale

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT; DIET; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; FISHING; GLOBAL CHANGE; GLOBALIZATION; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; GROWTH RATE; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; MIGRATION; NATURE-SOCIETY RELATIONS; POLICY APPROACH; POPULATION DISTRIBUTION; SOCIAL IMPACT; SPATIAL ANALYSIS;

ARCTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN; BARENTS SEA; CANADA; GHANA; NAMIBIA; NEWFOUNDLAND; NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR;

EID: 80054934613     PISSN: 14672960     EISSN: 14672979     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00402.x     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Acquay, H.K. (1992) Implications of structural adjustments for Ghana's marine fisheries policy. Fisheries Research 14, 59-70.
2. Alder, J. and Sumaila, U.R. (2004) Western Africa: a fish basket of Europe past and present. Journal of Environment and Development 13, 156-178.
3. Alheit, J., Drinkwater, K.F. and Perry, R.I. (2010) Impact of climate variability on marine ecosystems: a comparative approach. Journal of Marine Systems 79, 227-229.
4. Allison, E.H., Adger, W.N., Badjeck, M.-C. et al. (2005) Effects of climate change on the sustainability of capture and enhancement fisheries important to the poor: analysis of the vulnerability and adaptability of fisherfolk living in poverty. Fisheries Management Science Programme, Department for International Development Project No. R4778J. pp. 162.
5. Allison, E.H., Perry, A.L., Badjeck, M.-C. et al. (2009) Vulnerability of national economies to the impacts of climate change on fisheries. Fish and Fisheries 10, 173-196.
6. Apostle, R., Barrett, G., Holm, P. et al. (1998) Community, State and Market on the North Atlantic Rim: The Challenge to Modernity in the Fisheries. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
7. Arbo, P. and Hersoug, B. (1997) The globalization of the fishing industry and the case of Finnmark. Marine Policy 21, 121-142.
8. Aryeetey, E.B.-D. (2002) Socio-economic aspects of artisanal marine fisheries management in West Africa. In: The Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystem (eds J.M. McGlade, P. Cury, K.A. Koranteng and N.J. Hardman-Mountford). Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 323-344.
9. Atta-Mills, J., Alder, J. and Sumaila, U.R. (2004) The decline of a regional fishing nation: the case of Ghana and West Africa. National Resources Forum 28, 13-21.
10. Bakun, A. (2005) Regime shifts. In: The Sea, Volume 13. The Global Coastal Ocean. Multiscale Interdisciplinary Processes (eds A.R. Robinson, J. McCarthy and B.J. Rothschild). Harvard University Press, Boston, pp. 971-1018.
11. Barange, M. and Perry, R.I. (2009) Physical and ecological impacts of climate change relevant to marine and inland capture fisheries and aquaculture. In: Climate Change Implications for Fisheries and Aquaculture. Overview of Current Scientific Knowledge (eds K. Cochrane, C. De Young, D. Soto and T. Bahri). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 530, FAO, Rome, pp. 7-106.
12. Barnes, J.I. and Alberts, M. (2008) Sustainable Natural Resource Use on the Coast of Namibia. DEA Research Discussion Paper No. 78. Environmental Economic Unit, Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Windhoek, pp. 37.
13. Bavington, D. and Kay, J. (2007) Ecosystem-based insights on northwest Atlantic fisheries in an age of globalization. In: Globalization: Effects on Fisheries Resources (eds W.W. Taylor, M.G. Schechter and L.G. Wolfson). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 331-363.
14. Berkes, F. (In Press) Marine social-ecological systems: the concept. In: World Fisheries: A Social-Ecological Analysis (eds R.O. Ommer, R.I. Perry, K. Cochrane and P. Cury). Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.
15. Berkes, F. and Folke, C. (eds) (1998) Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
16. Binet, D. (1997) Climate and pelagic fisheries in the Canary and Guinea currents: the role of trade winds and southern oscillation. Oceanologica Acta 20, 177-190.
17. Binkley, M. (1995) Risk, Dangers, and Rewards in the Nova Scotia Offshore Fishery. McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, pp. 208.
18. Bishop, C.A. and Baird, J.W. (1993) Spatial and temporal variability in condition factors of divisions 2J and 3KL cod (Gadus morhua). NAFO Scientific Council Studies 21, 105-113.
19. Boyer, D.C. and Hampton, I. (2001) An overview of the living marine resources of Namibia. In: A Decade of Namibian Fisheries Science (eds A.I.L. Payne, S.C. Pillar and R.J.M. Crawford). South African Journal of Marine Science 23, 5-35.
20. Brashares, J.S., Arcese, P., Sam, M.K., Coppolillo, P.B., Sinclair, A.R.E. and Balmford, A. (2004) Bushmeat hunting, wildlife declines, and fish supply in West Africa. Science 306, 1180-1183.
21. Bundy, A., Heymans, J.J., Morisette, L. and Savenkoff, C. (2009) Seals, cod and forage fish: a comparative exploration of variations in the theme of stock collapse and ecosystem change in four Northwest Atlantic ecosystems. Progress in Oceanography 81, 188-206.
22. Casey, J.M. and Myers, R.A. (1998) Near extinction of a large, widely distributed fish. Science 281, 690-692.
23. Ciannelli, L., Hjermann, D., Lehodey, P., Ottersen, G., Duffy-Anderson, J.T. and Stenseth, N.C. (2005) Climate forcing, food web structure, and community dynamics in pelagic marine ecosystems. In: Aquatic Food Webs: An Ecosystem Approach (eds A. Belgrano, U.M. Scharler, J. Dunne and R.E. Ulanowicz). Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 143-169.
24. Cury, P. and Roy, C. (2002) Environmental forcing and fisheries resources in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana: did something happen? In: The Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystem (eds J.M. McGlade, P. Cury, K.A. Koranteng and N.J. Hardman-Mountford). Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 241-260.
25. Daskalov, G.M., Boyer, D.C. and Roux, J.P. (2003) Relating sardine Sardinops sagax abundance to environmental indices in northern Benguela. Progress in Oceanography 59, 257-274.
26. Dippner, J. and Ottersen, G. (2001) Cod and climate variability in the Barents Sea. Climate Research 17, 73-82.
27. Dolan, A.H., Taylor, M., Neis, B. et al. (2005) Restructuring and health in Canadian coastal communities. EcoHealth 2, 1-14.
28. Drinkwater, K.F. (2002) A review of the role of climate variability in the decline of Northern cod. American Fisheries Society Symposium 32, 113-130.
29. Essington, T.E., Beaudreau, A.H. and Wiedenmann, J. (2006) Fishing through marine food webs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, 3171-3175.
30. Ferraris, J., Koranteng, K.A. and Samba, A. (1998) Comparative study of the dynamics of small-scale marine fisheries in Senegal and Ghana. In: Global versus Local Changes in Upwelling Systems (eds D.M. Hélène, R. Mendelssohn, P. Cury, C. Roy and D. Pauly). ORSTOM, Paris, France, pp. 447-464.
31. Fløysand, A. and Lindkvist, K.B. (2001) Globalisation, local capitalism and fishery communities in change. Marine Policy 25, 113-121.
32. Fossen, I., Boyer, D.C. and Plarre, H. (2001) Changes in some key biological parameters of the northern Benguela sardine stock. South African Journal of Marine Science 23, 111-123.
33. Fowler, K. and Etchegary, H. (2008) Economic crisis and social capital: the story of two rural fishing communities. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 81, 319-341.
34. Gammelsrød, T., Bartholomae, C.H., Boyer, D.C., Philipe, V.L.L. and O'Toole, M.J. (1998) Intrusion of warm surface layer along the Angolan-Namibian coast in February-March: the 1995 Benguela Nino. South African Journal of Marine Science 19, 41-56.
35. Grafton, R.Q. (2010) Adaptation to climate change in marine capture fisheries. Marine Policy 34, 606-615.
36. Grzetic, B. (2004) Women Fishes These Days. Fernwood Publishing, Halifax, N.S.
37. Hamilton, L.C. and Butler, M.J. (2001) Outport adaptations: social indicators through Newfoundland's cod crisis. Human Ecology Review 8, 1-11.
38. Hamilton, L.C., Brown, B.C. and Rasmussen, R.O. (2003) West Greenland's cod-to-shrimp transition: local dimensions of climatic change. Arctic 56, 271-282.
39. Hamre, J. (1994) Biodiversity and exploitation of the main fish stocks in the Norwegian - Barents Sea ecosystem. Biodiversity and Conservation 3, 473-492.
40. Hamukuaya, H., O'Toole, M.J. and Woodhead, P.M.J. (1998) Observations of severe hypoxia and offshore displacement of Cape hake over the Namibian shelf in 1994. South African Journal of Marine Science 19, 57-59.
41. Heymans, J.J., Shannon, L.J. and Jarre, A. (2004) Changes in the northern Benguela ecosystem over three decades: 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. Ecoologial Modelling 172, 175-195.
42. Hjermann, D.Ø., Ottersen, G. and Stenseth, N.C. (2004) Competition among fishermen and fish causes the collapse of Barents Sea capelin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, 11679-11684.
43. Hsieh, C.-H., Yamauchi, A., Nakazawa, T. and Wang, W.-F. (2010) Fishing effects on age and spatial structures undermine population stability of fishes. Aquatic Science 72, 165-178.
44. Huang, B., Schopf, P.S. and Pan, Z. (2002) The ENSO effect on the tropical Atlantic variability: a regionally coupled model study. Geophysical Research Letters 29, 2039, doi.
45. Hutchings, J.A. and Myers, R.A. (1994) What can be learned from the collapse of a renewable resource? Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua, of Newfoundland and Labrador. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, 2126-2146.
46. IPCC (2007) Summary for policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Avery, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-18.
47. Jennings, S. and Blanchard, J.L. (2004) Fish abundance with no fishing: predictions based on macroecological theory. Journal of Animal Ecology 73, 632-642.
48. Jentoft, S. (1993) Dangling Lines: The Fisheries Crisis and the Future of Coastal Communities. The Norwegian Experience. ISER Books, St. John's, Nfld.
49. Jentoft, S. (2007) Limits of governability: institutional implications for fisheries and coastal governance. Marine Policy 31, 360-370.
50. Kennedy, J.C. (2006) Island Voices: Fisheries and Community Survival in North Norway. Eburon, Delft, The Netherlands.
51. Koranteng, K.A. (2002) Status of demersal fishery resources on the inner continental shelf off Ghana. In: The Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystem (eds J.M. McGlade, P. Cury, K.A. Koranteng and N.J. Hardman-Mountford). Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 261-274.
52. Koranteng, K.A. and Pauly, D. (2004) Long-term trends in demersal fishery resources of Ghana in response to fishing pressure. In: West African Marine Ecosystems: Models and Fisheries Impacts (eds M.L.D. Palomares and D. Pauly). Fisheries Centre Research Reports 12, 75-80. Fisheries Centre, UBC, Vancouver.
53. Kulka, D.W. (1997) Discarding of cod (Gadus morhua) in the northern cod and northern shrimp directed trawl fisheries, 1980-94. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization Scientific Council Studies 29, 67-79.
54. Lange, G.-M. (2003) The value of Namibia's commercial fisheries. DEA Research Discussion Paper, Number 55. Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Windhoek, Namibia, pp. 24. Available at: (last accessed 22 December 2010).
55. Law, R. (2007) Fisheries-induced evolution: present status and future directions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 335, 271-277.
56. Lehodey, P., Alheit, J., Barange, M. et al. (2006) Climate variability, fish and fisheries. Journal of Climate 19, 5009-5030.
57. Leichenko, R.M. and O'Brien, K.L. (2008) Environmental Change and Globalization. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
58. Lenselink, N.M. (2002) Participation in artisanal fisheries management for improving livelihoods in West Africa. A synthesis of interviews and cases from Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea, and Ghana. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No. 432, pp. 72.
59. Levitus, S., Antonov, J. and Boyer, T. (2005) Warming of the world ocean, 1955-2003. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L02604, doi.
60. Lindkvist, K.B. (2000) Dependent and independent fishing communities in Norway. In: Fisheries Dependent Regions (ed. D. Symes). Oxford, Blackwell Publ, pp. 53-64.
61. Lynam, C.P., Gibbons, M.J., Axelsen, B.E. et al. (2006) Jellyfish overtake fish in a heavily fished ecosystem. Current Biology 16, R492-R493.
62. MacDonald, M., Neis, B. and Murray, G. (2008) State policy, livelihood protection and gender on Canada's East Coast. International Journal of Canadian Studies 38, 149-182.
63. Marquette, C.M., Koranteng, K.A., Overå, R. and Aryeetey, E.B.-D. (2002) Smallscale fisheries, population dynamics, and resource use in Africa: the case of Moree, Ghana. Ambio 31, 324-336.
64. Merz, J.E. and Moyle, P.B. (2006) Salmon, wildlife, and wine: marine-derived nutrients in human-dominated ecosystems of Central California. Ecological Applications 16, 999-1009.
65. Mueter, F.J., Broms, C., Drinkwater, K.F. et al. (2009) Ecosystem responses to recent oceanographic variability in high-latitude Northern Hemisphere ecosystem. Progress in Oceanography 81, 93-110.
66. Murray, M., MacDonald, D., Simms, A. et al. (2005) Community resilience in Newfoundland: the impact of the cod moratorium on health and social well-being. Health Policy Research Program, Health Canada, Project No. 6795-15-2003/5740002.
67. Narayanan, S.J., Carscadden, J., Dempson, J.B. et al. (1995) Marine climate off Newfoundland and its influence on salmon (Salmo salar) and capelin (Mallotus villosus). In: Climate Change and Northern Fish Populations. (ed. R.J. Beamish). Canadian Special Publication in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 121, 461-474.
68. Neis, B. and Kean, R. (2003) Why fish stocks collapse. In: Retrenchment and Regeneration in Rural Newfoundland (ed. R. Byron). University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 65-102.
69. Nichols, P. (2004) Marine fisheries management in Namibia: has it worked? In: Namibia's Fisheries: Ecological, economic and social aspects (eds U.R. Sumaila, D. Boyer, M.D. Skogen and S.I. Steinshamn). Eburon Academic Publishers, Delft, The Netherlands, pp. 319-332.
70. Njock, J.-C. and Westlund, L. (2010) Migration, resource management and global change: experiences from fishing communities in West and Central Africa. Marine Policy 34, 752-760.
71. Nunoo, F.K.E., Boateng, J.O., Ahulu, A.M., Agyekum, K.A. and Sumaila, U.R. (2009) When trash fish is treasure: the case of Ghana in West Africa. Fisheries Research 96, 167-172.
72. O'Brien, K., Sygna, L. and Haugen, J.E. (2004) Vulnerable or resilient? A multi-scale assessment of climate impacts and vulnerability in Norway. Climatic Change 64, 193-225.
73. Olsen, M.O., Heino, M., Lilly, G.R. et al. (2004) Maturation trends indicative of rapid evolution preceded the collapse of northern cod. Nature 428, 932-935.
74. Ommer, R.E. (1994) One hundred years of fishery crises in Newfoundland. Acadiensis XXIII, 5-20.
75. Ommer, R.E. and the Coasts Under Stress Research Project Team (2007) Coasts Under Stress: Restructuring and Social-Ecological Health. McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal.
76. Ottersen, G., Alheit, J., Drinkwater, K., Friedland, K., Hagen, E. and Stenseth, N.C. (2004) The response of fish populations to ocean climate fluctuations. In: Marine Ecosystems and Climate Variation (eds N.C. Stenseth, G. Ottersen, J.W. Hurrell and A. Belgrado). Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 73-94.
77. Ottersen, G., Hjermann, D.O. and Stenseth, N.C. (2006) Changes in spawning stock structure strengthen the link between climate and recruitment in a heavily fished cod (Gadus morhua) stock. Fisheries Oceanography 15, 230-243.
78. Overland, J., Alheit, J., Bakun, A., Hurrell, J., Mackas, D. and Miller, A. (2010) Climate controls on marine ecosystems and fisheries. Journal of Marine Systems 79, 305-315.
79. Palmer, C.T. and Sinclair, P.R. (1997) When the Fish are Gone: Ecological Disaster and Fisheries in Northwest Newfoundland. Fernwood Publishing, Halifax, N.S.
80. Pauly, D., Christensen, V., Dalsgaard, J., Froese, R. and Torres, F. Jr (1998) Fishing down marine food webs. Science 279, 860-863.
81. Perry, R.I. and Sumaila, U.R. (2007) Marine ecosystem variability and human community responses: the example of Ghana, West Africa. Marine Policy 31, 125-134.
82. Perry, R.I., Cury, P., Brander, K., Jennings, S., Möllmann, C. and Planque, B. (2010) Sensitivity of marine systems to climate and fishing: concepts, issues and management responses. Journal of Marine Systems 79, 427-435.
83. Planque, B., Cury, P., Drinkwater, K. et al. (2010) How does human exploitation alter marine populations and ecosystem sensitivity to climate variability and change? Journal of Marine Systems 79, 403-417.
84. Pollnac, R.B., Abbott-Jamieson, S., Smith, C., Miller, M.L., Clay, P.M. and Oles, B. (2008) Toward a model for fisheries social impact assessment. Marine Fisheries Review 68, 1-4.
85. Praxis Research and Consulting (2005) Setting a new course: phase 2 human resources sector study for the fish harvesting industry in Canada. Report Prepared for the Canadian Council of Professional Fish Harvesters, Ottawa. Available at: (last accessed 22 December 2010).
86. Reid, H., Sahlén, L., MacGregor, J. and Stage, J. (2007) The economic impact of climate change in Namibia: how climate change will affect the contribution of Namibia's natural resources to its economy. Environmental Economics Programme Discussion Paper 07-02. International Institute for Environment and Development, London, pp. 46.
87. Riabova, L. (2001) Coping with extinction: the last fishing village on the Murman Coast. In: The Reflexive North (eds N. Aarsæther and J.O. Bærenholdt). Nordic Council of Ministers, No. 10, Copenhagen, pp. 115-138.
88. Rood, J. and Schechter, M.G. (2007) Globalization and fisheries - a necessarily interdisciplinary inquiry. In: Globalization: Effects on Fisheries Resources (eds W.W. Taylor, M.G. Schechter and L.G. Wolfson). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-17.
89. Rose, G.A. (2004) Reconciling overfishing and climate change with stock dynamics of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) over 500years. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, 1553-1557.
90. Rose, G.A., deYoung, B., Kulka, D.W., Goddard, S.V. and Fletcher, G.L. (2000) Distribution shifts and overfishing the northern cod (Gadus morhua): a view from the ocean. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, 644-663.
91. Schrank, W.E. (2005) The Newfoundland fishery: ten years after the moratorium. Marine Policy 29, 407-420.
92. Shannon, V.L. (1985) The Benguela ecosystem. Part I. Evolution of the Benguela, physical features and processes. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Reviews 23, 105-182.
93. Shannon, V.L., Boyd, A.J., Brundrit, G.B. and Taunton-Clark, J. (1986) On the existence of an El-Niño type phenomenon in the Benguela system. Journal of Marine Research 44, 495-520.
94. Shannon, V.L., Lutjeharms, J.R.E. and Nelson, G. (1990) Causative mechanisms for intra-annual and interannual variability in the marine environment around southern Africa. South African Journal of Science 86, 356-373.
95. Sinclair, P.R. (2002) Leaving and staying: Bonavista residents adjust to the moratorium. In: The Resilient Outport, Ecology, Economy and Society in Rural Newfoundland (ed. R.E. Ommer). ISER Books, St John's, pp. 289-318.
96. Sinclair, A.F. and Murawski, S.A. (1997) Why have groundfish stocks declined?. In: Northwest Atlantic Groundfish: Perspectives on a Fishery Collapse (eds J. Boreman, B. Nakashima, J.A. Wilson and R.L. Kendall). American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD, pp. 71-93.
97. Sinclair, P.R. and Ommer, R.E. (eds) (2006) Power and Restructuring: Shaping Canada's Coastal Society and Environment. ISER Books, St. John's.
98. Smit, B. and Wandel, J. (2006) Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability. Global Environmental Change 16, 282-292.
99. Sowman, M. and Cardoso, P. (2010) Small-scale fisheries and food security strategies in countries in the Benguela Current large marine ecosystem (BCLME) region: Angola, Namibia, South Africa. Marine Policy 34, 1163-1170.
100. Stepp, J.R., Jones, E.C., Pavao-Zuckerman, M., Casagrande, D. and Zarger, R.K. (2003) Remarkable properties of human eco-systems. Conservation Ecology 7, 11.
101. Sumaila, U.R. and Steinshamn, S.I. (2004) A brief overview of current bioeconomic studies of Namibian fisheries. In: Namibia's Fisheries: Ecological, Economic and Social Aspects (eds U.R. Sumaila, D. Boyer, M.D. Skogen and S.I., Steinshamn). Eburon Academic Publishers, Delft, The Netherlands, pp. 165-186.
102. Sumaila, U.R. and Stephanus, K. (2006) Declines in Namibia's pilchard catch: the reasons and consequences. In: Climate Change and the Economics of the World's Fisheries (eds R. Hannesson, M. Barange and S.F. Herrick Jr). Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK, pp. 205-214.
103. Sumaila, U.R. and Vasconcellos, M. (2000) Simulation of ecological and economic impacts of distant water fleets on Namibian fisheries. Ecological Economics 32, 457-464.
104. Sumaila, U.R., Boyer, D., Skogen, M.D. and Steinshamn, S.I. (2004) Nambia's fisheries: introduction and overview. In: Namibia's Fisheries: Ecological, Economic and Social Aspects (eds U.R. Sumaila, D. Boyer, M.D. Skogen and S.I. Steinshamn). Eburon Academic Publishers, Delft, The Netherlands, pp. 1-9.
105. Sundby, S. and Nakken, O. (2008) Spatial shifts in spawning habitats of Arcto-Norwegian cod related to multidecadal climate oscillations in climate change. ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, 953-962.
106. Swain, D.P., Sinclair, A.F. and Hanson, J.M. (2007) Evolutionary response to size-selective mortality in an exploited fish population. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274, 1015-1022.
107. Thorpe, A. and Bennett, E. (2001) Globalisation and the sustainability of world fisheries: a view from Latin America. Marine Resource Economics 16, 143-164.
108. Tomberlin, D. (2001) Modeling California salmon fleet dynamics. Proceedings of the First North American Fisheries Economics Forum, April 1-4, 2001, New Orleans, LA. Available at.
109. Vogel, C. (1998) Vulnerability and global environmental change. LUCC Newsletter 3, 15-19.
110. Wiafe, G., Yaqub, H.A., Mensah, M.A. and Frid, C.L.J. (2008) Impact of climate change on long-term zooplankton biomass in the upwelling region of the Gulf of Guinea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, 318-324.
111. WWF (World Wildlife Fund) (1998) The Footprint of Distant Water Fleets on World Fisheries. WWF International, Godalming, UK.
112. deYoung, B., Barange, M., Beaugrand, G. et al. (2008) Regime shifts in marine ecosystems: detection, prediction and management. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23, 402-409.