Distribution shifts and overfishing the northern cod (Gadus morhua): A view from the ocean

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

Volumn 57, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 644-663

  Rose, G A ^a   DeYoung, B ^a   Kulka, D W ^b   Goddard, S V ^c   Fletcher, G L ^c  

^a MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

^b FISHERIES AND OCEANS CANADA   (Canada)

^c MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ICHTHYOFAUNA; OVERFISHING; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION;

GADUS MORHUA;

EID: 0034099978     PISSN: 0706652X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/f00-004     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Anderson, J.T., and Dalley, E.L. 1997. Spawning and year-class strength of northern cod (Gadus morhua) as measured by pelagic juvenile cod surveys, 1991-1994. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54(Suppl. 1): 158-167.
2. Atkinson, D.B., Rose, G.A., Murphy, E.F., and Bishop, C.A. 1997. Distribution changes and abundance of northern cod (Gadus morhua), 1981-1993. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54(Suppl. 1): 132-138.
3. Bentzen, P., Taggart, C.T., Ruzzante, D.E., and Cook, D. 1996. Microsatellite polymorphism and the population structure of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the northwest Atlantic. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 2706-2721.
4. Bishop, C.A., Murphy, E.F., Davis, M.B., Baird, J.W., and Rose, G.A. 1993. An assessment of the cod stock in NAFO divisions 2J+3KL. NAFO SCR Doc. 93/96.
5. Bowering, W.R., Morgan, M.J., and Brodie, W.B. 1997. Changes in the population of American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) off Labrador and northeastern Newfoundland: a collapsing stock with low exploitation. Fish. Res. 30: 199-216.
6. Brander, K.M. 1994. Patterns of distribution, spawning, and growth in North Atlantic cod: the utility of inter-regional comparisons. ICES J. Mar. Sci. Symp. 198: 406-413.
7. Brander, K.M. 1997. Effects of climate change on cod (Gadus morhua) stocks. In Global warming: implications for freshwater and marine fish. Edited by C. Wood and G. McDonald. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. p. 320.
8. Carscadden, J., and Nakashima, B.S. 1997. Abundance and changes in distribution, biology, and behavior of capelin in response to cooler waters of the 1990s. In Forage Fishes in Marine Ecosystems: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Role of Forage Fishes in Marine Ecosystems. Univ. Alaska Sea Grant College Program Rep. 97-01. pp. 457-468.
9. Colbourne, E., deYoung, B., Narayanan, S., and Helbig, J. 1997a. Comparison of hydrography and circulation on the Newfoundland Shelf during 1990-1993 with the long-term mean. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54(Suppl. 1): 68-80.
10. Colbourne, E., deYoung, B., and Rose, G.A. 1997b. Environmental analysis of Atlantic cod (Gadus morha) migration in relation to the seasonal variations on the Northeast Newfoundland Shelf. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54(Suppl. 1): 149-157.
11. Crittenden, R.N., Thomas, G.L., Marino, D.A., and Thorne, R.E. 1988. A weighted duration-in-beam estimator for the volume sampled by a quantitative echosounder. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 1249-1256.
12. Davies, P.L., and Hew, C.L. 1990. Biochemistry of fish antifreeze proteins. FASEB J. 4: 2460-2468.
13. DeVries, A.L. 1988. The role of antifreeze glycopeptides and peptides in the freezing avoidance of Antarctic fishes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, Comp. Biochem. 90: 611-621.
14. deYoung, B., and Rose, G.A. 1993. On recruitment and distribution of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) off Newfoundland. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 2729-2741.
15. Dickson, R.R., and Brander, K.M. 1994. Effects of a changing windfield on cod stocks of the North Atlantic. ICES Mar. Sci. Symp. 198: 271-279. (Extended abstract.)
16. Dickson, R.R., Lazier, J., Meinke, J., Rhines, P., and Swift, J. 1996. Long term changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr. 38: 241-295.
17. Doubleday, W.G., and Rivard, D. 1981. Bottom trawl surveys. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 58.
18. Dragesund, O., Hamre, J., and Ulltang, O. 1977. Biology and population dynamics of the Norwegian spring-spawning herring. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 177: 43-71.
19. Drinkwater, K.F., and Mountain, D.G. 1997. Climate and oceanography. In Northwest Atlantic groundfish: perspectives on a fishery collapse. Edited by J. Boreman, B.S. Nakashima, J.A. Wilson, and R.L. Kendall. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Md. pp. 3-25.
20. Fahrig, L., Pope, S.E., Henein, K.M., and Rose, G.A. 1998. Relative effects of trap versus trawl fisheries on population dynamics of the northern cod (Gadus morhua) stock. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55: 76-85.
21. Fletcher, G.L., Haya, K., King, M.J., and Reisman, H.M. 1985a. Annual antifreeze cycles in Newfoundland, New Brunswick, and Long Island winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 21: 205-212.
22. Fletcher, G.L., Hew, C.L., Li, X., Haya, K., and Kao, M.H. 1985b. Year-round presence of high levels of plasma antifreeze peptides in a temperate fish, ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus). Can. J. Zool. 63: 488-493.
23. Fletcher, G.L., King, M.J., and Kao, M.H. 1987. Low temperature regulation of antifreeze glycopeptide levels in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Can. J. Zool. 65: 227-233.
24. Foote, K.G., Knudsen, H.P., Vestnes, G., Maclennan, D.N., and Simmonds, E.J. 1987. ICES Coop. Res. Rep. No. 144.
25. Frank, K.T., Carscadden, J.E., and Simon, J.E. 1996. Recent excursions of capelin (Mallotus villosus) to the Scotian Shelf and Flemish Cap during anomalous hydrographic conditions. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 1473-1486.
26. Goddard, S.V., Kao, M.H., and Fletcher, G.L. 1992. Antifreeze production, freeze resistance, and overwintering of juvenile northern Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 516-522.
27. Goddard, S.V., Kao, M.H., and Fletcher, G.L. 1999. Population differences in antifreeze production cycles of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) reflect adaptations to overwintering environment. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 1991-1999.
28. Gomes, M.C., Haedrich, R.L., and Villagarcia, M.G. 1995. Spatial and temporal changes in the groundfish assemblages on the Northeast Newfoundland/Labrador Shelf, Northwest Atlantic, 1978-1991. Fish. Oceanogr. 4: 85-101.
29. Harris, L. 1990. Independent review of the state of the northern cod stock. DFO Rep. No. 4379. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, Ont.
30. Hutchings, J.A. 1996. Spatial and temporal variation in the density of northern cod and a review of hypotheses for the stock's collapse. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 943-962.
31. Hutchings, J.A., and Myers, R.A. 1994. What can be learned from the collapse of a renewable resource? Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua, of Newfoundland and Labrador. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51: 2126-2146.
32. Innes, H.A. 1940. The cod fisheries: the history of an international economy. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ont.
33. Jennings, S., and Kaiser, M.J. 1998. The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Adv. Mar. Biol. 34: 201-352.
34. Kao, M.H., and Fletcher, G.L. 1988. Juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) can be more freeze resistant than adults. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 902-905.
35. Kao, M.H., Fletcher, G.L., Wang, N.C., and Hew, C.L. 1986. The relationship between molecular weight and antifreeze polypeptide activity in marine fish. Can. J. Zool. 64: 578-582.
36. Krohn, M., Reidy, S., and Kerr, S. 1997. Bioenergetic analysis of the effects of temperature and prey availability on growth and condition of northern cod (Gadus morhua). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54(Suppl. 1): 113-121.
37. Kulka, D.W., and Firth, J.R. 1987. Observer program training manual - Newfoundland region. Can.Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 1355.
38. Kulka, D.W., Wroblewski, J.S., and Narayanan, S. 1995. Interannual patterns in the winter distribution and recent changes and movements of northern Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) on the Newfoundland-Labrador shelf. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 52: 889-902.
39. Kulka, D.W., Pinhorn, A.T., Halliday, R.G., Pitcher, D., and Stansbury, D. 1996. Accounting for changes in spatial distribution of groundfish when estimating abundance from commercial fishing data. Fish. Res. 28: 321-342.
40. Larkin, P. 1996. Concepts and issues in marine ecosystem management. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 6: 139-164.
41. Lawson, G.L., and Rose, G.A. 1999. The importance of detectability to acoustic surveys of semi-demersal fish. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 56: 370-380.
42. Lilly, G.R. 1994. Predation by Atlantic cod on capelin on the southern Labrador and Northeast Newfoundland shelves during a period of changing spatial distributions. ICES J. Mar. Sci. Symp. 198: 600-611.
43. Lilly, G.R., Shelton, P.A., Brattey, J., Cadigan, N., Murphy, E.F., and Stansbury, D.E. 1999. An assessment of the cod stock in NAFO Divisions 2J+3KL. DFO Can. Stock Assess. Secretariat Res. Doc. 99/42.
44. MacCall, A.D. 1990. Dynamic geography of marine fish populations. Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington Press, Seattle, Wash.
45. MacLennan, D.N., and Simmonds, E.J. 1992. Fisheries acoustics. Chapman and Hall, London, U.K.
46. Mann, K.H. 1993. Physical oceanography, food chains, and fish stocks: a review. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 50: 105-119.
47. Montevecchi, W.A., and R.A. Myers. 1997. Centurial and decadal oceanographic influences on changes in northern gannet populations and diets in the North-west Atlantic: implications for climate change. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 54: 608-614.
48. Myers, R.A., and Cadigan, N.G. 1995. Statistical analysis of catch-at-age data with correlated errors. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52: 1265-1273.
49. Myers, R.A., Mertz, G., and Fowlow, P.S. 1997. Maximum population growth rates and recovery times for Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Fish. Bull. U.S. 95: 762-772.
50. Myers, R.A., Hutchings, J.A., and Barrowman, N.J. 1996. Hypotheses for the decline of cod in the North Atlantic. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 138: 293-308.
51. Narayanan, S., Carscadden, J., Dempson, J.B., O'Connell, M.F., Prinsenberg, S., Reddin, D.G., and Shackell, N. 1995. Marine climate off Newfoundland and its influence on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and capelin (Mallotus villosus). Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 121. pp. 461-474.
52. Parsons, T.R., and Seki, H. 1995. An historical perspective of biological studies in the ocean. Aquat. Living Resour. 8: 113-122.
53. Petrie, B., Loader, J., Akenhead, S., and Lazier, J. 1991. Temperature and salinity variability on the eastern Newfoundland shelf: the annual harmonic. Atmos.-Ocean, 29: 14-36.
54. Postolakii, A.I. 1963. Biology of the Labrador and Newfoundland cod. In Soviet fisheries investigations in the Northwest Atlantic. Translated by B. Hershkovitz. U.S. Department of the Interior and the National Science Foundation,Washington, D.C. pp. 338-348.
55. Rose, G.A. 1992. Indices of total stock biomass in the "northern" and Gulf of St. Lawrence Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) stocks derived from time series analyses of fixed gear (trap) catches. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 202-209.
56. Rose, G.A. 1993. Cod spawning on a migration highway in the north-west Atlantic. Nature (Lond.), 366: 458-461.
57. Rose, G.A. 1996. Cross-shelf distributions of cod in NAFO Divisions 2J3KL in May and June 1995: some preliminary findings of a longer term study. NAFO SCR Doc. 96/57.
58. Rose, G.A., and Kulka, D.W. 1999. Hyperaggregation of fish and fisheries: how catch-per-unit-effort increased as the northern cod (Gadus morhua) declined. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56(Suppl. 1): 118-127.
59. Rose, G.A., and Porter, D.R. 1996. Target-strength studies on Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in Newfoundland waters. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 53: 259-265.
60. Rose, G.A., Atkinson, B.A., Baird, J., Bishop, C.A., and Kulka, D.W. 1994. Changes in distribution of Atlantic cod and thermal variations in Newfoundland waters, 1980-1992. ICES J. Mar. Sci. Symp. 198: 542-552.
61. Rose, G.A., deYoung, B., and Colbourne, E.B. 1995. Cod (Gadus morhua L.) migration speeds and transport relative to currents on the north-east Newfoundland Shelf. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 52: 903-913.
62. Roughgarden, J., and Smith, F. 1996. Why fisheries collapse and what to do about it. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 5078-5083.
63. Ruzzante, D.E., Taggart, C.T., Cook, D., and Goddard, S. 1996. Genetic differentiation between inshore and offshore Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) off Newfoundland: micro satellite DNA variation and antifreeze level. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 634-645.
64. Ruzzante, D.E., Taggart, C.T., and Cook, D. 1999. A review of the evidence for genetic structure of cod (Gadus morhua) in the Northwest Atlantic and population affinities of larval cod off Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Fish. Res. 43: 79-97.
65. Sinclair, A.F., and Murawski, S.A. 1997. Why have groundfish stocks declined? In Northwest Atlantic groundfish: perspectives on a fishery collapse. Edited by J. Boreman, B.S. Nakashima, J.A. Wilson, and R.L. Kendall. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Md. pp. 71-93.
66. Swain, D.P., and Wade, E.J. 1993. Density-dependent geographic distribution of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 725-733.
67. Taggart, C.T., Anderson, J., Bishop, C., Colbourne, E., Hutchings, J.A., Lilly, G., Morgan, M.J., Murphy, E., Myers, R.A., Rose, G.A., and Shelton, P. 1994. Overview of cod stocks, biology, and environment in the Northwest Atlantic region of Newfoundland, with emphasis on northern cod. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 198: 140-157.
68. Taggart, C.T., Penney, P., Barrowman, N., and George, C. 1995. The 1954-1993 Newfoundland cod-tagging database: statistical summaries and spatial-temporal distributions. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 2042.
69. Templeman, W. 1981. Vertebral numbers in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, of the Newfoundland and adjacent areas, 1947-71, and their use for delineating cod stocks. J. Northwest Atl. Fish. Sci. 2: 21-45.
70. Travin, V.I., and Pechenik, L.N. 1963. Soviet fishery investigations and fishing Northwest Atlantic. In Soviet fisheries investigations in the Northwest Atlantic. Translated by B. Hershkovitz. U.S. Department of the Interior and the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. pp. 4-55.
71. Warren, W.G. 1997. Changes in the within-survey spatio-temporal structure of the northern cod (Gadus morhua) population, 1985-1992. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54(Suppl. 1): 139-148.
72. Wroblewski, J.S., Kulka, D.W., Narayanan, S., Oake, A., Collier, A., and Mcgrath, B. 1995. Winter distribution and movements of northern Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) along the Newfoundland -Labrador continental shelf edge derived from scientific observations on commercial trawlers. Fish. Oceanogr. 4: 128-146.