The fate of ingredients in and impact on cigarette smoke

Food and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 49, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 3238-3248

  Purkis, S W ^a   Mueller, C ^b   Intorp, M ^b  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b Imperial Tobacco Group   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cigarettes; Ingredients; Smoke transfer

Indexed keywords

CARBON; CARBON 13; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON MONOXIDE; CIGARETTE SMOKE; DEUTERIUM; HYDROGEN; VOLATILE AGENT;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COMBUSTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEGRADATION; ISOTOPE LABELING; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PREDICTION; PYROLYSIS;

CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON MONOXIDE; CHROMATOGRAPHY, GAS; CHROMATOGRAPHY, HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID; DEUTERIUM; SMOKE; SMOKING; TOBACCO; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

EID: 80054873255     PISSN: 02786915     EISSN: 18736351     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.028     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Akehurst B.C. Tobacco 1981, Longman Inc., NY. second ed.
2. Baker R.R. Variation of the gas formation regions within a cigarette combustion coal during the smoking cycle. Beitrage Tabakforsch. Int. 1981, 11:1-17.
3. Baker R.R., Pereira da Silva J.R., Smith G. The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part I: flavourings and additives. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2004, 42:S3-S37.
4. Baker R.R., Pereira da Silva J.R., Smith G. The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part II: casing ingredients. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2004, 42:S39-S52.
5. Baker R.R., Bishop L.J. The pyrolysis of tobacco ingredients. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2004, 71:223-311.
6. Baker R.R., Bishop L.J. The pyrolysis of non-volatile tobacco ingredients using a system that simulates cigarette combustion conditions. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2005, 74:145-170.
7. Baker R.R., Coburn S., Liu C. The pyrolytic formation of formaldehyde from sugars and tobacco. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2006, 77:12-21.
8. Baker R.R. The generation of formaldehyde in cigarettes - overview and recent experiments. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2006, 44:1799-1822.
9. Best, F., 1990. Summary of Radiotracer fate studies performed at RJR with cigarette constituents/additives since 1972. Part II. Legacy Tobacco Documents Library. (accessed June 2011). http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/toa73d00.
10. Clark T., Kaussmann E., Roemer E., Schepers G. The fate of imidacloprid in tobacco smoke of cigarettes made from imidacloprid treated tobacco. Pesticide Sci. 1998, 52:119-125.
11. Cook, C., Lauterbach, J.H., Pannell, W.T., Price, B.F., 1999. Transfer rate studies on cigarettes of various designs. Tobacco Science Research Conference, Montreal, Canada Paper 90. (accessed June 2011). http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/eej09c00.
12. European Commission, 2001. On the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco products. Directive 2001/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. (accessed September 2011). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:194:0026:0034:EN:pdf.
13. FEMA,2011. Flavour & Extract Manufacturers Association Website (accessed June 2011). http://www.femaflavor.org/.
14. Fujiwara, M., Kakehi, A., Shibagaki, M., 2001. Pyrolysis study of tobacco compounds labelled with stable isotopes. Tobacco Science Research Conference. (accessed June 2011). http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gen94a00.
15. Gager F.L., Nedlock J.W., Martin W.J. Tobacco additives and cigarette smoke. Part I. Transfer of glucose, sucrose and their degradation products to the smoke. Carbohydr. Res. 1971, 17:327-333.
16. Gager F.L., Nedlock J.W., Martin W.J. Tobacco additives and cigarette smoke. Part II. Organic gas phase products from glucose and sucrose. Carbohydr. Res. 1971, 17:335-339.
17. Gaworski C.L., Wagner K.A., Morton M.J., Oldham M.J. Insights from a multi year program designed to test the impact of ingredients on mainstream cigarette smoke toxicity. Inhal. Toxicol. 2011, 1:12.
18. GRAS, 2011. Generally Recognized As Safe. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website. (accessed June 2011). http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngredientsPackaging/GenerallyRecognizedasSafeGRAS/default.htm.
19. Green J.D., Chalmers J., Kinnard P.J. The transfer of tobacco additives to cigarette smoke: examination of the possible contribution of pyrolysis products to mainstream smoke composition. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 1989, 14:283-288.
20. Hahn J., Schaub J. Influence of tobacco additives on the chemical composition of mainstream smoke. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2010, 24(3):100-116.
21. Health Canada, 1999a. Determination of " Tar" , Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide in Mainstream Tobacco Smoke. (accessed May 2011). http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/tobac-tabac/legislation/reg/indust/method/_main-principal/nicotine-eng.php.
22. Hoffmann, D., Hoffmann, I., 2001. The changing cigarette: chemical studies and bioassays. In: Risks Associated with Smoking Cigarettes with Low Machine-Measured Yields of tar and Nicotine; Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 13, NCI, NIH, Bethesda 2001, Chapter 5.
23. Houseman T. Studies of cigarette smoke transfer using radioisotopically labeled tobacco constituents. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 1973, 7(3):142-147.
24. ISO 3402 Tobacco and Tobacco products - Atmosphere for Conditioning and Testing 1999, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
25. ISO 3308+A1, 2009. Routine Analytical Smoking Machine - Definition and Standard Conditions. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
26. ISO 4387 Cigarettes - Determination of Total and Nicotine-Free Dry Particulate Matter Using a Routine Analytical Smoking Machine 2000, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
27. Cigarettes - Determination of Nicotine-Free Dry Particulate Matter and Nicotine in Sidestream Smoke - Method Using a Routine Analytical Linear Smoking Machine Equipped with a Fishtail Chimney 2007, ISO 20773, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
28. Cigarettes-Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Sidestream Smoke - Method Using A Routine Analytical Linear Smoking Machine Equipped with a Fishtail Chimney 2007, ISO 20774, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
29. Intorp M., Pani J., Blumenstock M. 2010 Influence of tobacco additives on the chemical composition of mainstream smoke - additional analysis of three tobacco industry based laboratories. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2010, 24(3):139-144.
30. JECFA, 2011 Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Available from: (accessed June 2011). http://www.who.int/foodsafety/chem/jecfa/publications/en/index.html.
31. 14C-menthol. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 1970, 5(6):299-301.
32. Liu C. Glycerol transfer in cigarette mainstream smoke. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2004, 21(2):111-116.
33. Miranda E.J.F., Rodrigues A.A.S., dos Santos M.G.F., Luzia M.R. Method to Study the Flavour Transfer to Cigarette Smoke 1999, Tobacco Science Research Conference, Montreal, Canada, paper 57.
34. Mueller, C., Intorp, M., Russow, R., 2006. Application of Isotope Mass Spectrometry to Study Fate and Behaviour of Ingredients Applied on Tobacco. CORESTA Congress, Paris, France, Paper SS16. Available from: (accessed 08.04.10). http://www.coresta.org/Past_Abstracts/Paris2006-SmokeTech-Oct06.pdf.
35. Mueller, C., Intorp, M., 2009. Fate of Tobacco Ingredients: Application of Isotope Mass Spectrometry to Study the Behaviour of Humectants, Geranyl Acetate and Tetramethyl Pyrazine During Combustion. CORESTA Meeting Aix-en-Provence, France, Paper SSPT 22. (accessed 08.04.2010). http://www.coresta.org/Past_Abstracts/Aix2009-SmokeTech.pdf.
36. Paschke T., Scherer G., Heller W.-D. Effect of ingredients on cigarette smoke composition and biological activity; a literature overview. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2002, 20(3):107-247.
37. Phillpotts D.F., Spincer D., Westcott D.T. The effect of the natural sugar content of tobacco upon the acetaldehyde concentration found in cigarette smoke. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 1975, 8(1):7-10.
38. Rodgman A. Some studies on the effects of additives on cigarette mainstream smoke properties. I. Flavorants. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2002, 20:83-103.
39. Rodgman A. Some studies on the effects of additives on cigarette mainstream smoke properties. II. Casing materials and humectants. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2002, 20:279-299.
40. Rodgman A. Some studies on the effects of additives on cigarette mainstream smoke properties. III. Ingredients reportedly used in various commercial cigarette products in the USA and elsewhere. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2004, 21:47-104.
41. Rodgman A., Perfetti T.A. The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke 2009, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
42. Roemer E., Wittke S., Trelles Sticken E., Piade J.J., Bonk T., Schorp M.K. The addition of cocoa, glycerol, and saccharose to the tobacco of cigarettes: implications for smoke chemistry, in vitro cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and further endpoints. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2010, 24(3):117-138.
43. 13C abundance of gaseous combustion products in cigarette smoke. Isotopes Environ. Health Stud. 2007, 43:257-262.
44. Rustemeier K., Stabbert R., Haussmann H.J., Roemer E., Carmines E.L. Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 2: chemical composition of mainstream smoke. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2002, 40:93-104.
45. Seeman J.I., Dixon M., Haussmann H.-J. Acetaldehyde in mainstream tobacco smoke: formation and occurrence in smoke and bioavailability in the smoker. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2002, 15(11):1331-1350.
46. Stein Y., Antal M.J. A study of the gas phase pyrolysis of glycerol. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 1983, 4:283-296.
47. Stevens N.A., Borgerding M.F. GC-AED studies of nicotine fate in a burning cigarette. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71:2179-2185.
48. Stotesbury S.J., Willoughby L.J., Couch A. Pyrolysis of cigarette ingredients labeled with stable isotopes. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2000, 19(2):55-64.
49. Talhout R., Opperhuizen A., van Amsterdam J.G. Sugars as tobacco ingredient. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2006, 4(11):1789-1798.
50. Weeks W. Relationship between leaf chemistry and organoleptic properties of tobacco smoke. Production Chemistry and Technology, Published in Tobacco 1999, 304-312. Blackwell Press. D.L. Davis, M.T. Nielsen (Eds.).
51. 3-labeled glycerol added to cigarette tobacco using two machine-smoking regimes. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 2010, 24(2):48-57.