Measuring consciousness: Task accuracy and awareness as sigmoid functions of stimulus duration

Consciousness and Cognition

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 1659-1675

  Sandberg, Kristian ^a   Bibby, Bo Martin ^a   Timmermans, Bert ^b   Cleeremans, Axel ^c   Overgaard, Morten ^a,d  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES   (Belgium)

^d AALBORG UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Awareness; Consciousness; Masking; Regression; Subliminal; Unconscious; Vision

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AWARENESS; CONSCIOUSNESS; HUMAN; SIGMOID; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TASK PERFORMANCE;

AWARENESS; CONSCIOUSNESS; HUMANS; PHOTIC STIMULATION; SENSORY THRESHOLDS; SUBLIMINAL STIMULATION; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 80054862631     PISSN: 10538100     EISSN: 10902376     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.09.002     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Bachmann T. Inaptitude of the signal detection theory, useful vexation from the microgenetic view, and inevitability of neurobiological signatures in understanding perceptual (un)awareness. Consciousness and Cognition 2004, 13(1):101-106. 10.1016/j.concog.2003.10.005.
2. Bachmann T. Microgenesis of perception: Conceptual, Psychophysical, and Neurobiological Aspects. The first half second: The microgenesis and temporal dynamics of unconscious and conscious visual processes 2006, 11-34. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
3. Bachmann T., Luiga I., Põder E. Variations in backward masking with different masking stimuli: II. The effects of spatially quantised masks in the light of local contour interaction, interchannel inhibition, perceptual retouch, and substitution theories. Perception 2005, 34(2):139-154. 10.1068/p5344b.
4. Boyer J.L., Harrison S., Ro T. Unconscious processing of orientation and color without primary visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005, 102(46):16875-16879. 10.1073/pnas.0505332102.
5. Chan, C. (1992). Implicit cognitive processes: Theoretical issues and applications in computer systems design. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford, Oxford, England.
6. Cheesman J., Merikle P.M. Priming with and without awareness. Perception & Psychophysics 1984, 36(4):387-395.
7. Cheesman J., Merikle P.M. Distinguishing conscious from unconscious perceptual processes. Canadian Journal of Psychology Revue Canadienne de Psychologie 1986, 40(4):343-367. 10.1037/h0080103.
8. Curran T., Hintzman D.L. Violations of the independence assumption in process dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 1995, 21(3):531-547.
9. Debner J.A., Jacoby L.L. Unconscious perception: Attention, awareness, and control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 1994, 20(2):304-317.
10. Destrebecqz A., Cleeremans A. Can sequence learning be implicit? New evidence with the process dissociation procedure. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2001, 8(2):343-350.
11. Dienes Z. Subjective measures of unconscious knowledge. Progress in Brain Research 2008, 168:49-64. 10.1016/S0079-6123(07)68005-4.
12. Dienes Z., Altmann G.T.M., Kwan L., Goode A. Unconscious knowledge of artificial grammars is applied strategically. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1995, 21(5):1322-1338. 10.1037/0278-7393.21.5.1322.
13. Dienes Z., Seth A. Gambling on the unconscious: A comparison of wagering and confidence ratings as measures of awareness in an artificial grammar task. Consciousness and Cognition 2009, 19(2):674-681. 10.1016/j.concog.2009.09.009.
14. Dienes Z., Seth A.K. Measuring any conscious content versus measuring the relevant conscious content: Comment on Sandberg et al. Consciousness and Cognition 2010, 19(4):1079-1080. 10.1016/j.concog.2010.03.009.
15. Dodson C.S., Johnson M.K. Some problems with the process-dissociation approach to memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1996, 125(2):181-194.
16. Galvin S.J., Podd J.V., Drga V., Whitmore J. Type 2 tasks in the theory of signal detectability: Discrimination between correct and incorrect decisions. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2003, 10(4):843-876.
17. Graf P., Komatsu S.-I. Process dissociation procedure: Handle with caution!. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 1994, 6(2):113-129. 10.1080/09541449408520139.
18. Green D.M., Swets J.A. Signal detection theory and psychophysics 1966, Wiley, New York.
19. Jacoby L.L. A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language 1991, 30(5):513-541. 10.1016/0749-596X(91)90025-F.
20. Jacoby L.L. Invariance in automatic influences of memory: Toward a user's guide for the process-dissociation procedure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 1998, 24(1):3-26.
21. Jacoby L.L., Toth J., Yonelinas A.P. Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: Measuring recollection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1993, 122(2):139-154. 10.1037/0096-3445.122.2.139.
22. Jiménez L., Méndez C., Cleeremans Axel. Comparing direct and indirect measures of sequence learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 1996, 22(4):948-969. 10.1037/0278-7393.22.4.948.
23. Kanai R., Walsh V., Tseng C.-H. Subjective discriminability of invisibility: A framework for distinguishing perceptual and attentional failures of awareness. Consciousness and Cognition 2010, 19(4):1045-1057. 10.1016/j.concog.2010.06.003.
24. Koch C., Preuschoff K. Betting the house on consciousness. Nature Neuroscience 2007, 10(2):140-141. 10.1038/nn0207-140.
25. Koivisto M., Mäntylä T., Silvanto J. The role of early visual cortex (V1/V2) in conscious and unconscious visual perception. NeuroImage 2010, 51(2):828-834. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.042.
26. Kouider S., de Gardelle V., Sackur J., Dupoux E. How rich is consciousness? The partial awareness hypothesis. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2010, 14(7):301-307. 10.1016/j.tics.2010.04.006.
27. Kouider S., Dupoux E. Partial awareness creates the " illusion" of subliminal semantic priming. Psychological Science: A Journal of the American Psychological Society/APS 2004, 15(2):75-81.
28. Kuhn G., Dienes Z. Differences in the types of musical regularity learnt in incidental- and intentional-learning conditions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 2006, 59(10):1725-1744. 10.1080/17470210500438361.
29. Merikle P.M. Unconscious perception revisited. Perception & Psychophysics 1982, 31(3):298-301.
30. Merikle P.M., Daneman M. Conscious vs. unconscious perception. The new cognitive neurosciences 2000, 1295-1303. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 2nd ed. M. Gazzaniga (Ed.).
31. Merikle P.M., Joordens S. Measuring unconscious influences. Scientific approaches to consciousness 1997, 109-123. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. J. Cohen, J. Schooler (Eds.).
32. Merikle P.M., Reingold E.M. On demonstrating unconscious perception: Comment on Draine and Greenwald (1998). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1998, 127(3):304-310.
33. Nieuwenhuis S., Kleijn R. Consciousness of targets during the attentional blink: A gradual or all-or-none dimension?. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 2010, 73(2):364-373. 10.3758/s13414-010-0026-1.
34. Overgaard M. Introspection in science. Consciousness and Cognition 2006, 15(4):629-633. 10.1016/j.concog.2006.10.004.
35. Overgaard M., Gallagher S., Ramsøy T.Z. An integration of first-person methodologies in cognitive science. Journal of Consciousness Studies 2008, 15(5):100-120.
36. Overgaard M., Rote J., Mouridsen K., Ramsøy T.Z. Is conscious perception gradual or dichotomous? A comparison of report methodologies during a visual task. Consciousness and Cognition 2006, 15(4):700-708. 10.1016/j.concog.2006.04.002.
37. Persaud N., McLeod P. Wagering demonstrates subconscious processing in a binary exclusion task. Consciousness and Cognition 2008, 17(3):565-575. 10.1016/j.concog.2007.05.003.
38. Persaud N., McLeod P., Cowey A. Post-decision wagering objectively measures awareness. Nature Neuroscience 2007, 10(2):257-261. 10.1038/nn1840.
39. Peterson W., Birdsall T., Fox W. The theory of signal detectability. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 1954, 4(4):171-212. 10.1109/TIT.1954.1057460.
40. Ramsøy T.Z., Overgaard M. Introspection and subliminal perception. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 2004, 3(1):1-23. 10.1023/B:PHEN.0000041900.30172.e8.
41. Reingold E.M., Merikle P.M. Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness. Perception & Psychophysics 1988, 44(6):563-575.
42. Reingold E.M., Merikle P.M. On the inter-relatedness of theory and measurement in the study of unconscious processes. Mind & Language 1990, 5(1):9-28. 10.1111/j.1468-0017.1990.tb00150.x.
43. Sandberg K., Timmermans B., Overgaard M., Cleeremans A. Measuring consciousness: Is one measure better than the other?. Consciousness and Cognition 2010, 19(4):1069-1078. 10.1016/j.concog.2009.12.013.
44. Schurger A., Sher S. Awareness, loss aversion, and post-decision wagering. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2008, 12(6):209-210. [author reply 210. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.02.012].
45. Scott R.B., Dienes Z. The conscious, the unconscious, and familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 2008, 34(5):1264-1288. 10.1037/a0012943.
46. Sergent C., Dehaene S. Is consciousness a gradual phenomenon? Evidence for an all-or-none bifurcation during the attentional blink. Psychological Science: A Journal of the American Psychological Society/APS 2004, 15(11):720-728. 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00748.x.
47. Sidis B. The psychology of suggestion 1898, Appleton, New York.
48. Snodgrass M. Disambiguating conscious and unconscious influences: Do exclusion paradigms demonstrate unconscious perception?. The American Journal of Psychology 2002, 115(4):545-579.
49. Snodgrass M., Shevrin H. Unconscious inhibition and facilitation at the objective detection threshold: Replicable and qualitatively different unconscious perceptual effects. Cognition 2006, 101(1):43-79. 10.1016/j.cognition.2005.06.006.
50. Tanner W.P., Swets J.A. A decision-making theory of visual detection. Psychological Review 1954, 61(6):401-409. 10.1037/h0058700.
51. Timmermans B., Sandberg K., Cleeremans A., Overgaard M. Partial awareness distinguishes between measuring conscious perception and conscious content: Reply to Dienes and Seth. Consciousness and Cognition 2010, 19(4):1081-1083. 10.1016/j.concog.2010.05.006.
52. Toth J., Reingold E.M., Jacoby L.L. A response to graf and komatsu's critique of the process dissociation procedure: When is caution necessary?. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 1995, 7(2):113-130. 10.1080/09541449508403095.
53. Visser T.A., Merikle P.M. Conscious and unconscious processes: The effects of motivation. Consciousness and Cognition 1999, 8(1):94-113. 10.1006/ccog.1998.0378.