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1
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Cheryl Greenberg, "Or Does It Explode?": Black Harlem in the Great Depression (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991) and especially
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4
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"The Politics of Disorder: Reexamining Harlem's Riots of 1935 and 1943," Journal of Urban History 18, no. 4 (August 1992): 395-441
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7
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2007
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Recently, scholarship has begun to examine the role of self-defense in the black freedom movement. For exceptions to the post-1945 and southern focus, see Malcolm McLaughlin, "Ghetto Formation and Armed Resistance in East St. Louis, Illinois," Journal of American Studies 41, no. 2 (2007): 435-67.
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July 2000
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Sundiata Keita Cha-Jua, "'A Warlike Demonstration': Legalism, Violence, Self-Help, and Electoral Politics in Decatur, Illinois, 1894-1898," Journal of Urban History 26, no. 5 (July 2000): 581-629.
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June
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Robin D. G. Kelley, "'We Are Not What We Seem': Rethinking Black Working-Class Opposition in the Jim Crow South," Journal of American History 80, no. 1 (June 1993): 75-112, 78.
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21
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For critiques of Kelley's use of "hidden transcripts" see Kenneth W. Goings and Gerald L. Smith, "'Unhidden' Transcripts: Memphis and African American Agency, 1862-1920," Journal of Urban History 21 (1995): 372-94
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Smith, G.L.2
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84890692457
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Charles M. Payne and Adam Green, eds, New York: New York University Press
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Paul Ortiz, "'Eat Your Bread without Butter, but Pay Your Poll Tax!': Roots of African American Voter Registration Movement in Florida, 1919-1920," in Charles M. Payne and Adam Green, eds., Time Longer Than Rope: A Century of African American Activism, 1850-1950 (New York: New York University Press, 2003), 196-299, 200. Kelley's first set of examples-songs, strikes, quitting or threatening to quit-contains "unhidden" everyday forms of resistance, but what is significant about these examples is that they are part of a larger process rather than isolated events.
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(2003)
Time Longer Than Rope: A Century of African American Activism, 1850- 1950
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, pp. 200
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Ortiz, P.1
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24
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0006614099
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Black Public Sphere Collective, ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press
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For literature on the black public sphere, see Black Public Sphere Collective, ed., The Black Public Sphere: A Public Culture book (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995)
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The Black Public Sphere: A Public Culture Book
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25
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Archives, and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York
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Citizens' Protective League Papers, Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York
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Citizens' Protective League Papers, Manuscript
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34
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80054802439
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Protective league
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New York: Arno Press and the New York Times
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Protective League, Story of the Riot (New York: Arno Press and the New York Times, 1969)
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Story of the Riot
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39
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0003400495
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New York: Russell and Russell
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Sacks, Before Harlem. The movement throughout New York City was contemporaneous with African Americans' movement within the U.S. South and to the Northeast and Midwest. Carter G. Woodson, A Century of Negro Migration (New York: Russell and Russell, 1918)
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A Century of Negro Migration
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43
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Urbana: University of Illinois Press
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James Borchert, Alley Life in Washington: Family, Community, Religion, and Folklife in the City, 1850-1970 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980)
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Alley Life in Washington: Family, Community, Religion, and Folklife in the City, 1850-1970
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Ames: Iowa State University Press
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Roland E. Wolseley, The Black Press, U.S.A. (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1989), 31-33
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Bulletin of national league on urban conditions among negroes: Housing conditions among negroes in Harlem
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Bulletin Of National League On Urban Conditions Among Negroes: Housing Conditions Among Negroes in Harlem, New York City 4, no. 2 (January 1915), 7.
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Marilynn S. Johnson, "Gender, Race, Rumour: Re-examining the 1943 Race Riots," Gender and History 10, no. 2 (August 1998): 252-77 (Pubitemid 128631519)
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Gates Jr., H.L.1
Andrews, J.G.2
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Chad L. Williams, "Vanguard of the New Negro Movement: African American Veterans and Post-World War I Racial Militancy," Journal of African American History 92 (2007): 347-70
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