메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 37, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 757-774

"Ready to shoot and do shoot": Black working-class self-defense and community politics in harlem, New York, during the 1920s

Author keywords

Community politics; Harlem; Police brutality; Self defense

Indexed keywords

POLICE FORCE; POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT; RACIAL DISPARITY; SOCIAL CONFLICT; TWENTIETH CENTURY; VIOLENCE;

EID: 80054807298     PISSN: 00961442     EISSN: 15526771     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0096144211413234     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (13)

References (126)
  • 1
    • 80054810904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Gene Andrew Jarrett (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
    • Claude McKay, A Long Way from Home, ed. Gene Andrew Jarrett (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 30.
    • (2007) A Long Way from Home , vol.30
    • McKay, C.1
  • 3
    • 75949121589 scopus 로고
    • Or does it explode?
    • New York: Oxford University Press
    • Cheryl Greenberg, "Or Does It Explode?": Black Harlem in the Great Depression (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991) and especially
    • (1991) Black Harlem in the Great Depression
    • Greenberg, C.1
  • 4
    • 84970686829 scopus 로고
    • The politics of disorder: Reexamining Harlem's riots of 1935 and 1943
    • August
    • "The Politics of Disorder: Reexamining Harlem's Riots of 1935 and 1943," Journal of Urban History 18, no. 4 (August 1992): 395-441
    • (1992) Journal of Urban History , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 395-441
  • 7
    • 34547531299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ghetto formation and armed resistance in east St. Louis, Illinois
    • 2007
    • Recently, scholarship has begun to examine the role of self-defense in the black freedom movement. For exceptions to the post-1945 and southern focus, see Malcolm McLaughlin, "Ghetto Formation and Armed Resistance in East St. Louis, Illinois," Journal of American Studies 41, no. 2 (2007): 435-67.
    • Journal of American Studies , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 435-467
    • McLaughlin, M.1
  • 8
    • 0040951597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A warlike demonstration: Legalism, violence, self-help, and electoral politics in Decatur, Illinois, 1894-1898
    • July 2000
    • Sundiata Keita Cha-Jua, "'A Warlike Demonstration': Legalism, Violence, Self-Help, and Electoral Politics in Decatur, Illinois, 1894-1898," Journal of Urban History 26, no. 5 (July 2000): 581-629.
    • Journal of Urban History , vol.26 , Issue.5 , pp. 581-629
    • Cha-Jua, S.K.1
  • 20
    • 84864579726 scopus 로고
    • We are not what we seem: Rethinking black working-class opposition in the jim crow south
    • June
    • Robin D. G. Kelley, "'We Are Not What We Seem': Rethinking Black Working-Class Opposition in the Jim Crow South," Journal of American History 80, no. 1 (June 1993): 75-112, 78.
    • (1993) Journal of American History , vol.80 , Issue.1-78 , pp. 75-112
    • Kelley, R.D.G.1
  • 21
    • 84976934200 scopus 로고
    • Unhidden' transcripts: Memphis and african american agency, 1862-1920
    • For critiques of Kelley's use of "hidden transcripts" see Kenneth W. Goings and Gerald L. Smith, "'Unhidden' Transcripts: Memphis and African American Agency, 1862-1920," Journal of Urban History 21 (1995): 372-94
    • (1995) Journal of Urban History , vol.21 , pp. 372-394
    • Goings, K.W.1    Smith, G.L.2
  • 23
    • 84890692457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eat your bread without butter, but pay your poll tax!: Roots of African American voter registration movement in florida, 1919-1920
    • Charles M. Payne and Adam Green, eds, New York: New York University Press
    • Paul Ortiz, "'Eat Your Bread without Butter, but Pay Your Poll Tax!': Roots of African American Voter Registration Movement in Florida, 1919-1920," in Charles M. Payne and Adam Green, eds., Time Longer Than Rope: A Century of African American Activism, 1850-1950 (New York: New York University Press, 2003), 196-299, 200. Kelley's first set of examples-songs, strikes, quitting or threatening to quit-contains "unhidden" everyday forms of resistance, but what is significant about these examples is that they are part of a larger process rather than isolated events.
    • (2003) Time Longer Than Rope: A Century of African American Activism, 1850- 1950 , Issue.196-299 , pp. 200
    • Ortiz, P.1
  • 24
    • 0006614099 scopus 로고
    • Black Public Sphere Collective, ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • For literature on the black public sphere, see Black Public Sphere Collective, ed., The Black Public Sphere: A Public Culture book (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995)
    • (1995) The Black Public Sphere: A Public Culture Book
  • 25
    • 0141560234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rethinking the black public sphere: An alternative vocabulary for multiple public spheres
    • Catherine R. Squires, "Rethinking the Black Public Sphere: An Alternative Vocabulary for Multiple Public Spheres," Communication Theory 12, no. 4 (November 2002): 446-68 (Pubitemid 37144497)
    • (2002) Communication Theory , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 446-468
    • Squires, C.R.1
  • 27
  • 33
    • 80054821260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Archives, and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York
    • Citizens' Protective League Papers, Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Books Division, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York
    • Citizens' Protective League Papers, Manuscript
  • 34
    • 80054802439 scopus 로고
    • Protective league
    • New York: Arno Press and the New York Times
    • Protective League, Story of the Riot (New York: Arno Press and the New York Times, 1969)
    • (1969) Story of the Riot
  • 39
    • 0003400495 scopus 로고
    • New York: Russell and Russell
    • Sacks, Before Harlem. The movement throughout New York City was contemporaneous with African Americans' movement within the U.S. South and to the Northeast and Midwest. Carter G. Woodson, A Century of Negro Migration (New York: Russell and Russell, 1918)
    • (1918) A Century of Negro Migration
    • Woodson, C.G.1
  • 49
    • 0042946924 scopus 로고
    • The national Afro-American league, 1887-1908
    • November
    • Emma Lou Thornbrough, "The National Afro-American League, 1887-1908," Journal of Southern History 27, no. 4 (November 1961): 494-512
    • (1961) Journal of Southern History , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 494-512
    • Thornbrough, E.L.1
  • 50
    • 0009103525 scopus 로고
    • Ames: Iowa State University Press
    • Roland E. Wolseley, The Black Press, U.S.A. (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1989), 31-33
    • (1989) The Black Press, U.S.A. , pp. 31-33
    • Wolseley, R.E.1
  • 53
  • 54
    • 80054804451 scopus 로고
    • July 27
    • New York Age, July 27, 1905, 1.
    • (1905) New York Age , vol.1
  • 55
    • 80054808605 scopus 로고
    • July 27
    • New York Age, July 27, 1905, 1.
    • (1905) New York Age , vol.1
  • 56
    • 80054820770 scopus 로고
    • July 20
    • New York Times, July 20, 1905, 12.
    • (1905) New York Times , vol.12
  • 57
    • 79956497232 scopus 로고
    • July 20
    • New York Age, July 20, 1905, 4
    • (1905) New York Age , pp. 4
  • 58
    • 79956497232 scopus 로고
    • July 27
    • New York Age, July 27, 1905.
    • (1905) New York Age
  • 59
  • 60
    • 80054821994 scopus 로고
    • July 20
    • New York Times, July 20, 1905, 12.
    • (1905) New York Times , vol.12
  • 61
  • 62
    • 80054816369 scopus 로고
    • July 27
    • New York Age, July 27, 1905, 1.
    • (1905) New York Age , vol.1
  • 63
    • 80054816569 scopus 로고
    • July 15
    • New York Times, July 15, 1905, 1.
    • (1905) New York Times , vol.1
  • 64
    • 80054810971 scopus 로고
    • July 21
    • New York Times, July 21, 1905, 3.
    • (1905) New York Times , vol.3
  • 65
    • 80054797276 scopus 로고
    • July 25
    • New York Times, July 25, 1905, 12.
    • (1905) New York Times , vol.12
  • 71
    • 80054830071 scopus 로고
    • June 4
    • New York Age, June 4, 1914, 1.
    • (1914) New York Age , vol.1
  • 72
    • 80054820020 scopus 로고
    • May 31
    • New York Age, May 31, 1917, 1
    • (1917) New York Age , vol.1
  • 73
    • 80054802438 scopus 로고
    • May 27
    • New York Times, May 27, 1917, 12.
    • (1917) New York Times , vol.12
  • 74
    • 80054827275 scopus 로고
    • May 31
    • New York Times, May 31, 1917, 18.
    • (1917) New York Times , vol.18
  • 75
    • 80054821637 scopus 로고
    • Bulletin of national league on urban conditions among negroes: Housing conditions among negroes in Harlem
    • January
    • Bulletin Of National League On Urban Conditions Among Negroes: Housing Conditions Among Negroes in Harlem, New York City 4, no. 2 (January 1915), 7.
    • (1915) New York City 4 , vol.7 , Issue.2
  • 77
    • 80054797275 scopus 로고
    • July 4
    • New York Times, July 4, 1917, 9.
    • (1917) New York Times , vol.9
  • 78
    • 80054814715 scopus 로고
    • July 4
    • New York Times, July 4, 1917, 9.
    • (1917) New York Times , vol.9
  • 82
    • 0039625536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender, race, and rumours: Re-examining the 1943 race riots
    • Marilynn S. Johnson, "Gender, Race, Rumour: Re-examining the 1943 Race Riots," Gender and History 10, no. 2 (August 1998): 252-77 (Pubitemid 128631519)
    • (1998) Gender and History , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 252-277
    • Johnson, M.S.1
  • 83
    • 16244417522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soldiers of democracy: Black Texans and the fight for citizenship, 1917-1921
    • Steven A. Reich, "Soldiers of Democracy: Black Texans and the Fight for Citizenship, 1917-1921," Journal of American History 82 (March 1996): 1478-1504. (Pubitemid 126833763)
    • (1996) Journal of American History , vol.82 , Issue.4 , pp. 1478-1504
    • Reich, S.A.1
  • 84
    • 80054811157 scopus 로고
    • July 4
    • New York Times, July 4, 1917, 9.
    • (1917) New York Times , vol.9
  • 85
    • 80054826690 scopus 로고
    • July 6
    • New York Times, July 6, 1917, 9.
    • (1917) New York Times , vol.9
  • 89
    • 80054816368 scopus 로고
    • March 29
    • New York Age, March 29, 1917.
    • (1917) New York Age
  • 92
    • 0002375852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Oxford University Press
    • Nathan Irvin Huggins, Harlem Renaissance (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007)
    • (2007) Harlem Renaissance
    • Huggins, N.I.1
  • 99
    • 80054828062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vanguard of the new negro movement: African American veterans and post-World War I racial militancy
    • Chad L. Williams, "Vanguard of the New Negro Movement: African American Veterans and Post-World War I Racial Militancy," Journal of African American History 92 (2007): 347-70
    • (2007) Journal of African American History , vol.92 , pp. 347-370
    • Williams, C.L.1
  • 102
    • 80054820229 scopus 로고
    • July 5
    • New York Times, July 5, 1917, 9.
    • (1917) New York Times , vol.9
  • 103
    • 80054816368 scopus 로고
    • July 12
    • New York Age, July 12, 1917.
    • (1917) New York Age
  • 104
    • 80054817330 scopus 로고
    • July 5
    • New York Times, July 5, 1917, 9.
    • (1917) New York Times , vol.9
  • 108
    • 80054810970 scopus 로고
    • December 18, 1929, 13 and December 22
    • New York Amsterdam News, December 18, 1929, 13 and December 22, 1934, 20
    • (1934) New York Amsterdam News , vol.20
  • 110
    • 80054823119 scopus 로고
    • ed. Robert A. Hill (New York: Garland)
    • Cyril Briggs, The Crusader, ed. Robert A. Hill, vol. 1 (New York: Garland, 1987), x-xxv.
    • (1987) The Crusader , vol.1
    • Briggs, C.1
  • 112
    • 80054802437 scopus 로고
    • January 21
    • The Negro World, January 21, 1922, 11
    • (1922) The Negro World , vol.11
  • 113
    • 80054828441 scopus 로고
    • Boddy testifies to police beating
    • January 27
    • and "Boddy Testifies to Police Beating," New York Times, January 27, 1922.
    • (1922) New York Times
  • 115
    • 80054819451 scopus 로고
    • This crowd could have easily knocked over a mother with her baby in her arms as she was passing along the street and crushed her to death
    • The fury of the "unidentified persons" and the powerof a cry for help against the police were not lost by the prosecuting assistant district attorney. "This crowd could have easily knocked over a mother with her baby in her arms as she was passing along the street and crushed her to death." New York Amsterdam News, September 29, 1926, 1.
    • (1926) New York Amsterdam News, September 29 , vol.1
  • 116
    • 80054804070 scopus 로고
    • September 26
    • New York Age, September 26, 1925, 1.
    • (1925) New York Age , vol.1
  • 117
    • 80054821636 scopus 로고
    • July 23
    • New York Times, July 23, 1928, 1.
    • (1928) New York Times , vol.1
  • 118
  • 119
    • 80054816789 scopus 로고
    • March 13
    • New York Amsterdam, March 13, 1929, 16.
    • (1929) New York Amsterdam , vol.16
  • 120
    • 80054800309 scopus 로고
    • August 4
    • New York Age, August 4, 1928, 4.
    • (1928) New York Age , vol.4
  • 121
    • 80054807670 scopus 로고
    • July 28
    • New York Age, July 28, 1928, 1.
    • (1928) New York Age , vol.1
  • 122
    • 80054815690 scopus 로고
    • August 4
    • New York Age, August 4, 1928, 4.
    • (1928) New York Age , vol.4
  • 123
    • 80054820982 scopus 로고
    • August 4
    • New York Age, August 4, 1928, 4.
    • (1928) New York Age , vol.4
  • 125
    • 80054823852 scopus 로고
    • August 1
    • New York Amsterdam, August 1, 1928, 16.
    • (1928) New York Amsterdam , vol.16
  • 126
    • 80054826900 scopus 로고
    • March 13
    • New York Amsterdam, March 13, 1929, 16.
    • (1929) New York Amsterdam , vol.16


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.