The lessons of 1989

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 13-24

  Way, Lucan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 80054734782     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: 10863214     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.2011.0068     Document Type: Note

References (22)

1. Marc Morjé Howard, "Similarities and Differences between Eastern Europe in 1989 and the Middle East in 2011," available at http://themonkeycage.org/blog/2011/05/30/similarities-and-differences-between-eastern-europe-in-1989-and-the-middle-east-in-2011.
2. Valerie Bunce and Sharon Wolchik, Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
3. Quoted in Colleen Lowe Morna, "Tanzania: Nyerere's Turnabout," Africa Report, September-October 1990, 24.
4. See especially Barbara Geddes, "What Do We Know About Democratization after Twenty Years?" Annual Review of Political Science 2 (1999): 115-44;
5. Beatriz Magaloni, "Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule," Comparative Political Studies 41 (April 2008): 715-41
6. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith, "How Tyrants Endure," New York Times, 9 June 2011.
7. Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
8. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), 311.
9. The one exception to this pattern is Albania, where-despite continued dominance by veterans of armed struggle-the regime collapsed in 1991, largely due to extreme state weakness.
10. Hossein Aryan, "Iran's Basij Force: The Mainstay of Domestic Security," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 7 December 2008.
11. For the classic analysis and description of sultanistic regimes, see H.E. Chehabi and Juan J. Linz, eds., Sultanistic Regimes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).
12. Tony Capaccio, "Coalition Aircraft Watching Qaddafi Son's Elite Unit, U.S. Commander Says," Bloomberg News, 23 March 2011.
13. Richard F. Worth, "Egypt's Next Crisis," New York Times, 27 May 2011.
14. The classic statement of this argument was made by Juan J. Linz in these pages more than twenty years ago in "The Perils of Presidentialism," Journal of Democracy 1 (Winter 1990): 51-69.
15. See also M. Steven Fish, "Stronger Legislatures, Stronger Democracies," Journal of Democracy 17 (January 2006): 5-20.
16. Gerald M. Easter, "Preference for Presidentialism: Postcommunist Regime Change in Russia and the NIS," World Politics 49 (January 1997): 184-211.
17. Levitsky and Way, Competitive Authoritarianism, ch. 6.
18. Measured in GDP per capita current dollars. Data from World Bank World Development Indicators at www.worldbank.org. Includes countries that were not independent as of 1990.
19. Jan Zielonka, "Introduction: Enlargement and the Study of European Integration," in Jacques Rupnik and Jan Zielonka, eds., The Road to the European Union. Vol. 1, The Czech and Slovak Republics (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), 1.
20. Jason Brownlee "Egypt's Incomplete Revolution: The Challenge of Post-Mubarak Authoritarianism," 5 July 2011, available at www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/2059/egyptsincomplete-revolution_the-challenge-of-post.
21. Scott Sayare, "Tunisia Is Uneasy Over Party of Islamists" New York Times, 15 May 2011.
22. "Muslim Brotherhood Gains Power in Egypt," United Press International, 25 March 2011.