Stronger legislatures, stronger democracies

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 5-20

  Fish, M Steven ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 32944472697     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.2006.0008     Document Type: Review

References (25)

1. Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, eds., The Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994);
2. Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skach, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation," World Politics 46 (October 1993): 1-22.
3. nd ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 143-49;
4. Scott Mainwaring and Matthew Soberg Shugart, eds., Presidential Democracy in Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
5. Maurice Duverger, "A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government," European Journal of Political Research 8 (June 1980): 165-87.
6. Matthew Soberg Shugart and John M. Carey, Presidents and Assemblies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
7. M. Steven Fish and Matthew Kroenig, The Legislative Powers Survey and the Parliamentary Powers Index: A Global Study of the Powers of National Legislatures, forthcoming 2006. Formal distinctions among the meanings of "parliament," "legislature," "congress," "assembly," and other terms are found in the literature. Such distinctions are often blurred in practice. The Parliamentary Powers Index presented here refers to the powers of the national legislature, whether or not it carries the name "parliament."
8. Freedom House, "Annual Survey of Freedom, Country Ratings," available at www.freedomhouse.org.
9. r = -.92; p <.001.
10. r = -.41; p =.07.
11. r = -.70; p <.001.
12. For a fuller treatment, see M. Steven Fish, Democracy Derailed in Russia: The Failure of Open Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), ch. 7.
13. Guillermo O'Donnell, Counterpoints: Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999), 185.
14. James Holston and Teresa P. R. Caldeira, "Democracy, Law, and Violence: Disjunctions of Brazilian Citizenship," in Felipe Agüero and Jeffrey Stark, eds., Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Transition Latin America (Miami: North-South Center Press of the University of Miami, 1998): 363-96.
15. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2000 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000);
16. World Bank, World Development Report 1997 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).
17. Zhelyu Zhelev, interview with the author, Sofia, Bulgaria, 14 January 1998.
18. M. Steven Fish and Robin S. Brooks, "Bulgarian Democracy's Organizational Weapon," East European Constitutional Review 9 (Summer 2000): 69-77;
19. Venelin I. Ganev, "History, Politics, and the Constitution: Ethnic Conflict and Constitutional Adjudication in Postcommunist Bulgaria," Slavic Review 63 (Spring 2004): 66-89.
20. M. Steven Fish, "The Impact of the 1999-2000 Parliamentary and Presidential Elections on Political Party Development," in Vicki L. Hesli and William M. Reisinger, The 1999-2000 Elections in Russia: Their Impact and Legacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 186-212;
21. Michael McFaul, Russia's Unfinished Revolution (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2001).
22. Ronald Inglehart et al., Human Beliefs and Values: A Cross-National Sourcebook Based on the 1999-2002 World Values Surveys (Mexico City: Siglo Veintiuno, 2004) items A068 and A085.
23. Marc Morjé Howard, The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
24. M. Steven Fish, "Mongolia: Democracy Without Prerequisites," Journal of Democracy 9 (July 1998): 127-41.
25. Ronald Inglehart et al., Human Beliefs and Values.