The atmospheric chemistry of trace gases and particulate matter emitted by different land uses in Borneo

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 366, Issue 1582, 2011, Pages 3177-3195

  MacKenzie, A R ^a   Langford, B ^a,c   Pugh, T A M ^a   Robinson, N ^b   Misztal, P K ^c,d,j   Heard, D E ^e   Lee, J D ^f   Lewis, A C ^f   Jones, C E ^f   Hopkins, J R ^f   Phillips, G ^c,e   Monks, P S ^g   Karunaharan, A ^g   Hornsby, K E ^g   Nicolas Perea, V ^g   Coe, H ^b   Gabey, A M ^b   Gallagher, M W ^b   Whalley, L K ^e   Edwards, P M ^e   Evans, M J ^e   Stone, D ^e   Ingham, T ^e   Commane, R ^e,k   Furneaux, K L ^e   McQuaid, J B ^e   Nemitz, E ^c   Seng, Yapkok ^h   Fowler, D ^c   Pyle, J A ⁱ   Hewitt, C N ^a   more..

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^c CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

^g UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

^h Malaysian Meteorological Department   (Malaysia)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^j UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^k HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Atmospheric aerosol; Biogenic volatile organic compounds; Hydroxyl radical; Oil palm; Rainforest; Tropospheric ozone

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL COMPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; HYDROXYL RADICAL; LAND USE CHANGE; MONOCOTYLEDON; OXIDANT; PLANTATION; RAINFOREST; TRACE GAS; TROPOSPHERE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AMAZONIA; BORNEO; EAST MALAYSIA; MALAYSIA; SABAH;

ELAEIS;

EID: 80054703808     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0053     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Rockström, J. et al. 2009 A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461, 472-475. (doi:10.1038/461472a)
2. Fowler et al. 2011 Effects of land use on surface-atmosphere exchanges of trace gases and energy in Borneo: comparing fluxes over oil palm plantations with a rainforest. Phil Trans. R. Soc. B 366, 3196-3209. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0055)
3. Forster, P. et al. 2007 Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I To The Fourth Assessment Report Of The Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (eds S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor & H. L. Miller), Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
4. Feddema, J. J., Oleson, K. W., Bonan, G. B., Mearns, L. O., Buja, L. E., Meehl, G. A. & Washington, W. M. 2005 The importance of land-cover change in simulating future climates. Science 310, 1674-1678. (doi:10.1126/science.1118160)
5. Lathiere, J., Hauglustaine, D. A., Friend, A. D., De Noblet-Ducoudre, N., Viovy, N. & Folberth, G. A. 2006 Impact of climate variability and land use changes on global biogenic volatile organic compound emissions. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 2129-2146. (doi:10. 5194/acp-6-2129-2006)
6. Fowler, D. et al. 2009 Atmospheric composition change: ecosystems-atmosphere interactions. Atmos. Environ. 43, 5193-5267. (doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.068)
7. Fisch, G., Tota, J., Machado, L. A. T., Dias, M., Lyra, R. F. D., Nobre, C. A., Dolman, A. J. & Gash, J. H. C. 2004 The convective boundary layer over pasture and forest in Amazonia. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 78, 47-59. (doi:10.1007/s00704-004-0043-x)
8. Duncan, B. N., Martin, R. V., Staudt, A. C., Yevich, R. & Logan, J. A. 2003 Interannual and seasonal variability of biomass burning emissions constrained by satellite observations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 108, 4100. (doi:10.1029/ 2002jd002378)
9. Duncan, B. N. et al. 2003 Indonesian wildfires of 1997: impact on tropospheric chemistry. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 108, 4458. (doi:10.1029/2002jd003195)
10. Thompson, A. M., Witte, J. C., Hudson, R. D., Guo, H., Herman, J. R. & Fujiwara, M. 2001 Tropical tropospheric ozone and biomass burning. Science 291, 2128-2132. (doi:10.1126/science.291.5511.2128)
11. Baker, B. et al. 2005 Wet and dry season ecosystem level fluxes of isoprene and monoterpenes from a southeast Asian secondary forest and rubber tree plantation. Atmos. Environ. 39, 381-390. (doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv. 2004.07.033)
12. Wang, Y. F., Owen, S. M., Li, Q. J. & Penuelas, J. 2007 Monoterpene emissions fromrubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) in a changing landscape and climate: chemical speciation and environmental control. Global Change Biol. 13, 2270-2282. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01441.x)
13. Kesselmeier, J. et al. 2002 Concentrations and species composition of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (vocs) as observed during the wet and dry season in Rondonia (Amazonia). J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 107, 8053. (doi:10.1029/2000jd000267)
14. Geron, C., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J., Loescher, H. W., Clark, D. & Baker, B. 2002 Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from a lowland tropical wet forest in Costa Rica. Atmos. Environ. 36, 3793-3802. (doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00301-1)
15. Ganzeveld, L. et al. 2008 Surface and boundary layer exchanges of volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides and ozone during the GABRIEL campaign. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8, 6223-6243. (doi:10.5194/acp-8-6223-2008)
16. Greenberg, J. P., Guenther, A. B., Petron, G., Wiedinmyer, C., Vega, O., Gatti, L. V., Tota, J. & Fisch, G. 2004 Biogenic VOC emissions from forested Amazonian landscapes. Global Change Biol. 10, 651-662. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00758.x)
17. Karl, T., Guenther, A., Yokelson, R. J., Greenberg, J., Potosnak, M., Blake, D. R. & Artaxo, P. 2007 The tropical forest and fire emissions experiment: emission, chemistry, and transport of biogenic volatile organic compounds in the lower atmosphere over Amazonia. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 112, D18302. (doi:10. 1029/2007jd008539)
18. Guenther, A. et al. 1995 A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 100, 8873-8892. (doi:10.1029/94JD02950)
19. Lelieveld, J. et al. 2008 Atmospheric oxidation capacity sustained by a tropical forest. Nature 452, 737-740. (doi:10.1038/nature06870)
20. Kubistin, D. et al. 2008 Hydroxyl radicals in the tropical troposphere over the suriname rainforest: comparison of measurements with the box model mecca. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 8, 15 239-15 289. (doi:10.5194/acpd-8-15239-2008)
21. Klinger, L. F., Greenberg, J., Guenther, A., Tyndall, G., Zimmerman, P., M'Bangui, M. & Kenfack, D. 1998 Patterns in volatile organic compound emissions along a savanna-rainforest gradient in central Africa. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 103, 1443-1454. (doi:10.1029/ 97JD02928)
22. Saxton, J. E., Lewis, A. C., Kettlewell, J. H., Ozel, M. Z., Gogus, F., Boni, Y., Korogone, S. O. U. & Sera, D. 2007 Isoprene and monoterpene measurements in a secondary forest in northern Benin. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 4095-4106. (doi:10.5194/acp-7-4095-2007)
23. Capes, G., Murphy, J. G., Reeves, C. E., McQuaid, J. B., Hamilton, J. F., Hopkins, J. R., Crosier, J., Williams, P. I. & Coe, H. 2009 Secondary organic aerosol from biogenic VOCs over West Africa during Amma. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 3841-3850. (doi:10. 5194/acp-9-3841-2009)
24. Saunois, M., Reeves, C. E., Mari, C. H., Murphy, J. G., Stewart, D. J., Mills, G. P., Oram, D. E. & Purvis, R. M. 2009 Factors controlling the distribution of ozone in the West African lower troposphere during the Amma (African monsoon multidisciplinary analysis) wet season campaign. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 6135-6155. (doi:10.5194/acp-9-6135-2009)
25. Padhy, P. K. & Varshney, C. K. 2005 Isoprene emission from tropical tree species. Environ. Pollut. 135, 101-109. (doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.10.003)
26. Padhy, P. K. & Varshney, C. K. 2005 Emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from tropical plant species in India. Chemosphere 59, 1643-1653. (doi:10. 1016/j.chemosphere.2005.01.046)
27. Wang, Y.-F. & Li, J. 2005 BVOCs emitted from plants of terrestrial ecosystems and their ecological functions. Zhiwu Shengtai Xuebao 29, 487-496.
28. Geron, C., Owen, S., Guenther, A., Greenberg, J., Rasmussen, R., Bai, J. H., Li, Q. & Baker, B. 2006 Volatile organic compounds from vegetation in southern Yunnan province, China: emission rates and some potential regional implications. Atmos. Environ. 40, 1759-1773. (doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.022)
29. Sillman, S. 1999 The relation between ozone, NOx and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments. Atmos. Environ. 33, 1821-1845. (doi:10.1016/ S1352-2310(98)00345-8)
30. Colbeck, I. & MacKenzie, A. R. 1994 Air pollution by photochemical oxidants, 1st edn. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
31. Hewitt, C. N. et al. 2009 Nitrogen management is essential to prevent tropical oil palm plantations from causing ground-level ozone pollution. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 18 447-18 451. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0907541106)
32. Heard, D. E. & Pilling, M. J. 2003 Measurement of OH and HO2 in the troposphere. Chem. Rev. 103, 5163-5198. (doi:10.1021/cr020522s)
33. Hofzumahaus, A. et al. 2009 Amplified trace gas removal in the troposphere. Science 324, 1702-1704. (doi:10.1126/science.1164566)
34. Butler, T. M., Taraborrelli, D., Fischer, C. B. H., Harder, H., Martinez, M., Williams, J., Williams, J., Lawrence, M. G. & Lelieveld, J. 2008 Improved simulation of isoprene oxidation chemistry with the ECHAM5/MESSy chemistry- climate model: lessons from the GABRIEL airborne field campaign. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8, 4529-4546. (doi:10.5194/acp-8-4529-2008)
35. Tan, D. et al. 2001 HOx budgets in a deciduous forest: results from the prophet summer 1998 campaign. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 106, 24 407-24 427. (doi:10. 1029/2001JD900016)
36. Carslaw, N. et al. 2001 OHandHO2 radical chemistry in a forested region of north-western Greece. Atmos. Environ. 35, 4725-4737. (doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00089-9)
37. Paulot, F., Crounse, J. D., Kjaergaard, H. G., Kurten, A., St Clair, J. M., Seinfeld, J. H. & Wennberg, P. O. 2009 Unexpected epoxide formation in the gas-phase photooxidation of isoprene. Science 325, 730-733. (doi:10.1126/science.1172910)
38. Claeys, M. et al. 2004 Formation of secondary organic aerosols through photooxidation of isoprene. Science 303, 1173-1176. (doi:10.1126/science.1092805)
39. Kroll, J.H. & Seinfeld, J.H. 2008 Chemistry of secondary organic aerosol: formation and evolution of low-volatility organics in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 42, 3593-3624. (doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.01.003)
40. Monks, P. S. 2005 Gas-phase radical chemistry in the troposphere. Chem. Soc. Rev. 34, 376-395. (doi:10. 1039/b307982c)
41. Reeves, C. E. & Penkett, S. A. 2003 Measurements of peroxides and what they tell us. Chem. Rev. 103, 5199-5218. (doi:10.1021/cr0205053)
42. Hoell, J. M., Davis, D., Liu, S., Newell, R. E., Shipman, M., Akimoto, H., McNeal, R. J., Bendura, R. J. & Drewry, J. W. 1996 Pacific Exploratory Mission-West A (PEM_West A) September-October 1991. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 101, 1641-1653. (doi:10.1029/95JD00622)
43. Hoell, J. M., Davis, D., Liu, S., Newell, R. E., Akimoto, H., McNeal, R. J. & Bendura, R. J. 1997 The Pacific Exploratory Mission-West phase B: February-March 1994. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 102, 28 223-28 239. (doi:10.1029/97JD02581)
44. Hoell, J. M., Davis, D., Jacob, D. J., Rodgers, M. O., Newell, R. E., Fuelberg, H. E., McNeal, R. J., Raper, J. L. & Bendura, R. J. 1999 Pacific Exploratory Mission in the tropical Pacific: PEM-tropics A, August-September 1996. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 104, 5567-5583. (doi:10.1029/1998JD100074)
45. Raper, J. L., Kleb, M. M., Jacob, D. J., Davis, D., Newell, R. E., Fuelberg, H. E., Bendura, R. J., Hoell, J. M. & McNeal, R. J. 2001 Pacific Exploratory Mission in the tropical Pacific: PEM-tropics B, March-April 1999. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 106, 32 401-32 425. (doi:10.1029/2000JD900833)
46. Mauldin III, R. L., Tanner, D. & Eisele, F. 1999 Measurements of OH during PEM-tropics A. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 104, 5817-5827. (doi:10. 1029/98JD02305)
47. Mauldin III, R. L. et al. 2001 Measurements of OH aboard the NASA p-3 during PEM-tropics B. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 106, 32657-32666. (doi:10. 1029/2000JD900832)
48. Brauers, T., Hausmann, M., Bister, A., Kraus, A. & Dorn, H. P. 2001 OH radicals in the boundary layer of the Atlantic ocean 1. Measurements by long-path laser absorption spectroscopy. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 106, 7399-7414. (doi:10.1029/2000JD900679)
49. Shirley, T. R. et al. 2006 Atmospheric oxidation in the Mexico city metropolitan area (MCMA) during April 2003. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6, 2753-2765. (doi:10. 5194/acp-6-2753-2006)
50. Martinez, M. et al. 2010 Hydroxyl radicals in the tropical troposphere over the Suriname rainforest: Airborne measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 3759-3773. (doi:10.5194/acp-10-3759-2010)
51. Handisides, G. M., Plass-Dulmer, C., Gilge, S., Bingemer, H. & Berresheim, H. 2003 Hohenpeissenberg photochemical experiment (HOPE 2000): measurements and photostationary state calculations of OH and peroxy radicals. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 3, 1565-1588. (doi:10.5194/acp-3-1565-2003)
52. Mihele, C. M. & Hastie, D. R. 2003 Radical chemistry at a forested continental site: results from the PROPHET 1997 campaign. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 108, 4450. (doi:10.1029/2002JD002888)
53. Ren, X. R., Brune, W. H., Cantrell, C. A., Edwards, G. D., Shirley, T., Metcalf, A. R. & Lesher, R. L. 2005 Hydroxyl and peroxy radical chemistry in a rural area of central Pennsylvania: observations and model comparisons. J. Atmos. Chem. 52, 231-257. (doi:10. 1007/s10874-005-3651-7)
54. Hewitt, C. N. et al. 2010 Overview: oxidant and particle photochemical processes above a south-east Asian tropical rainforest (the OP3 project): introduction, rationale, location characteristics and tools. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 169-199. (doi:10.5194/acp-10-169-2010)
55. Tangki, H. & Chappell, N. A. 2008 Biomass variation across selectively logged forest within a 225-km(2) region of Borneo and its prediction by Landsat TM. For. Ecol. Manag. 256, 1960-1970. (doi:10.1016/j. foreco.2008.07.018)
56. Collier, C. G., Davies, F. & Pearson, G. N. 2010 The land below the wind: doppler lidar observations from the tropical rain forest of Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia. Weather 65, 45-50. (doi:10.1002/wea.429)
57. Pearson, G., Davies, F. & Collier, C. 2010 Remote sensing of the tropical rain forest boundary layer using pulsed doppler lidar. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 10, 5021-5049. (doi:10.5194/acpd-10-5021-2010)
58. Pyle, J. A. et al. 2011 The impact of local surface changes in Borneo on atmospheric composition at wider spatial scales: coastal processes, land-use change and air quality. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 366, 3210-3224. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0060)
59. Walsh, R. P. D. 1996 Climate. In The tropical rain forest (ed. P. W. Richards), pp. 159-205. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
60. Hewitt, C. N. et al. 2010 Overview: oxidant and particle photochemical processes above a south-east Asian tropical rainforest (the OP3 project): introduction, rationale, location characteristics and tools. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 563-563. (doi:10.5194/acp-10-563-010)
61. Whitehead, J. D. et al. 2010 Aerosol fluxes and dynamics within and above a tropical rainforest in south-east Asia. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 10, 12 023-12 061. (doi:10.5194/acpd-10-12023-2010)
62. Chappell,N. A., Discenza, A. R.,Tych,W., Whittaker, J.& Bidin, K. 2009 Simulating hourly rainfall occurrence within an equatorial rainforest, Borneo island. Hydrol. Sci. J. 54, 571-581. (doi:10.1623/hysj.54.3.571)
63. Helfter, C., Phillips, G. J., Coyle, M., Di Marco, C. F., Langford, B., Whitehead, J., Dorsey, J. R., Gallagher, W. M. & Nemitz, E. In preparation. Momentum and heat exchange above a South East Asian rainforest in complex terrain.
64. Pugh, T. A. M. et al. 2010 Simulating atmospheric composition over a South-East Asian tropical rainforest: performance of a chemistry box model. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 279-298. (doi:10.5194/acp-10-279-2010)
65. Bloss, C. et al. 2005 Development of a detailed chemical mechanism (MCMv3.1) for the atmospheric oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 5, 641-664. (doi:10.5194/acp-5-641-2005)
66. Peeters, J., Nguyen, T. L. & Vereecken, L. 2009 HOx radical regeneration in the oxidation of isoprene. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11, 5935-5939. (doi:10.1039/b908511d)
67. Lindinger, W., Hansel, A. & Jordan, A. 1998 Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTRMS): on-line monitoring of volatile organic compounds at pptv levels. Chem. Soc. Rev. 27, 347-354. (doi:10. 1039/a827347z)
68. Hewitt, C. N., Hayward, S. & Tani, A. 2003 The application of proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) to the monitoring and analysis of volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. J. Environ. Monit. 5, 1-7. (doi:10.1039/b204712h)
69. Lewis, A. C. et al. 2007 Chemical composition observed over the mid-Atlantic and the detection of pollution signatures far from source regions. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 112, D10S03. (doi:10.1029/2006jd007584)
70. Langford, B., Misztal, P. K., Nemitz, E., Davison, B., Helfter, C., Pugh, T. A. M., MacKenzie, A. R., Lim, S. F. & Hewitt, C. N. 2010 Fluxes and concentrations of volatile organic compounds from a south-east Asian tropical rainforest. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 10, 11 975-12 021. (doi:10.5194/acpd-10-11975-2010)
71. Oke, T. R. 1982 The energetic basis of the urban heatisland. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 108, 1-24.
72. Karl, T., Guenther, A., Turnipseed, A., Tyndall, G., Artaxo, P. & Martin, S. 2009 Rapid formation of isoprene photo-oxidation products observed inAmazonia. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 7753-7767. (doi:10.5194/acp-9-7753-2009)
73. Gries, G., Gries, R., Perez, A. L., Gonzales, L.M., Pierce, H. D., Oehlschlager, A. C., Rhainds, M., Zebeyou, M. & Kouame, B. 1994 Ethyl propionate-synergistic kairomone for African palm weevil, Rhynchophorus phoenicis L (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 20, 889-897. (doi:10.1007/BF02059585)
74. Orlando, J. J., Tyndall, G. S., Fracheboud, J. M., Estupinan, E. G., Haberkorn, S. & Zimmer, A. 1999 The rate and mechanism of the gas-phase oxidation of hydroxyacetone. Atmos. Environ. 33, 1621-1629. (doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00386-0)
75. Jones, C. E., Hopkins, J. R. & Lewis, A. C. 2011 In situ measurements of isoprene and monoterpenes within a South-East Asian tropical rainforest. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 11, 1189-1218. (doi:10.5194/acpd-11-1189-2011)
76. Hallquist, M. et al. 2009 The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 5155-5236. (doi:10. 5194/acp-9-5155-2009)
77. Lee, A., Goldstein, A. H., Kroll, J. H., Ng, N. L., Varutbangkul, V., Flagan, R. C. & Seinfeld, J. H. 2006 Gas-phase products and secondary aerosol yields from the photooxidation of 16 different terpenes. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 111, D17305. (doi:10.1029/ 2006jd007050)
78. Kiendler-Scharr, A. et al. 2009 New particle formation in forests inhibited by isoprene emissions. Nature 461, 381-384. (doi:10.1038/nature08292)
79. Misztal, P. K. et al. 2010 Large estragole fluxes from oil palms in Borneo. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 4343-4358. (doi:10.5194/acp-10-4343-2010)
80. Bouvier-Brown, N. C. et al. 2009 Methyl chavicol: characterization of its biogenic emission rate, abundance, and oxidation products in the atmosphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 2061-2074. (doi:10.5194/acp-9-2061-2009)
81. Oke, T. R. 1973 City size and urban heat island. Atmos. Environ. 7, 769-779. (doi:10.1016/0004-6981(73) 90140-6)
82. White, M. L. et al. 2009 Are biogenic emissions a significant source of summertime atmospheric toluene in the rural northeastern United States? Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 81-92. (doi:10.5194/acp-9-81-2009)
83. Green, T. J., Reeves, C. E., Fleming, Z. L., Brough, N., Rickard, A. R., Bandy, B. J., Monks, P. S. & Penkett, S. A. 2006 An improved dual channel PERCA instrument for atmospheric measurements of peroxy radicals. J. Environ. Monit. 8, 530-536. (doi:10.1039/ b514630e)
84. Ingham, T. et al. 2009 A flow-tube based laser-induced fluorescence instrument to measure OH reactivity in the troposphere. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2, 465-477. (doi:10. 5194/amt-2-465-2009)
85. Ren, X. R. et al. 2006 OH, HO2, and OH reactivity during the PMTACS-NY whiteface mountain 2002 campaign: observations and model comparison. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 111, D10S03. (doi:10.1029/2005jd006126)
86. Ren, X. R., Harder, H., Martinez, M., Lesher, R. L., Oliger, A., Shirley, T., Adams, J., Simpas, J. B. & Brune, W. H. 2003 HOx concentrations and OH reactivity observations in New York city during PMTACS-NY2001. Atmos. Environ. 37, 3627-3637. (doi:10.1016/ s1352-2310(03)00460-6)
87. Da Silva, G., Graham, C. & Wang, F. 2010 Unimolecular beta-hydroxyperoxy radical decomposition with OH recycling in the photochemical oxidation of isoprene. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 250-256. (doi:10.1021/es900924d)
88. Sinha, V., Williams, J., Crowley, J. N. & Lelieveld, J. 2008 The comparative reactivity method-a newtool to measure total OH reactivity in ambient air. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8, 2213-2227. (doi:10.5194/acp-8-2213-2008)
89. Monks, P. S., Carpenter, L. J., Penkett, S. A. & Ayers, G. P. 1996 Night-time peroxy radical chemistry in the remote marine boundary layer over the Southern Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 535-538. (doi:10.1029/96GL00306)
90. Salisbury, G., Monks, P. S., Bauguitte, S., Bandy, B. J. & Penkett, S. A. 2002 A seasonal comparison of the ozone photochemistry in clean and polluted air masses at Mace Head, Ireland. J. Atmos. Chem. 41, 163-187. (doi:10.1023/A:1014202229304)
91. Drewnick, F. et al. 2005 A new time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (TOF-AMS)-instrument description and first field deployment. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 39, 637-658. (doi:10.1080/02786820500182040)
92. Zhang, Q., Alfarra, M. R., Worsnop, D. R., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Canagaratna, M. R. & Jimenez, J. L. 2005 Deconvolution and quantification of hydrocarbon-like and oxygenated organic aerosols based on aerosol mass spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 4938-4952. (doi:10.1021/es048568l)
93. Ng, N. L. et al. 2010 Organic aerosol components observed in northern hemispheric datasets from aerosol mass spectrometry. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 4625-4641. (doi:10.5194/acp-10-4625-2010)
94. Jimenez, J. L. et al. 2009 Evolution of organic aerosols in the atmosphere. Science 326, 1525-1529. (doi:10. 1126/science.1180353)
95. Morgan, W. T., Allan, J. D., Bower, K. N., Capes, G., Crosier, J., Williams, P. I. & Coe, H. 2009 Vertical distribution of sub-micron aerosol chemical composition from north-western Europe and the north-east Atlantic. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 5389-5401. (doi:10. 5194/acp-9-5389-2009)
96. Alfarra, M. R., Prevot, A. S. H., Szidat, S., Sandradewi, J., Weimer, S., Lanz, V. A., Schreiber, D., Mohr, M. & Baltensperger, U. 2007 Identification of the mass spectral signature of organic aerosols from wood burning emissions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 5770-5777. (doi:10.1021/es062289b)
97. Capes, G., Johnson, B., McFiggans, G., Williams, P. I., Haywood, J. & Coe, H. 2008 Aging of biomass burning aerosols over West Africa: aircraft measurements of chemical composition, microphysical properties, and emission ratios. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 113, D00C15. (doi:10.1029/2008jd009845)
98. Simoneit, B. R. T. 1999 A review of biomarker compounds as source indicators and tracers for air pollution. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 6, 159-169. (doi:10.1007/BF02987621)
99. Jordan, T. B., Seen, A. J., Jacobsen, G. E. & Gras, J. L. 2006 Radiocarbon determination of woodsmoke contribution to air particulate matter in Launceston, Tasmania. Atmos. Environ. 40, 2575-2582. (doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.024)
100. Robinson, N. H. et al. 2011 Source attribution of Bornean air masses by back trajectory analysis during the OP3 project. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 11, 15 157-15 226. (doi:10.5194/acpd-11-15157-2011).
101. Hamilton, J. F., Webb, P. J., Lewis, A. C., Hopkins, J. R., Smith, S. & Davy, P. 2004 Partially oxidised organic components in urban aerosol using GCXGC-TOF/MS. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 4, 1279-1290. (doi:10.5194/acp-4-1279-2004)
102. Kautzman, K. E. et al. 2010 Chemical composition of gas- and aerosol-phase products from the photooxidation of naphthalene. J. Phys. Chem. A. 114, 913-934. (doi:10.1021/jp908530s)
103. Gabey, A. M., Gallagher, M.W., Whitehead, J., Dorsey, J. R., Kaye, P. H. & Stanley, W. R. 2010 Measurements and comparison of primary biological aerosol above and below a tropical forest canopy using a dual channel fluorescence spectrometer. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 4453-4466. (doi:10.5194/acp-10-4453-2010)
104. Pike, R. C. et al. 2009 Can a global model chemical mechanism reproduce NO, NO2, and O3 measurements above a tropical rainforest? Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 9, 27 611-27 648. (doi:10.5194/acpd-9-27611-2009)
105. Surratt, J. D. et al. 2010 Reactive intermediates revealed in secondary organic aerosol formation from isoprene. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 6640-6645. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0911114107)
106. Dlugi, R. et al. 2009 Turbulent exchange and segregation of HOx radicals and volatile organic compounds above a deciduous forest. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 9, 24 423-24 476. (doi:10.5194/acpd-9-24423-2009)
107. Pugh, T. A. M., MacKenzie, A. R., Langford, B., Nemitz, E., Misztal, P. K. & Hewitt, C. N. 2010 The influence of small-scale variations in isoprene concentrations on atmospheric chemistry over a tropical rainforest. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 10, 18 197-18 234. (doi:10.5194/acpd-10-18197-2010)
108. Pugh, T. A. M. et al. In preparation. A Lagrangian model of air-mass photochemistry and mixing using a trajectory ensemble: the Cambridge tropospheric trajectory model of chemistry and transport (CiTTyCAT). Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss.