Crowding is size and eccentricity dependent

Journal of Vision

Volumn 11, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 1-17

  Gurnsey, Rick ^a   Roddy, Gabrielle ^a   Chanab, Waël ^a  

^a Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering   (Canada)

Author keywords

Crowding; Peripheral vision; Size scaling

Indexed keywords

EID: 80054695746     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15347362     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1167/11.7.1     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Baldassi, S., Megna, N., & Burr, D. C. (2006). Visual clutter causes high-magnitude errors. PLoS Biology, 4, e56.
2. Bouma, H. (1970). Interaction effects in parafoveal letter recognition. Nature, 226, 177-178.
3. Brainard, D. H. (1997). The psychophysics toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10, 433-436.
4. Danilova, M. V., & Bondarko, V. M. (2007). Foveal contour interactions and crowding effects at the resolution limit of the visual system. Journal of Vision, 7(2):25, 1-18, http://www.journalofvision. org/content/7/2/25, doi:10.1167/7.2.25.
5. Feng, C., Jiang, Y., & He, S. (2007). Horizontal and vertical asymmetry in visual spatial crowding effects. Journal of Vision, 7(2):13, 1-10, http://www. journalofvision.org/content/7/2/13, doi:10.1167/ 7.2.13.
6. Greenwood, J. A., Bex, P. J., & Dakin, S. C. (2009). Positional averaging explains crowding with letter-like stimuli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 13130-13135.
7. Greenwood, J. A., Bex, P. J., & Dakin, S. C. (2010). Crowding changes appearance. Current Biology, 20, 496-501.
8. Gurnsey, R., Poirier, F. J., Bluett, P., & Leibov, L. (2006). Identification of 3D shape from texture and motion across the visual field. Journal of Vision, 6(5):1, 543-553, http://www.journalofvision.org/ content/6/5/1, doi:10.1167/6.5.1.
9. Gurnsey, R., Roddy, G., Ouhnana, M., & Troje, N. F. (2008). Stimulus magnification equates identification and discrimination of biological motion across the visual field. Vision Research, 48, 2827-2834.
10. Kooi, F. L., Toet, A., Tripathy, S. P., & Levi, D. M. (1994). The effect of similarity and duration on spatial interaction in peripheral vision. Spatial Vision, 8, 255-279.
11. Latham, K., & Whitaker, D. (1996). Relative roles of resolution and spatial interference in foveal and peripheral vision. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 16, 49-57.
12. Levi, D. M. (2008). CrowdingVAn essential bottleneck for object recognition: A mini-review. Vision Research, 48, 635-654.
13. Levi, D. M., & Carney, T. (2009). Crowding in peripheral vision: Why bigger is better. Current Biology, 19, 1988-1993.
14. Levi, D. M., Hariharan, S., & Klein, S. A. (2002). Suppressive and facilitatory spatial interactions in peripheral vision: Peripheral crowding is neither size invariant nor simple contrast masking. Journal of Vision, 2(2):3, 167-177, http://www.journalofvision. org/content/2/2/3, doi:10.1167/2.2.3.
15. Levi, D. M., Klein, S. A., & Hariharan, S. (2002). Suppressive and facilitatory spatial interactions in foveal vision: Foveal crowding is simple contrast masking. Journal of Vision, 2(2):2, 140-166, http:// www.journalofvision.org/content/2/2/2, doi:10.1167/ 2.2.2.
16. Liu, L., & Arditi, A. (2000). Apparent string shortening concomitant with letter crowding. Vision Research, 40, 1059-1067.
17. Livne, T., & Sagi, D. (2010). How do flankers' relations affect crowding? Journal of Vision, 10(3):1, 1-14, http://www.journalofvision.org/content/10/3/1, doi:10.1167/10.3.1.
18. Makela, P., Whitaker, D., & Rovamo, J. (1993). Model- ling of orientation discrimination across the visual field. Vision Research, 33, 723-730.
19. May, K. A., & Hess, R. F. (2007). Ladder contours are undetectable in the periphery: A crowding effect? Journal of Vision, 7(13):9, 1-15, http://www. journalofvision.org/content/7/13/9, doi:10.1167/ 7.13.9.
20. Melmoth, D. R., Kukkonen, H. T., Mäkelä, P. K., & Rovamo, J. M. (2000). The effect of contrast and size scaling on face perception in foveal and extrafoveal vision. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 41, 2811-2819.
21. Nandy, A. S., & Tjan, B. S. (2007). The nature of letter crowding as revealed by first- and second-order clas- sification images. Journal of Vision, 7(2):5, 1-26, http://www.journalofvision.org/content/7/2/5, doi:10.1167/7.2.5.
22. Nazir, T. A. (1992). Effects of lateral masking and spatial pre-cueing on gap-resolution in central and peripheral vision. Vision Research, 32, 771-777.
23. Parkes, L., Lund, J., Angelucci, A., Solomon, J. A., & Morgan, M. (2001). Compulsory averaging of crowded orientation signals in human vision. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 739-744.
24. Pelli, D. G. (1997). The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: Transforming numbers into movies. Spatial Vision, 10, 437-442.
25. Pelli, D. G. (2008). Crowding: A cortical constraint on object recognition. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18, 445-451.
26. Pelli, D. G., Palomares, M., & Majaj, N. J. (2004). Crowding is unlike ordinary masking: Distinguishing feature integration from detection. Journal of Vision, 4(12):12, 1136-1169, http://www.journalofvision.org/ content/4/12/12, doi:10.1167/4.12.12.
27. Pelli, D. G., Tillman, K. A., Freeman, J., Su, M., Berger, T. D., & Majaj, N. J. (2007). Crowding and eccentricity determine reading rate. Journal of Vision, 7(2):20, 21-36, http://www.journalofvision.org/content/ 7/2/20, doi:10.1167/7.2.20.
28. Poirier, F. J., & Gurnsey, R. (2002). Two eccentricity- dependent limitations on subjective contour discrim- ination. Vision Research, 42, 227-238.
29. Poirier, F. J., & Gurnsey, R. (2005). Non-monotonic changes in performance with eccentricity modeled by multiple eccentricity-dependent limitations. Vision Research, 45, 2436-2448.
30. Rovamo, J., & Virsu, V. (1979). An estimation and application of the human cortical magnification factor. Experimental Brain Research, 37, 495-510.
31. Saarela, T. P., Westheimer, G., & Herzog, M. H. (2010). The effect of spacing regularity on visual crowd- ing. Journal of Vision, 10(10):17, 1-7, http://www. journalofvision.org/content/10/10/17, doi:10.1167/ 10.10.17.
32. Strasburger, H., Harvey, L. O., & Rentschler, I. (1991). Contrast thresholds for the identification of numeric charters in direct and eccentric view. Perception & Psychophysics, 49, 495-508.
33. Toet, A., & Levi, D. M. (1992). The two-dimensional shape of spatial interaction zones in the parafovea. Vision Research, 32, 1349-1357.
34. Tripathy, S. P., & Cavanagh, P. (2002). The extent of crowding in peripheral vision does not scale with target size. Vision Research, 42, 2357-2369.
35. Watson, A. B. (1987). Estimation of local spatial scale. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 4, 1579-1582.
36. Watson, A. B., & Pelli, D. G. (1983). QUEST: A Bayesian adaptive psychometric method. Perception & Psy- chophysics, 33, 113-120.
37. Weymouth, F. W. (1958). Visual sensory units and the minimal angle of resolution. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 46, 102-113.
38. Whitaker, D., Latham, K., Makela, P., & Rovamo, J. (1993). Detection and discrimination of curvature in foveal and peripheral vision. Vision Research, 33, 2215-2224.
39. Whitaker, D., Makela, P., Rovamo, J., & Latham, K. (1992). The influence of eccentricity on position and movement acuities as revealed by spatial scaling. Vision Research, 32, 1913-1930.
40. Whitaker, D., Rovamo, J., MacVeigh, D., & Mäkelä, P. (1992). Spatial scaling of vernier acuity tasks. Vision Research, 32, 1481-1491.
41. Yu, C., & Essock, E. A. (1996). Spatial scaling of end- stopped perceptive fields: Differences in neural bases of end-zones, flanks and centers. Vision Research, 36, 3129-3139.