The sail-backed reptile Ctenosauriscus from the latest Early Triassic of Germany and the timing and biogeography of the early archosaur radiation

PLoS ONE

Volumn 6, Issue 10, 2011, Pages

  Butler, Richard J ^a,b   Brusatte, Stephen L ^c,d   Reich, Mike ^e   Nesbitt, Sterling J ^f   Schoch, Rainer R ^g   Hornung, Jahn J ^e  

^a BAYERISCHE STAATSSAMMLUNG FÜR PALÄONTOLOGIE UND GEOLOGIE   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^c DIVISION OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY   (United States)

^d Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^g STAATLICHES MUSEUM FÜR NATURKUNDE   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE RADIATION; ANIMAL ANATOMY; ANISIAN; ARCHOSAUR; BIOGEOGRAPHY; BIOMECHANICS; COMPARATIVE ANATOMY; CTENOSAURISCUS; END PERMIAN MASS EXTINCTION; FOSSIL ANIMAL; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; GERMANY; LOWER TRIASSIC; MIDDLE TRIASSIC; MONOPHYLY; NEURAL SPINE; NONHUMAN; OLENEKIAN; PALEONTOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; REPTILE; REVIEW; SKELETON; SPECIES COMPARISON; STRATIGRAPHY; VERTEBRA; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; DINOSAUR; EVOLUTION; FOSSIL; GENETICS; HISTOLOGY; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; TIME;

ANISIA; AVES; CROCODYLIDAE (ALL CROCODILES); DINOSAURIA; REPTILIA;

ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; DINOSAURS; FOSSILS; GERMANY; PALEONTOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 80054111270     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025693     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Gauthier JA, (1986) Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Mem California Acad Sci 8: 1-55.
2. Mundil R, Pálfy J, Renne PR, Brack P, (2010) The Triassic timescale: new constraints and a review of geochronological data. Geol Soc, London, Spec Publ 334: 41-60.
3. Nesbitt SJ, (2003) Arizonasaurus and its implications for archosaur divergence. Proc Roy Soc London B 270: S234-S237.
4. Müller J, Reisz RR, (2005) Four well-constrained calibration points from the vertebrate fossil record for molecular clock estimates. BioEssays 27: 1069-1075.
5. Benton MJ, Donoghue PCJ, (2007) Paleontological evidence to date the tree of life. Mol Biol Evol 24: 26-53.
6. Nesbitt SJ, (2011) The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 352: 1-292.
7. Gower DJ, Sennikov AG, (2000) Early archosaurs from Russia. In: Benton MJ, Shishkin MA, Unwin DM, Kurochkin EN, editors. The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp. 140-159.
8. Brusatte SL, Benton MJ, Ruta M, Lloyd GT, (2008) Superiority, competition, and opportunism in the evolutionary radiation of dinosaurs. Science 321: 1485-1488.
9. Brusatte SL, Niedźwiedzki G, Butler RJ, (2011) Footprints pull origin and diversification of dinosaur stem-lineage deep into Early Triassic. Proc Roy Soc London B 278: 1107-1113.
10. Brusatte SL, Benton MJ, Lloyd GT, Ruta M, Wang SC, (2011) Macroevolutionary patterns in the evolutionary radiation of archosaurs (Tetrapoda: Diapsida). Earth Env Sci Trans Roy Soc Edinburgh 101: 367-382.
11. Nesbitt SJ, Liu J, Li C, (2011) The oldest archosaur: A sail-backed suchian from the Heshanggou Formation (Early Triassic: Olenekian) of China. Earth Env Sci Trans Roy Soc Edinburgh 101: 271-284.
12. Huene F von, (1938) Ein grosser Stagonolepide aus der jüngeren Trias Ostafrikas. Neues Jahrb Miner Geol Paläontol, Beilage-Band, Abt B 80: 264-278.
13. Huene F von, (1939) Ein kleiner Pseudosuchier und ein Saurischier aus den ostafrikanischen Mandaschichten. Neues Jahrb Miner Geol Paläontol, Beilage-Band, Abt B 81: 61-69.
14. Krebs B, (1965) Die Triasfauna der Tessiner Kalkalpen. XIX. Ticinosuchus ferox nov. gen. nov. sp. Schweiz Paläontol Abh 81: 1-140.
15. Zhang F-K, (1975) A new thecodont Lotosaurus, from Middle Triassic of Hunan. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 13: 144-147.
16. Benton MJ, Gower DJ, (1997) Richard Owen's giant Triassic frogs: archosaurs from the Middle Triassic of England. J Vert Paleontol 17: 74-88.
17. Gebauer EVI, (2004) Neubeschreibung von Stagonosuchus nyassicus v. Huene, 1938 (Thecodontia, Rauisuchia) from the Manda Formation (Middle Triassic) of southwest Tanzania. Neues Jahrb Geol Paläontol Abh 231: 1-35.
18. Nesbitt SJ, (2005) The osteology of the Middle Triassic pseudosuchian archosaur Arizonasaurus babbitti. Hist Biol 17: 19-47.
19. Nesbitt SJ, (2005) A new archosaur from the upper Moenkopi Formation (Middle Triassic) of Arizona and its implications for rauisuchian phylogeny and diversification. Neues Jahrb Geol Paläontol Monatsh 2005 332-346: 332-346.
20. Sen K, (2005) A new rauisuchian archosaur from the Middle Triassic of India. Palaeontol 48: 185-196.
21. Li C, Wu X-C, Cheng Y-N, Sato T, Wang L, (2006) An unusual archosaurian from the marine Triassic of China. Naturwissenschaften 93: 200-206.
22. Butler RJ, Barrett PM, Abel RL, Gower DJ, (2009) A possible ctenosauriscid archosaur from the Middle Triassic Manda Beds of Tanzania. J Vert Paleonto 29: 1022-1031.
23. Nesbitt SJ, Sidor CA, Irmis RB, Angielczyk KD, Smith RMH, et al. (2010) Ecologically distinct dinosaurian sister-group shows early diversification of Ornithodira. Nature 464: 95-98.
24. Benton MJ, (2011) Archosaur remains from the Otter Sandstone Formation (Middle Triassic, late Anisian) of Devon, southern UK. Proc Geol Assoc 122: 25-33.
25. Lautenschlager S, Desojo JB, Reassessment of the Middle Triassic rauisuchian archosaurs Ticinosuchus ferox and Stagonosuchus nyassicus. Paläontol Zeit In press. (doi: 10.1007/s12542-011-0105-1).
26. Peabody FE, (1948) Reptile and amphibian trackways from the Moenkopi Formation of Arizona and Utah. Univ California Publ, Bull Dept Geol Sci 27: 295-468.
27. Ptaszyński T, (2000) Lower Triassic vertebrate footprints from Wióry, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Acta Palaeontol Polonica 45: 151-194.
28. Huene F von, (1902) Übersicht über die Reptilien der Trias. Geol Palaeontol Abh 10: 1-84.
29. Huene F von, (1914) Neue Beschreibung von Ctenosaurus aus dem Göttinger Buntsandstein. Centralblatt Miner Geol Paläontol 1914 496-499: 496-499.
30. Krebs B, (1969) Ctenosauriscus koeneni (v. Huene), die Pseudosuchia und die Buntsandstein-Reptilien. Eclogae Geol Helvetiae 62: 697-714.
31. Ebel K, Falkenstein F, Haderer F-O, Wild R, (1998) Ctenosauriscus koeneni (v. Huene) und der Rauisuchier von Waldshut- Biomechanische Deutung der Wirbelsäule und Beziehungen zu Chirotherium sickleri Kaup. Stuttgart Beiträge Natur B (Geol Paläontol) 261: 1-18.
32. Krebs B, (1976) Pseudosuchia. In: Charig AJ, Krebs B, Sues H-D, Westphal F, editors. Thecodontia, Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie 13 Stuttgart Gustav Fisher Verlag: 40-98.
33. Huene F von, (1956) Paläontologie und Phylogenie der Niederen Tetrapoden. Jena G. Fischer.
34. Abel O, (1939) Das Reich der Tiere. Ergänzungsband Tiere der Vorzeit in ihrem Lebensraum. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag.
35. Huene F von, (1942) Zur Auffassung von Ctenosaurus. Zentralblatt Mineral Geol 1942 Paläontol B 220-222: 220-222.
36. Kuhn O, (1964) Ungelöste Probleme der Stammesgeschichte der Amphibien und Reptilien. Jahreshefte des Vereins für vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg 118/119: 293-325.
37. Attridge J, Ball HW, Charig AJ, Cox CB, (1964) The British Museum (Natural History) - University of London joint palaeontological expedition to Northern Rhodesia and Tanganyika, 1963. Nature 201: 445-449.
38. Welles SP, (1947) Vertebrates from the Upper Moenkopi Formation of the Northern Arizona. Univ California Publ Geol Sci 27: 241-294.
39. Brusatte SL, Benton MJ, Desojo JB, Langer MC, (2010) The higher-level phylogeny of Archosauria. J Syst Palaeontol 8: 3-47.
40. Kallies H-B, (1963) Gesteinsausbildung und Fossilführung an der Grenze Mittlerer/Oberer Buntsandstein im südlichen Niedersachsen. Geologisches Jahrbuch 80: 367-436.
41. Rettig B, (1996) Die Solling-Folge (Mittlerer Buntsandstein) im Grenzgebiet Niedersachsen - Thüringen - Hessen. Mitteilungen aus dem Geologischen Institut der Universität Hannover 35: 1-107.
42. Arp G, Hoffmann V-E, Seppelt S, Riegel W, (2004) Exkursion 6: Trias und Jura von Göttingen und Umgebung. In: Reitner J, Reich M, Schmidt G, editors. Universitäts-Verlag pp. 147-192 Geobiologie 2. 74 Jahrestagung der Paläontologischen Gesellschaft, Göttingen, 02. bis 08. Oktober 2004. Exkursionen und Workshops. Universitätsdrucke Göttingen. Göttingen.
43. Kozur HW, Bachmann GH, (2005) Correlation of the Germanic Triassic with the international scale. Albertiana 32: 21-35.
44. Szurlies M, (2007) Latest Permian to Middle Triassic cyclo-magnetostratigraphy from the Central European Basin, Germany: implications for the geomagnetic polarity timescale. Earth Planet Sci Letters 261: 602-619.
45. Kozur HW, Bachmann GH, (2008) Updated correlation of the Germanic Triassic with the Tethyan scale and assigned numeric ages. In: Krystyn L, Mandl GW, editors. Upper Triassic subdivisions, zonations and events 76 Berichte Geol Bundesanst: 53-58.
46. Hounslow MW, Muttoni G, (2010) The geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Triassic: linkage to stage boundary definitions. In: Lucas SG, editors. The Triassic timescale 334 Geol Soc, London, Spec Publ: 61-102.
47. Kozur H, Weems RE, (2010) The biostratigraphic importance of conchostracans in the continental Triassic of the northern hemisphere. In: Lucas SG, editors. The Triassic timescale 334 Geol Soc, London, Spec Publ: 315-417.
48. Kürschner WM, Herngreen GFW, (2010) Triassic palynology of central and northwestern Europe: a review of palynofloral diversity patterns and biostratigraphic subdivisions. In: Lucas SG, editors. The Triassic timescale 334 Geol Soc, London, Spec Publ: 263-283.
49. Stille H, Lotze F, (1933) Erläuterungen zur Geologischen Übersichtskarte der Umgebung von Göttingen (Hochschul-Exkursionskarte Nr. 3) Berlin Preuss Geol LA.
50. Kumm A, (1941) Die Triasformation. In: Kumm A, Riedel L, Schott, W, editors. Geologie und Lagerstätten Niedersachsen Zweiter Band Das Mesozoikum in Niedersachsen. 1. Abteilung: Trias und Lias. Oldenburg: G. Stalling pp. 5-183.
51. Weber J, Lepper J, (2002) Depositional environment and diagenesis as controlling factors for petro-physical properties and weathering resistance of siliciclastic dimension stones: integrative case study on the 'Wesersandstein' (northern Germany, Middle Buntsandstein). In: Siegesmund S, Weiss T, Vollbrecht A, editors. Natural stone, weathering phenomena, conservation strategies and case studies 205 Geol Soc, London, Spec Publ: 103-114.
52. Weber J, (2000) Kieselsäurediagenese und gekoppelte Sedimentarchitektur - eine Beckenanalyse des Reinhardswald-Troges (Norddeutsches Becken, Solling-Folge, Mittlerer Buntsandstein). Kölner Forum Geol Paläontol 7: 1-165.
53. Lange W, (1922) Über neue Fossilfunde aus der Trias von Göttingen. Zeitschrift Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 74: 162-168.
54. Schlüter H, Schmidt H, (1927) Voltzia, Yuccites und andere neue Funde aus dem südhannoverschen Buntsandstein. Neues Jahrb Miner Geol Paläontol, Beilage-Band, Abt B 57: 12-27.
55. Meischner K-D, (1962) Neue Funde von Psammolimulus gottingensis (Merostomata, Xiphosura) aus dem Mittleren Buntsandstein von Göttingen. In: Rabien, A, editors. Festband Hermann Schmidt zur Vollendung des 70 Lebensjahres am 3. November 1962. Paläontol Zeit: 185-193.
56. Lucas SG, Schoch RS, (2002) Triassic temnospondyl biostratigraphy, biochronology and correlation of the German Buntsandstein and North American Moenkopi Formation. Lethaia 35: 97-106.
57. Falkenstein F, (2001) Ganz schön bunt, der Buntsandstein in der Umgebung von Waldshut am südöstlichen Schwarzwaldrand. Der Aufschluss 52: 227-241.
58. Kamphausen D, Ortlam D, (1993) Heptasaurus cappelensis (Wepfer, Stegocephalia) aus dem Oberen Buntsandstein (Trias) des Schwarzwaldes. Jahresberichte und Mitteilungen des oberrheinischen geologischen Vereins 75: 217-226.
59. Huene F von, (1917) Eine interessante Wirbeltierfauna im Buntsandstein des Schwarz-waldes. Centralblatt Miner Geol Paläontol 1917 89-94 pp. 89-94.
60. Huene F von, (1932) Ein neuartiger Stegocephalen-Fund aus dem oberhessischen Buntsandstein. Paläontol Zeit 14: 200-228.
61. Cope ED, (1869) Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia and Aves of North America. Trans Am Phil Soc 14: 1-252.
62. Laurenti JN, (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium austriacorum. Vienna J.T.N. de Trattnern.
63. Linnaeus C, (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae. London Vol. 1. Regnum animale. 10th [photographic facsimile] ed. Trustees, British Museum (Natural History).
64. Sereno PC, (2005) Stem Archosauria. Taxonsearch website. 12 Available: http://taxonsearch.org/Archive/stem-archosauria-1.0.php. Accessed: 2011 Sept.
65. Sereno PC, McAllister S, Brusatte SL, (2005) TaxonSearch: a relational database for suprageneric taxa and phylogenetic definitions. PhyloInformatics 8: 1-21.
66. Zittel KA von, (1887) Handbuch der Palaeontologie. 1. Abteilung Palaeozoologie. III. R. Oldenbourg, München.
67. Nopcsa F von, (1928) The genera of reptiles. Paleobiologica 1: 163-188.
68. Weinbaum JC, Hungerbühler A, (2007) A revision of Poposaurus gracilis (Archosauria: Suchia) based on two new specimens from the Late Triassic of the southwestern U.S.A. Palaeontol Zeit 81: 131-145.
69. Mehl MG, (1915) Poposaurus gracilis, a new reptile from the Triassic of Wyoming. J Geol 23: 516-522.
70. Chatterjee S, (1985) Postosuchus, a new thecodontian reptile from the Triassic of Texas and the origin of tyrannosaurs. Phil Trans Roy Soc London B 309: 395-460.
71. Huxley TH, (1877) The crocodilian remains found in the Elgin sandstones, with remarks on the ichnites of Cummingstone. Mem Geol Surv UK Monograph 3: 1-51.
72. Fraas O, (1877) Aëtosaurus ferratus Fr. Die gepanzerte Vogel-Esche aus dem Stubensandstein bei Stuttgart. Württembergische naturwissenschaftliche Jahreshefte 33: 1-22.
73. Nesbitt SJ, Norell MA, (2006) Extreme convergence in the body plans of an early suchian (Archosauria) and ornithomimid dinosaurs (Theropoda). Proc Roy Soc B 273: 1045-1048.
74. Wu X-C, (1981) The discovery of a new thecodont from north east Shanxi. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 19: 122-132.
75. Galton PM, (1985) The poposaurid thecodontian Tevatosaurus suevicus v. Meyer, plus referred specimens mostly based on prosauropod dinosaurs, from the Middle Stubensandstein (Upper Triassic) of Nordwürttemberg. Stuttgarter Beitr Naturk B 116: 1-29.
76. Ebert T, (1894) Erläuterungen zur geologischen Specialkarte von Preußen und den Thüringischen Staaten. In: Lieferung LXII, editors. Blatt Gelliehausen Berlin Kgl Preuss Geol LA.
77. Case EC, (1907) Revision of the Pelycosauria of North America. Publ Carnegie Instit Washington 55: 1-176.
78. Zittel KA von, (1911) Grundzüge der Paläontologie (Paläozoologie). In: Broili F., Koken E., Schlosser M., editors. München & Berlin R. Oldenbourg II. Abteilung: Vertebrata, neu bearb. von.
79. Zittel KA von, (1923) Grundzüge der Paläontologie (Paläozoologie). In: Broili F., Schlosser M., editors. München & Berlin R. Oldenbourg II. Abteilung: Vertebrata, neu bearb. von.
80. Zittel KA von, (1927) Text-book of palaeontology. In: Eastman CR, Sir A. S, editors. Woodward London Macmillan Volume 2. Ed. By.
81. Schmidt M, (1928) Die Lebewelt unserer Trias. Oehringen F. Rau.
82. Schmidt M, (1938) Die Lebewelt unserer Trias. Nachtrag Oehringen F. Rau.
83. Huene F von, (1940) Die Saurier der Karoo-, Gondwana- und verwandten Ablagerungen in faunistischer, biologischer und phylogenetischer Hinsicht. Neues Jahrb Miner Geol Paläontol, Beilage-Band, Abt B 83: 246-347.
84. V'ûškov BP, (1964) Otrâd Pelycosauria. In: Roždestvenskij AK, Tatarinov LP, editors. Osnovy paleontologii Spravočnik dlâ paleontologov i geologov SSSR, 12, Zemnovodnye, presmykaûŝiesâ i pticy. Izdat. 'Mir', Moskva pp. 235-246.
85. Kuhn O, (1966) Die Reptilien. Krailling Verlag Oeben.
86. Müller AH, (1968) Lehrbuch der Paläozoologie. In: Vertebraten Band, editors. Teil 2 Reptilien und Vögel Jena G. Fischer.
87. Nagel U, Wunderlich H-G, (1968) Geologisches Blockbild der Umgebung von Göttingen. Geol Jahrbuch 86: 5-48.
88. Kuhn O, (1968) Die deutschen Saurier. Krailling Verlag Oeben.
89. Kuhn O, (1971) Die Saurier der deutschen Trias. Altötting Gebr. Geiselberger.
90. Mader D, (1982) Genese des mitteleuropäischen Buntsandsteins. Entwicklungsgeschichte einer kontinentalen Rotformation. Naturwissenschaften 69: 311-325.
91. Mader D, (1984) Fossil-Lagerstätten des mitteleuropäischen Buntsandsteins. Naturwissenschaften 71: 137-146.
92. Müller AH, (1985) Lehrbuch der Paläozoologie. In: Vertebraten Band, Vögel Teil2Reptilienund, editors. 2nd ed Jena G. Fischer.
93. Carroll RL, (1988) Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. New York W. H. Freeman & Company.
94. Milner AR, Gardiner BG, Fraser NC, Taylor MA, (1990) Vertebrates from the Middle Triassic Otter Sandstone Formation of Devon. Palaeontology 33: 873-892.
95. Benton MJ, (1994) Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic extinctions among continental tetrapods. In: Fraser NC, Sues H-D, editors. In the shadow of the dinosaurs. Early Mesozoic tetrapods Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp. 366-397.
96. Wilson JA, D'Emic MD, Ikejiri T, Moacdieh EM, Whitlock JA, (2011) A nomenclature for vertebral fossae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs. PLoS ONE 6: e17114.
97. Peyer K, Carter JG, Sues H-D, Novak SE, Olsen PE, (2008) A new suchian archosaur from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina. J Vert Paleontol 28: 363-381.
98. Nesbitt SJ, (2007) The anatomy of Effigia okeeffeae (Archosauria, Suchia), theropod-like convergence, and the distribution of related taxa. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 302: 1-84.
99. Alcober O, Parrish JM, (1997) A new poposaurid from the Upper Triassic of Argentina. J Vert Paleontol 17: 548-556.
100. Long RA, Murry PA, (1995) Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the southwestern United States. New Mexico Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 4: 1-254.
101. Galton PM, Walker AD, (1996) Bromsgroveia from the Middle Triassic of England, the earliest record of a poposaurid thecodontian reptile. Neues Jahrb Geol Paläontol Abh 201: 303-325.
102. Gauthier JA, Nesbitt SJ, Schachner ER, Bever GS, Joyce WG, (2011) The bipedal stem-crocodilian Poposaurus gracilis: inferring function in fossils and innovation in archosaur locomotion. Bull Peabody Mus Nat Hist 52: 107-126.
103. Spielmann JA, Lucas SG, Heckert AB, Rinehart LF, Richards HR III, (2009) Redescription of Spinosuchus caseanus (Archosauromorpha: Trilophosauridae) from the Upper Triassic of North America. Palaeodiversity 2: 283-313.
104. Brochu CA, (1996) Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodilian ontogeny: implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs. J Vert Paleontol 16: 49-62.
105. Wedel MJ, (2007) What pneumaticity tells us about 'prosauropods,' and vice versa. Spec Papers Palaeontol 77: 207-222.
106. Gower DJ, (2000) Rauisuchian archosaurs (Reptilia, Diapsida): an overview. Neues Jahrb Geol Paläontol Abh 218: 447-488.
107. Swofford DL, (2000) PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods), Version 4. Sunderland, Massachusetts Sinauer Associates.
108. Nixon KC, (1999) The Parsimony Ratchet, a new method for rapid parsimony analysis. Cladistics 15: 407-414.
109. Goloboff PA, Farris JS, Nixon KC, (2008) TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24: 774-786.
110. França MAG, Ferigolo J, Langer MC, (2011) Associated skeletons of a new middle Triassic "Rauisuchia" from Brazil. Naturwissenschaften 98: 389-395.
111. Kubo T, Benton MJ, (2007) Evolution of the hindlimb posture in archosaurs: limb stresses in extinct vertebrates. Palaeontol 50: 1519-1529.
112. Farlow JO, Gatesy SM, Holtz TR Jr, Hutchinson JR, Robinson JM, (2000) Theropod locomotion. Am Zool 40: 640-663.
113. Carrano MT, (1998) Locomotion in non-avian dinosaurs: integrating data from hindlimb kinematics, in vivo strains, and bone morphology. Paleobiology 24: 450-469.
114. Schachner ER, Manning PL, Dodson P, Pelvic and hindlimb myology of the basal archosaur Poposaurus gracilis (Archosauria: Poposauroidea). J Morph (in press) (doi: 10.1002/jmor.10997).
115. Wu X, Sun A, (2008) Archosauromorpha. In: Li J, Wu X, Zhang F, editors. The Chinese fossil reptiles and their kin Beijing Science Press pp. 167-182.
116. Shu O, Norris G, (1988) Spores and pollen from the Lower Triassic Heshanggou Formation, Shaanxi Province, north China. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 54: 187-231.
117. Warrington G, Audley-Charles MG, Elliot RE, Evans WB, Ivimey-Cook HC, et al. (1980) A correlation of Triassic rocks in the British Isles. Geol Soc, London, Spec Rep 13: 1-78.
118. Benton MJ, Spencer PS, (1995) Fossil reptiles of Great Britain. London Chapman & Hall.
119. Grauvogel-Stamm L, (1993) Pleuromeia sternbergii (Münster) Corda from the Lower Triassic of Germany - further observations and comparative morphology of its rooting organ. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 77: 185-212.
120. Grauvogel-Stamm L, (1999) Pleuromeia sternbergii (Münster) Corda, eine charakteristische Pflanze des deutschen Buntsandsteins. In: Hauschke N, Wilde V, editors. Trias, eine ganz andere Welt, Mitteleuropa im frühen Erdmittelalter Pfeil Munich pp. 271-282.
121. Lucas SG, (1993) Vertebrate biochronology of the Triassic of China. New Mexico Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 3: 301-306.
122. Lucas SG, (1998) Global Triassic tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology. Palaeogeog Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 143: 347-384.
123. Lucas SG, (2010) The Triassic timescale based on nonmarine tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology. Geol Soc London Spec Publ 334: 447-500.
124. Cisneros JC, (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of procolophonid parareptiles with remarks on their geological record. J Syst Palaeontol 6: 345-366.
125. Rubidge BS, (2005) Re-uniting lost continents - fossil reptiles from the ancient Karoo and their wanderlust. South Afr J Geol 108: 135-172.
126. Fröbisch J, (2009) Composition and similarity of global anomodont-bearing tetrapod faunas. Earth-Sci Rev 95: 119-157.
127. Cheng Z-W, (1980) Chapter 7. Vertebrate fossils. Mesozoic stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ninxia Basin Beijing Geological Publishing House pp. 114-171 Volume II.
128. Young CC, (1964) The pseudosuchians in China. Palaeontol Sinica 151: 1-205.
129. Gower DJ, Sennikov AG, (1997) Sarmatosuchus and the early history of the Archosauria. J Vert Paleontol 17: 60-73.
130. Shishkin MA, Ochev VG, Lozovskii VR, Novikov IV, (2000) Tetrapod biostratigraphy of the Triassic of eastern Europe. In: Benton MJ, Shishkin MA, Unwin DM, Kurochkin EN, editors. The age of dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia Cambridge, Cambridge University Press pp. 120-139.
131. Schoch RR, (2011) How diverse is the temnospondyl fauna in the Lower Triassic of southwestern Germany? Neues Jahrb Geol Paläontol 261: 49-60.
132. Schoch RR, Nesbitt SJ, Müller J, Lucas SG, Boy JA, (2010) The reptile assemblage from the Moenkopi Formation (Middle Triassic) of New Mexico. Neues Jahrb Geol Paläontol Abh 255: 345-369.
133. Wu X-C, Russell AP, (2001) Redescription of Turfanosuchus dabanensis (Archosauriformes) and new information on its phylogenetic relationships. J Vert Paleontol 21: 40-50.
134. Catuneanu O, Wopfner H, Eriksson PG, Cairncross B, Rubidge BS, et al. (2005) The Karoo basins of south-central Africa. J Afr Earth Sci 43: 211-253.
135. Buffetaut E, (1993) Phytosaurs in time and space. Paleontolol Lombarda Nuova serie 2: 39-44.