Late Cryogenian-Ediacaran history of the Arabian-Nubian Shield: A review of depositional, plutonic, structural, and tectonic events in the closing stages of the northern East African Orogen

Journal of African Earth Sciences

Volumn 61, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 167-232

  Johnson, P R ^a   Andresen, A ^b   Collins, A S ^c   Fowler, A R ^d   Fritz, H ^e   Ghebreab, W ^f   Kusky, T ^g   Stern, R J ^h  

^a University of Oslo ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^d UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNIVERSITY   (United Arab Emirates)

^e UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ   (Austria)

^f Department of Community Education and Workforce Development   (United States)

^g CHINA UNIVERSITY OF GEOSCIENCES   (China)

^h UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS   (United States)

Author keywords

Arabian Nubian Shield; Cryogenian; Deposition; Ediacaran; Magmatism; Tectonics

Indexed keywords

ACCRETION; CRATON; DEPOSITION; EDIACARAN; EXHUMATION; EXTENSION; FRACTIONATION; GNEISS; GONDWANA; GRANITE; GRANITOID; ISLAND ARC; MAGMATISM; MELTING; OROGENY; PLUTON; SHEAR ZONE; SUPRACRUSTAL ROCK; TECTONICS; TERRANE; TRANSPRESSION;

ARABIAN SHIELD; EAST AFRICA; NUBIAN SHIELD; SAHARA;

EID: 80054007171     PISSN: 1464343X     EISSN: 18791956     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.07.003     Document Type: Review

References (378)

1. Abd El-Naby H., Frisch W., Siebel W. Tectonic-metamorphic evolution of the Wadi Hafafit culmination (central Eastern Desert, Egypt). Implication for Neoproterozoic core complex exhumation in NE Africa. Geologica Acta 2008, 6:293-312.
2. Abd El-Wahed M.A. The role of the Najd fault system in the tectonic evolution of the Hammamat molasse sediments, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2009, 10.1007/s12517-008-0030-0.
3. Abdalla H.M., Mohamed F.H. Mineralogical and geochemical investigation of emerald and beryl mineralisation, Pan-African Belt of Egypt: genetic and exploration aspects. Journal of African Earth Science 1999, 28:581-598.
4. Abdeen M.M., Abdelghaffar A.A. Syn- and post-accretionary structures in the Neoproterozoic central Allaqi-Heiani suture zone, Southeastern Egypt. Precambrian Research 2011, 185:95-108.
5. Abdeen M.M., Greiling R.O. A quantitative structural study of late Pan-African compressional deformation in the Central Eastern Desert (Egypt) during Gondwana assembly. Gondwana Research 2005, 8:457-471.
6. Abdeen, M.M., Warr, L.N., 1998. Late orogenic basin evolution, deformation and metamorphism in the Pan-African Basement, Wadi Queih, Eastern Desert of Egypt. In: Naim, G.M., Hussein, A.A., Greiling, R.O., Warr, L.N. (Eds.), International Cooperation Scientific Series, 42, 272 pp.
7. Abdeen, M.M., Dardir, A.A., Greiling, R.O., 1992. Geological and structural evolution of the Wadi Queih Area (N Quseir), Pan-African basement of the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Zentralblatt fur Geologie und Palaeontolgie Teil I, 2653-2659.
8. Abdeen M.M., Dardir A.A., Greiling R.O. Rain drop prints, mud crack polygons, and pebbles as strain markers in a Pan-African molasse basin, Wadi Queihm, Arabian Desert, Egypt. Annals of the Geological Survey of Egypt 1997, 20:185-191.
9. Abdeen M.M., Sadek M.F., Greiling R.O. Thrusting and multiple folding in the Neoproterozoic Pan-African basemenet of Wadi Hodein area, south Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2008, 52:21-29.
10. Abdel-Karim A.M., El-Baroudy A.F. Petrology and geochemistry of felsic dyke swarms in SW Sinai, Egypt. Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research 1995, 13:239-257.
11. Abdel-Monem A.A., Radain A.A., Gazzaz M.A. Rb-Sr dating and petrology of Jabal Bitran granite, Idsas area, Saudi Arabia (abstract). Precambrian Research 1982, 16:A3.
12. Abdel-Rahman A.M., Doig R. The Rb-Sr geochronologic evolution of the Ras Gharib segment of the northern Nubian shield. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1987, 144:577-586.
13. Abdelsalam M.G. The Oko shear zone: post-accretionary deformations in the Arabian Nubian Shield. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1994, 151:767-776.
14. Abdelsalam M.G., Stern R.J. Discussion of ophiolites in Northeast and East Africa: implications for Proterozoic crustal growth. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1991, 148:602-604.
15. Abdelsalam M.G., Stern R.J. Sutures and shear zones in the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1996, 23:289-310.
16. Abdelsalam M.G., Stern R.J., Schandelmeier H., Sultan M. Deformation history of the Keraf Zone in NE Sudan, revealed by Shuttle Imaging Radar. Journal of Geology 1995, 103:475-491.
17. Abdelsalam M.G., Stern R.J., Copeland P., Elfaki E.M., Elhur B., Ibrahim F.M. The Neoproterozoic Keraf suture in NE Sudan: Sinistral transpression along the eastern margin of West Gondwana. Journal of Geology 1998, 106:133-147.
18. Abdelsalam M.G., Liégeois J.-P., Stern R.J. The Saharan Metacraton. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2002, 34:119-136.
19. Abdelsalam M.G., Abdeen M.M., Dowaidar H.M., Stern R.J., Abdelghaffar A.A. Structural evolution of the Neoproterozoic western Allaqi-Heiani suture, southwestern Egypt. Precambrian Research 2003, 124:87-104.
20. Abu-Alam T.S., Stüwe K. Exhumation during oblique transpression: the Feiran-Solaf region, Egypt. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2009, 27:439-459.
21. Agar R.A. The Bani Ghayy group; sedimentation and volcanism in " pull-apart" grabens of the Najd strike-slip orogen, Saudi Arabian Shield. Precambrian Research 1986, 31:259-274.
22. Agar R.A. The Najd fault system revisited: a two-way strike-slip orogen in the Saudi Arabian Shield. Journal of Structural Geology 1987, 9:41-48.
23. Agar, R.A., Stacey, J.S., Whitehouse, M.J., 1992. Evolution of the Southern Afif terrane -- a Geochronologic Study. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Open-File Report DGMR-OF-10-15, 41 p.
24. Akaad, M.K., Abu El Ela, A.M., 2002. Geology of the basement tocks in the eastern half of the belt between latitudes 25°30′ and 26°30′N Central Eastern Desert. Geological Survey of Egypt Paper 78, 118 p.
25. Akkad, M.K., El Ramly, M.F., 1958. Seven New Occurrence of the Igla Formation in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Geol. Surv. Egypt, 37 p (Paper No. 3).
26. Akkad M.K., Noweir A.M. Geology and lithostratigraphy of the Arabian Desert orogenic belt of Egypt between latitudes 25°35′ and 26°30′N. King Abdulaziz University, Jiddah. Institute of Applied Geology Bulletin 1980, 3(4):127-134.
27. Akkad M.K., El-Gaby S., Abbas A.A. Geology and petrology of the migmatites around Feiran Oasis. Journal of Geology UAR 1967, 10:67-87.
28. Akkad M.K., El-Gaby S., Abbas A.A. On the evolution of Feiran Migmatites, Sinai. Journal of Geology UAR 1967, 11:49-58.
29. Albino G.V., Jalal S., Christensen K. Neoproterozoic mesothermal gold mineralization at Sukhaybarat East mine. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (Section B: Applied Earth Science) 1995, 104:B157-B170.
30. Al-Dabbagh, M.H., Dowd, P.A., 1996. Sukhaybarat Gold Mine, Saudi Arabia. Mineral Industry International, July 16-21.
31. Aldrich, L.T., 1978. Geochronologic Data for the Arabian Shield. Section l, Radiometric Age Determinations of Some Rocks from the Arabian Shield. Saudi Arabian Directorate General of Mineral Resources Project Report 240, pp. 1-9.
32. Aleinikoff, J.N., Stoeser, D.B., 1988. Zircon Morphology and U-Pb Geochronology of Seven Metaluminous and Peralkaline Post-orogenic Granite Complexes of the Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Directorate General of Mineral Resources Open-File Report USGS-OF-06-5, 32 p.
33. Al-Husseini M. Origin of the Arabian Plate Structures: Amar collision and Najd rift. GeoArabia 2000, 5:527-542.
34. Ali B.H., Wilde S.A., Gabr M.M.A. Granitoid evolution in Sinai, Egypt, based on precise SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology. Gondwana Research 2009, 15:38-48.
35. Al-Muallem, M.S., Smith, J.W., 1987. Geologic Map of the Ar Rawdah Quadrangle, Sheet 21F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM-85, Scale 1:250,000, 25 p.
36. Al-Saleh A.M. The Kirsh gneiss dome: an extensional metamorphic core complex from the SE Arabian Shield. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2010, 10.1007/s12517-0101-0179-1.
37. Al-Saleh A.M., Boyle A.P. Structural rejuvenation of the eastern Arabian shield during continental collision: 40Ar/39Ar evidence from the Ar Ridaniyah ophiolite mélange. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2001, 33:135-141.
38. Al-Saleh A.M., Boyle A.P., Mussett A.E. Metamorphism and 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Halaban ophiolite and associated units: evidence for two-stage orogenesis in the eastern Arabian shield. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1998, 155:165-175.
39. Al-Shanti, A.M., 1976. Mineralization of Ad Dawadimi District, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Directorate General of Mineral Resources Bulletin 14, 50 p.
40. Al-Shanti A.M., Gass I.G. The upper Proterozoic ophiolite mélange zones of the easternmost Arabian Shield. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1983, 140:867-876.
41. Al-Shanti A.M.S., Mitchell A.H.G. Late Precambrian subduction and collision in the Al Amar-Idsas region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Tectonophysics 1976, 30:T41-T47.
42. Amer R., Kusky T.M., Ghulam A. Lithological mapping in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt using ASTER data. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2009, 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.06.004.
43. Amer R.M., Kusky T.M., Ghulam A. New methods of processing ASTER data for lithological mapping. examples from Fawakhir, Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2010, 56:75-82.
44. Anderson J.L. Proterozoic anorogenic granite plutonism of N America. Proterozoic Geology 1983, vol. 161:133-154. Geological Society of America Memoir.
45. Andersson U.-B., Ghebreab W., Teklay M., Whitehouse M.J. Ages and character of crust-forming and metamorphic events in east-central and northern Eritrea: new conventional and SIMS U-Pb and mineral P-T data. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2000, 30:7.
46. Andre C.G. Evidence for phanerozoic reactivation of the Najd fault system in AVHRR, TM, and SPOT images of Central Arabia. Photogrammetry Engineering and Remote Sensing 1989, 55:1129-1136.
47. Andresen A., Abu El-Rus M.A., Myhre P.I., Boghdady G.Y., Corfu F. U-Pb TIMS age constraints on the evolution of the Neoproterozoic Meatiq Gneiss Dome, Eastern Desert, Egypt. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2009, 10.1007/s00531-007-0276.
48. Andresen A., Augland L.E., Boghdady G.Y., Lundmark A.M., Elnady O.M., Hassan M.A. Structural constraints on the evolution of the Meatiq gneiss domes (Egypt), East-African Orogen. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2010, 57:413-422.
49. Angerer T., Greiling R.O., Avigad D. Fabric development in a weathering profile at a basement-cover interface, the sub-Cambrian peneplain, Israel: implications for decollement tectonics. Journal of Structural Geology 2011, 33:819-832.
50. Arslan, A.I., 1989. Contribution to the geochemistry of the El Sukari granite pluton, Eastern Desert, Egypt. In: Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Geochemistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. pp 1-18.
51. Augland, L.E., Andresen, A., Boghdady, G.Y., 2011. U-Pb ID-TIMS dating of igneous and metaigneous rocks from the El-Sibai area: time constrains on the tectonic evolution of the Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. International Journal of Earth Sciences. doi:10.1007/s00531-011-0653-3.
52. Avigad D., Gvirtzman Z. Late Neoproterozoic rise and fall of the northern Arabian-Nubian shield: the role of lithospheric mantle delamination and subsequent thermal subsidence. Tectonophysics 2009, 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.04.018.
53. Avigad D., Sandler A., Kolodner K., Stern R.J., McWilliams M., Miller N., Beyth M. Mass-production of Cambro-Ordovician quartz-rich sandstone as a consequence of chemical weathering of Pan-African terranes: environmental implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 240:818-826. 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.021.
54. Avigad D., Stern R.J., Beyth M., Miller N., McWilliams M.O. Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of Cryogenian diamictites and Lower Paleozoic sandstone in Ethiopia (Tigrai): age constraints on Neoproterozoic glaciation and crustal evolution of the southern Arabian-Nubian Shield. Precambrian Research 2007, 154:88-106.
55. Bailo T., Schandelmeier H., Franz G., Sun C.-H., Stern R.J. Plutonic and metamorphic rocks from the Keraf suture (NE Sudan). A glimpse of Neoproterozoic evolution on the NE margin of W. Gondwana. Precambrian Research 2003, 123:67-80.
56. Bandel K., Shinaq R. Sediments of the Precambrian Wadi Abu Barqa Formation influenced by life and their relation to the Cambrian sandstones in southern Israel. Freiberger Forschungshefte C 2003, 499:78-91.
57. Barker F., Wones D.R., Sharp W.N., Desborough G.Z. The Pikes Peak batholith, Colorado Front Range, and a model for the origin of the gabbro-anorthosite-syenite-potassic granite suite. Precambrian Research 1975, 2:97-160.
58. Basahel A.N., Bahafzalah A., Omara S., Jux U. Early Cambrian carbonate platform of the Arabian shield. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte (N. Jb., Geol. Paläont. Mh.) 1984, 113-128.
59. Bea F., Abu-Anbar M., Montero P., Peres P., Talavera C. The 844Ma Moneiga quartz-diorites of the Sinai, Egypt: Evidence for Andean-type arc or rift-related magmatism in the Arabian-Nubian shield?. Precambrian Research 2009, 175:161-168.
60. Be'eri-Shlevin Y., Katzir Y., Whitehouse M.J., Kleinhanns I.C. Contribution of pre Pan-African crust to formation of the Arabian-Nubian Shield: New secondary ionization mass spectrometry U-Pb and O studies of zircon. Geology 2009, 37:899-902.
61. Be'eri-Shlevin Y., Katzir Y., Whitehouse M. Post-collisional tectonomagmatic evolution in the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield: time constraints from ion-probe U-Pb dating of zircon. Journal of the Geological Society, London 2009, 166:71-85.
62. Be'eri-Shlevin Y., Katzir Y., Valley J.W. Crustal evolution and recycling in a juvenile continent: oxygen isotope ratio of zircon in the northern Arabian Nubian Shield. Lithos 2009, 107:169-184.
63. Be'eri-Shlevin Y., Katzir Y., Blichert-Toft J., Kleinhanns I.C., Whitehouse M.J. Nd-Sr-Hf-O isotope provinciality in the northernmost Arabian-Nubian Shield: implications for crustal evolution. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 2010, 160:181-201.
64. Bennet J.D., Mosley P.N. Tiered-tectonics and evolution, E. Desert and Sinai, Egypt. Current Research in African Earth Sciences 1987, 79-82. Balkema, Rotterdam. G. Matheis, H. Schandelmerier (Eds.).
65. Bentor Y.K. The crustal evolution of the Arabo-Nubian massif with special reference to the Sinai Peninsula. Precambrian Research 1985, 28:1-74.
66. Berhe S.M. Ophiolites in NE and east Africa: implications for Proterozoic crustal growth. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1990, 147:41-57.
67. Beyth M., Stern R.J., Altherr R., Kröner A. The late Precambrian Timna igneous complex, southern Israel: evidence for comagmatic-type sanukitoid monzodiorite and alkali granite magma. Lithos 1994, 31:103-124.
68. Beyth M., Avigad D., Wetzel H.-U., Matthews A., Berhe S.M. Crustal exhumation and indications for Snowball Earth in the East African Orogen, N Ethiopia and east Eritrea. Precambrian Research 2003, 123:187-201.
69. Bielski, M., 1982. Stages in the Evolution of the Arabian-Nubian Massif in Sinai. Ph.D. Thesis, Jerusalem, Hebrew University, 155 p.
70. Billay A.Y., Kisters A.F.M., Meyer F.M., Schneider J. The geology of the Lega Dembi gold deposit, southern Ethiopia: implications for Pan-African gold exploration. Mineralium Deposita 1997, 32:491-504.
71. Bingen B., Jacobs J., Viola G., Henderson I.H.C., Skar Ø., Boyd R., Thomas R.J., Solli A., Key R.M., Daudi E.X.F. Geochronology of the Precambrian crust in the Mozambique belt in NE Mozambique and implications for Gondwana assembly. Precambrian Research 2009, 170:231-255.
72. Blasband B., Brooijmans P., Dirks P., Visser W., White S. A Pan-African core complex in the Sinai, Egypt. Geologie en Mijnbouw 1997, 76:247-266.
73. Blasband B., White S., Brooijmans P., De Broorder H., Visser W. Late Proterozoic extensional collapse in the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Journal of the Geological Society, London 2000, 157:615-628.
74. Boger S.D., Miller J.M. Terminal suturing of Gondwana and the onset of the Ross-Delamarian Orogeny: the cause and effect of an Early Cambrian reconfiguration of plate motions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 219:35-48.
75. Bonavia F.F., Chorowicz J. Northward expulsion of the Pan-African of NE Africa guided by a reentrant zone of the Tanzania craton. Geology 1992, 20:1023-1026.
76. Bonin B. A-type granites and related rocks. Evolution of a concept, problems, and prospects. Lithos 2007, 97:1-29.
77. Botros N.S. Metallogeny of gold in relation to the evolution of the Nubian shield in Egypt. Ore Geology Reviews 2002, 19:137-164.
78. Brasier M., McGarron G., Tucker R., Leather J., Allen P., Shields G. New U-Pb zircon dates for the Neoproterozoic Ghubrah glaciation and the top of the Huqf Supergroup. Oman Geology 2000, 28:175-178.
79. Bregar, M., 1996. Exhumation History of the Gebel Sibai Dome (Eastern Desert of Egypt): Constraints from Evolution of Low-angle Normal Faults and Corresponding Footwall Units. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Graz, Austria (unpublished).
80. Bregar M., Bauernhofer A., Pelz K., Kloetzli U., Fritz H., Neumayr P. A late Neoproterozoic magmatic core complex in the Eastern Desert of Egypt: emplacement of granitoids in a wrench-tectonic setting. Precambrian Research 2002, 118:59-82.
81. Breitkreuz C., Eliwa H., Khalaf I., El Gameel K., Bühler B., Sergeev S., Larionov A., Murata M. Neoproterozoic SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages of silica-rich Dokhan Volcanics in the northeastern Desert, Egypt. Precambrian Research 2010, 182:163-174.
82. BRGM Geoscientists, 1993. Khnaiguiyah Zinc-Copper Deposit Prefeasibility Study: Synopsis of Geology and Mineralization: Saudi Arabian Directorate General of Mineral Resources Technical Report BRGM-TR-13-4.
83. Brito Neves B.B.de., Cordani U.G. Tectonic evolution of S America during the Late Proterozoic. Precambrian Research 1991, 53:23-40.
84. Brown, G.B., 1972. Tectonic Map of the Arabian Peninsula. Saudi Arabian Directorate General of Mineral Resources Map AP-2, Scale 1:4,000,000.
85. Brown, G.F., Jackson, R.O., 1960. The Arabian Shield. XIX International Geological Congress, Pt. 9, pp. 69-77.
86. Brown, F.B., Schmidt, D.L., Huffman Jr., A.C., 1989. Geology of the Arabian Peninsula: Shield Area of Western Saudi Arabia. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 560-A, 188 p.
87. Burke K., Sengör C. Tectonic escape in the evolution of the continental crust. Reflection Seismology 1986, vol. 14:41-53. American Geophysical Union Geodynamics Series.
88. Calvez, J.Y., Kemp, J., 1987. Rb-Sr geochronology of the Shammar Group in the Hulayfah Area, Northern Arabian Shield. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Open-File Report BRGM-OF-07-11, 22 p.
89. Calvez, J.Y., Alsac, C., Delfour, J., Kemp, J., Pellaton, C., 1983. Geologic Evolution of Western, Central, and Eastern Parts of the Northern Precambrian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Open-File Report BRGM-OF-03-17, 57 p.
90. Calvez J.Y., Alsac C., Delfour J., Kemp J., Pellaton C. Geological evolution of western, central, and eastern parts of the northern Precambrian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. King Abdulaziz University, Jiddah, Faculty of Earth Science Bulletin 1984, 6:24-48.
91. Calvez, J.Y., Delfour, J., Feybesse, J.L., 1985. 2000-million-years Old Inherited Zircons in Plutonic Rocks from the Al Amar Region. New Evidence for an Early Proterozoic Basement in the Eastern Saudi Arabian Shield? Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Open-File Report BRGM-OF-05-11, 27 p.
92. Cawood, P.A., Kroner, A., Collins, W.J., Kusky, T.M., Mooney, W.D., Windley, B.F., 2009.Accretionary Orogens through Earth History. Geological Society of London, Special Publication 2009, vol. 318, pp. 1-36. doi: doi:10.1144/SP318.1.
93. Church W.R. Discussion of ophiolites in NE and East Africa: implications for Proterozoic crustal growth. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1991, 148:600-601.
94. Cloud P., Awramik S.M., Morrison K., Hadley D.G. Earliest Phanerozoic or latest Proterozoic fossils from the Arabian Shield. Precambrian Research 1979, 10:73-93.
95. Cole, J.C., 1988, Geology of the Aban al Ahmar Quadrangle, Sheet 25F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 105, Scale 1:250,000, 45 p.
96. Cole, J.C., Hedge, C.E., 1986. Geochronologic Investigation of Late Proterozoic Rocks in the Northeastern Shield of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Technical Record USGS-TR-05-5, 42 p.
97. Coleman, R.G., Brown, G.F., Keith, T.E.C., 1972, Layered Gabbros in SW Saudi Arabia. US Geological Survey Professional Papers 800-D, pp. D143-D150.
98. Collenette, P., Grainger, D.J., 1994. Mineral Resources of Saudi Arabia, not including Oil, Natural Gas, and Sulfur. Saudi Arabian Directorate General of Mineral Resources DGMR Special Publication SP-2, 322 p.
99. Collins A.S. Madagascar and the Amalgamation of Central Gondwana. Gondwana Research 2006, 9:3-16.
100. Collins A.S., Pisarevsky S.A. Amalgamating eastern Gondwana: the evolution of the Circum-Indian Orogens. Earth Science Reviews 2005, 71:229-270.
101. Collins A.S., Windley B.F. The Tectonic Evolution of central and northern Madagascar and its place in the final assembly of Gondwana. Journal of Geology 2002, 110:325-340.
102. Collins W.J., Beams S.D., White A.J.R., Chappell B.W. Nature and origin of A-type granites with particular reference to southeastern Australia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1982, 80:189-200.
103. Collins, A.S., Kinny, P.D., Razakamanana, T., 2010. Depositional age, provenance and metamorphic age of metasedimentary rocks from southern Madagascar. Gondwana Research. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.12.006.
104. Coolen J.J.M.M.M., Priem H.N.A., Verdurmen E.A.T., Verschure R.H. Possible zircon U-Pb evidence of Pan-African granuilite facies metamorphism in the Mozambique belt of southern Tanzania. Precambrian Research 1982, 17:31-40.
105. Cooper J.A., Stacey J.S., Stoeser D.B., Fleck R.J. An evaluation of the zircon method of isotopic dating in the southern Arabian craton. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1979, 68:429-439.
106. Cosca M.A., Shimron A., Caby R. Late Precambrian metamorphism and cooling in the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Petrology and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of metamorphic rocks of the Elat area (southern Israel). Precambrian Research 1999, 98:107-127.
107. Cox, G., Lewis, C.J., Collins, A.S., Nettle, D., Halverson, G.P., Foden, J., Kattan, F., Jourdan, F., 2011. Ediacaran Terrane accretion in the Arabian Nubian Shield. Gondwana Research.
108. Creaser R.A., Price R.C., Wormald R.J. A-type granites revisited: assessment of a residual source model. Geology 1991, 19:163-166.
109. Darbyshire D.P.F., Jackson N.J., Ramsay C.R., Roobol M.J. Rb-Sr isotope study of latest Proterozoic volcano-sedimentary belts in the central Arabian Shield. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1983, 140:203-213.
110. Dardir A.A., Abu Zeid K.M. Geology of the basement rocks between latitudes 27°00′ and 27°30′N, Eastern Desert. Annals of the Geological Survey of Egypt 1972, 2:129-158.
111. Davies F.B. Strain analysis of wrench faults and collision tectonics of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Journal of Geology 1984, 82:37-53.
112. Davies, F.B., 1985. Geological Map of the Al Wajh Quadrangle, Sheet 26B, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM 83, Scale 1:250,000, 27 p.
113. De Wall H., Greiling R.O., Sadek M.F. Post-collisional shortening in the late Pan-African Hamisana high strain zone, SE Egypt: field and magnetic fabric evidence. Precambrian Research 2001, 107:179-194.
114. Delfour, J., 1970. Le groupe de j'balah une nouvelle unite du bouchlier Arabe. Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières Bulletin 2 (4), 19-32.
115. Delfour, J., 1977, Geology of the Nuqrah quadrangle, Sheet 25E, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Directorate General of Mineral Resources Geological Map GM 28, Scale 1:250,000, 32 p.
116. Delfour, J., 1982. Geologic Map of the Halaban quadrangle, Sheet 23G, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Directorate General of Mineral Resources Geologic Map GM 46, Scale 1:250,000, 32 p.
117. Dewey J.F. Extensional collapse of orogens. Tectonics 1988, 7:1123-1139.
118. Dodge, F.C.W., Helaby, A.M., 1974. Mineralization in the Uyaijah-Thaaban area, West Central Part of the Uyaijah Ring Structure, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. US Geological Survey Saudi Arabian Project Report No. 191. 43 p.
119. Doebrich J.L., Zahony S.G., Leavitt J.D., Portacio J.S., Siddiqui A.A., Wooden J.L., Fleck R.J., Stein H.J. Ad Duwayhi, Saudi Arabia. Geology and geochronology of a Neoproterozoic intrusion-related gold system in the Arabian shield. Economic Geology 2004, 99:713-741.
120. Doebrich J.L., Al-Jehani A.M., Siddiqui A.A., Hayes T.S., Saleh Y., Wooden J.L., Johnson P.R., Kattan F.H., Shaikan B., Basahel M., Zahran H., Al-Shammari A. Geology and metallogeny of the Ara Rayn terrane, eastern Arabain shield. Evolution of a Neoproterozoic continental-margin arc during assembly of Gondwana within the East African Orogen. Precambrian Research 2007, 158:17-50.
121. Drury S.A., De Souza Filho C.R. Neoproterozoic terrane assemblages in Eritrea: review and prospects. Journal of African Earth Science 1998, 27:331-348.
122. Drysdall A.R., Jackson N.J., Ramsay C.R., Douch C.J., Hackett D. Rare element mineralization related to Precambrian alkali granites in the Arabian shield. Economic Geology 1984, 79:1369-1377.
123. du Bray, E.A., 1984. Geology of the Silsilah Ring Complex, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Technical Record USGS-TR-04-19, 78 p.
124. Duncan I.J., Rivard B., Arvidson R.E., Sultan M. Structural interpretation and tectonic evolution of a part of the Najd Shear Zone (Saudi Arabia) using Landsat thematic-mapper data. Tectonophysics 1990, 178:309-315.
125. Duyverman H.J., Harris N.B.W., Hawkesworth C.J. Crustal accretion in the Pan-African. Nd and Sr isotope evidence from the Arabian Shield. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1982, 59:315-326.
126. El Ramly, M.F., 1972. A New Geological Map for the Basement Rocks in the Eastern and Southwestern Deserts of Egypt. Annals of the Geological Survey, Egypt, scale 1:1,000,000, vol. 2, pp. 1-18.
127. El Ramly, M.F., Akaad, M.K., 1960. The Basement Complex in the Central-Eastern Desert of Egypt between Latitudes 24°30' and 25°40' N. Geological Survey of Egypt Paper 8, pp. 1-35.
128. El Ramly, M.F., Greiling, R., Kroner, A., Rashwan, A.A., 1984. On the tectonic evolution of the Wadi Hafafit area and environs, Eastern Desert of Egypt. King Abdulaziz University, Jiddah, Bulletin of the Faculty of Earth Sciences 6, 114-126.e.
129. El Ramly M.F., Greiling R.O., Rashwan A.A. Comment on " Extension of the Najd shear system from Saudi Arabia to the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt based on integrated field and Landsat observations" by M. Sultan, R.E. Arvidson, I.J. Duncan, R.J. Stern, and B. El Kaliouby. Tectonics 1990, 9:535-538.
130. El-Bialy M.Z. On the Pan-African transition of the Arabian-Nubian Shield from compression to extension: the post-collision Dokhan volcanic suite of Kid-Malhak region, Sinai, Egypt. Gondwana Research 2010, 17:26-43.
131. El-Gaby S., El-Nady O., Khudeir A. Tectonic evolution of the basement complex in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. Geologische Rundshau 1984, 73:1019-1036.
132. El-Gaby S., Khudeir A.A., El-Taky M. The Sokhan Volcanics of Wadi Queih area, central Eastern Desert, Egypt. Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Geochemistry 1989, 42-62. Alexandria University, Egypt.
133. El-Gaby, S., List, F.K., Tehrani, R., 1988. Geology, evolution and metallogenesis of the Pan-African Belt in Egypt. In: El Gaby, S., Greiling, R. (Eds.), The Pan-African Belt of NE Africa and Adjacent Areas, Tectonic Evolution and Economic Aspects. Vieweg, Braunschweig, Wiesbaden, pp. 17-68.
134. El-Gaby S., List F.K., Tehrani R. The basement complex of the Eastern Desert and Sinai. The Geology of Egypt 1990, 175-184. Balkema, Rotterdam. R. Said (Ed.).
135. Eliwa H.A., Abu El-Enen M.M., Khalaf I.M., Itaya T. Metamorphic evolution of Sinai metapelites and gneisses: constraints from petrology and K/Ar dating. Egyptian Journal of Geology 2004, 48:169-185.
136. Eliwa H.A., Kimura J.-I., Itaya T. Late Neoproterozoic Dokhan Volcanics, N Eastern Desert, Egypt: Geochemistry and petrogenesis. Precambrian Research 2006, 151:31-52.
137. Eliwa H., Breitkreuz C., Khalaf I., El Gameel K. Depositional styles of Early Ediacaran terrestrial volcanosedimentary succession in Gebel El Urf area, N Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2010, 57:328-344.
138. El-Nisr S.A. Late Precambrian volcanism at Wadi Allaqi, south Eastern Desert, Egypt: evidence for transitional continental arc/margin environment. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1997, 24:301-313.
139. El-Rabaa S.M., Al-Shumaimri M.S., Al-Mishwat A.T. Fate of the Najd fault system in northwestern Saudi Arabia and southwestern Jordan. Gondwana Research 2001, 4:164-165.
140. Elsass, P, 1981. Geology and Mineralization of the Ar Ridaniyah Area. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Open-File Report BRGM-OF-01-19, 39 p.
141. El-Shafei, M., Kusky, T.M., 2003. Structural and tectonic evolution of the Neoproterozoic Feiran-Solaf metamorphic belt, Sinai Peninsula. Implications for the closure of the Mozambique Ocean. In: Kusky, T., Abdelsalam, M., Tucker, R., Stern, R.J. (Eds.), Precambrian Research, Special Issue on The East African and Related Orogens, and the Assembly of Gondwana, pp. 269-293.
142. Fairer, G.M., 1985. Geological Map of the Wadi Baysh Quadrangle, Sheet 17F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM-77, 1:250,000, 23 p.
143. Fike D.A., Grotzinger J.P., Pratt L.M., Summons R.E. Oxidation of the Ediacaran ocean. Nature 2006, 444:744-747.
144. Finger F., Dorr W., Gerdes A., Gharib M., Dawoud M. U-Pb zircon ages and geochemical data for the Monumental Granite and other granitoid rocks from Aswan, Egypt. Implications for geological evolution of the western margin of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Mineralogy and Petrology 2008, 93:153-183.
145. Fleck, R.J., Hadley, D.G., 1982. Ages and Strontium Initial Ratios of Plutonic Rocks in a Transect of the Arabian Shield. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Open-File Report USGS-OF-03-38, 43 p.
146. Fleck, R.J., Greenwood, W.R., Hadley, D.G., Anderson, R.E., Schmidt, D.L., 1979. Rubidium-Strontium Geochronology and Plate-tectonic Evolution of the Southern Part of the Arabian Shield. US Geological Survey Saudi Arabian Mission Report 245, 105 p.
147. Fleck, R.J., Greenwood, W.R., Hadley, D.G., Anderson, R.E., Schmidt, D.L., 1980. Rubidium-Strontium Geochronology and Plate-tectonic Evolution of the Southern Part of the Arabian Shield. USGS Professional Paper 1131, 38 p.
148. Fowler A., El Kalioubi B. The Migif-Hafafit gneissic complex of the Egyptian Eastern Desert: fold interference patterns involving multiply deformed sheath folds. Tectonophysics 2002, 346:247-275.
149. Fowler A., El Kalioubi B. Gravitational collapse origin of shear zones, foliations and linear structures in the Neoproterozoic cover nappes, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2004, 38:23-40.
150. Fowler A., Hassen I. Extensional tectonic origin of gneissosity and related structures of the Feiran-Solaf metamorphic belt. Precambrian Research 2008, 164:119-136.
151. Fowler T.J., Osman A.F. Gneiss-cored interference dome associated with two phases of late Pan-African thrusting in the Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. Precambrian Research 2001, 108:17-43.
152. Fowler A., Osman A.F. The Sha'it-Nugrus shear zone separating Central and S Eastern Deserts, Egypt: a post-arc collision low-angle normal ductile shear zone. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2009, 53:16-32.
153. Fowler A.-R., Khaled G.A., Omar S.M., Eliwa H.A. The significance of gneissic rocks and synmagmatic extensional ductile shear zones of the Barud area for the tectonics of the North Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2006, 46:201-220.
154. Fowler A., Khamees H., Dowidar H. El Sibai gneissic complex, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt: folded nappes and syn-Kinematic gneissic granitoid sheets-note a core complex. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2007, 49:119-135.
155. Fowler A., Hassen I.S., Osman A.F. Neoproterozoic structural evolution of SE Sinai, Egypt: II. Convergent tectonic history of the continental arc Kid Group. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2010, 58:526-546.
156. Fritz H., Messner M. Intramontane basin formation during oblique convergence in the Eastern Desert of Egypt: magmatically versus tectonically induced subsidence. Tectonophysics 1999, 315:145-162.
157. Fritz H., Puhl J. Granitoid emplacement in a shear-extensional setting: A semiquantitative approach from physical parameters (Eastern Desert, Egypt). Zentralblatt fur Geologie und Palaeontolgie Teil 1997, 1:257-276.
158. Fritz H., Wallbrecher E., Khudeir A.A., Abu El Ela F., Dallmeyer D.R. Formation of Neoproterozoic metamorphic core complexes during oblique convergence (Eastern Desert, Egypt). Journal of African Earth Sciences 1996, 23:311-329.
159. Fritz H., Dallmeyer D.R., Wallbrecher E., Loizenbauer J., Hoinkes G., Neymayr P., Khudeir A.A. Neoproterozoic tectonothermal evolution of the Central Eastern Desert, Egypt: a slow velocity tectonic process of core complex exhumation. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2002, 34:137-155.
160. Gabr S., Ghulam A., Kusky T. Detecting areas of high-potential gold mineralization using ASTER data. Case study. Ore Deposit Reviews 2010, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.05.007.
161. Garfunkel Z. History and paleogeography during the Pan-African orogen to stable platform transition: reappraisal of the evidence from the Elat area and the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield. Israeli Journal of Earth Science 1999, 48:135-157.
162. Genna A., Guerrot C., Deschamps Y., Nehlig P., Shanti M. Les formations Ablah d'Arabie Saoudite (datation et implication géologique). Compte Rendue Acadamie Sciences, Paris 1999, 329:661-667.
163. Genna A., Nehlig P., Le Goff E., Guetrrot C., Shanti M. Proterozoic tectonism of the Arabian Shield. Precambrian Research 2002, 117:21-40.
164. Gettings M.E., Blank H.R., Mooney W.D. Crustal structure of southwestern Saudi Arabia. Journal of Geophysical Research 1986, 91:6491-6512.
165. Ghebreab W. Tectono-metamorphic history of Neoproterozoic rocks in eastern Eritrea. Precambrian Research 1999, 98:83-105.
166. Ghebreab W., Talbot C.J. Red Sea extension influenced by Pan-African tectonic grain in eastern Eritrea. Journal of Structural Geology 2000, 22:931-946.
167. Ghebreab W., Yohannes E., Woldegiorgis L. The Lega Dembi gold mine: an example of shear zone-hosted mineralization in the Adola greenstone belt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1992, 15:489-500.
168. Ghebreab W., Talbot C.J., Page L. Time constrains on exhumation of the East African Orogen from field observations and 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages of low-angle mylonites in Eritrea, NE Africa. Precambrian Research 2005, 139:20-41.
169. Ghebreab W., Greiling R., Solomon S. Structural setting of Neoproterozoic mineralization, Asmara district, Eritrea. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2009, 55:219-235.
170. Goldfarb R.J., Groves D.I., Gardoll D. Orogenic gold and geologic time: a global synthesis. Ore Geology Reviews 2001, 18:1-75.
171. Goldfarb, R.J., Baker, T., Dube, B., Groves, D.I., Hart, C.J.R., Gosselin, P., 2005. Distribution, Character, and Genesis of Gold Deposits in Metamorphic Terrains. Society of Economic Geologists, Inc., Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, pp. 407-450.
172. Grainger, D.J., Hanif, M.R., 1989, Geologic Map of the Shaghab Quadrangle, Sheet 27B, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Directorate General of Mineral Resources Geologic Map GM 109, Scale 1:250,000, 31 p.
173. Greene, R.C., 1993. Stratigraphy of the Late Proterozoic Murdama group, Saudi Arabia. US Geological Survey Bulletin 1976, 59 p.
174. Greenwood, W.R., Anderson, R.E., Fleck, R.J., Roberts, R.J., 1980. Precambrian Geologic History and Plate Tectonic Evolution of the Arabian Shield. Saudi Arabian Directorate General of Mineral Resources Bulletin 24, 35 p.
175. Greenwood, W.R., Stoeser, D.B., Fleck, R.J., Stacey, J.S., 1982. Late Proterozoic Island-arc Complexes and Tectonic Belts in the Southern Part of the Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Open-File Report USGS-OF-02-8, 46 p.
176. Greiling R.O. Thrust tectonics in crystalline domains: the origin of a gneiss dome. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science (Earth and Planetary Sciences) 1997, 106:209-220.
177. Greiling R.O., Rashwan A.A. Large-scale shear zones and related mineral deposits: examples from the Nubian Shield (Proterozoic), Egypt. Africa Geoscience Review 1994, 1:503-514.
178. Greiling R.O., Kröner A., El Ramly M.F. Structural interference patterns and their origin in the Pan-African basement of the southeastern desert of Egypt. Precambrian Tectonics Illustated 1984, 401-412. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart. A. Kröner, R.O. Greiling (Eds.).
179. Greiling, R.O., Kroner, A., EI Ramly, M.F., Rashwan, A.A., 1988a. Structural and geological relationship between the southern and central parts of the Eastern Desert of Egypt. In: EI-Gaby, S., Greiling, R.O., (Eds.), The Pan-African Belt of NE Africa and Adjacent Areas. Vieweg, Braunschweig, Wiesbaden, pp. 121-145.
180. Greiling R.O., Abdeen M.M., Dardir A.A., El-Akhal H., El-Ramly M.F., Kamal El-Din G.M., Osman A.F., Rashwan A.A., Rice A.H.N., Sadek M.F. A structural synthesis of the Proterozoic Arabian-Nubian Shield in Egypt. Geologische Rundshau 1994, 83:484-501.
181. Greiling, R.O., Naim, G.M., Hussein, A.A., (Eds.), 1996. Excursion across the Pan-African, Neoproterozoic basement Qena-Quseir Guide Book. Centennial of the Egyptian Geological Survey 1896-1996. Egyptian Geological Survey and Mineral Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
182. Grothaus B., Eppler D., Ehrlish R. Depositional environments and structural implications of the Hammamat Formation, Egypt. Annals of the Geological Survey of Egypt 1979, IX:564-590.
183. Groves D.I., Goldfarb R.J., Gebre-Mariam M., Hagemann S.G., Robert F. Orogenic gold deposits: a proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types. Ore Geology Reviews 1998, 13:7-27.
184. Grunow A. Gondwana events and palaeogeography: a palaeomagnetic review. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1999, 28:53-69.
185. Habib M.E., Ahmed A.A., El Nady O.M. Tectonic evolution of the Meatiq infrastructure, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. Tectonics 1985, 4:613-627.
186. Hadley, D.G., 1974. The Taphrogeosynclinal Jubaylah Group in the Mashhad Area, Northwestern Hijaz, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Directorate General of Mineral Resource Bulletin 10, 18 p.
187. Halverson G.P., Wade B.P., Hurtgen M.T., Barovich K.M. Neoproterozoic chemostratigraphy. Precambrian Research 2010, 182:337-350.
188. Hanson, R.E., 2003. Proterozoic geochronology and tectonic evolution of southern Africa. In: Yoshida, M., Windley, B.F., Dasgupta, S., (Eds.), Proterozoic East Gondwana: Supercontinent Assembly and Breakup: Geological Society, vol. 206. London, Special Publication, pp. 427-463.
189. Hargrove, U.S., 2006, Crustal Evolution of the Neoproterozoic Bi'r Umq Suture Zone, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Geochronological, Isotopic, and Geochemical Constraints. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Texas at Dallas, 343 p.
190. Hargrove U.S., Stern R.J., Kimura J.-I., Manton W.I., Johnson R. How juvenile is the Arabian-Nubian Shield? Evidence from Nd isotopes and pre-Neoproterozoic inherited zircon in the Bi'r Umq suture zone, Saudi Arabia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2006, 252:308-326.
191. Harms U., Darbyshire D.P.F., Denkler T., Hengst M., Schandelmeier H. Evolution of the Neoproterozoic Delgo Suture Zone and crustal growth in northern Sudan: geochemical and radiogenic isotope constrains. Geologische Rundschau 1994, 83:591-603.
192. Hassan M.A., Hashad A.H. Precambrian of Egypt. The Geology of Egypt 1990, 201-248. Balkema, Rotterdam. R. Said (Ed.).
193. Hedge, C.E., 1984. Precambrian Geochronology of Part of Northwestern Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Open-File Report USGS-OF-04-31, 12 p.
194. Helmy H.M., Mogessie A. Gabbro Akarem, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization in a concentrically zoned mafic-ultramafic complex. Mineralium Deposita 2001, 36:58-71.
195. Helmy H.M., Kaindl R., Fritz H. The Sukari gold mine, Eastern Desert-Egypt: structural setting, mineralogy and fluid inclusion study. Mineralium Deposita 2004, 39:495-511.
196. Hermina, M., Klitzsch, E., List, F.K., 1989. Stratigraphic Lexicon and Explanatory Notes to the Geological Map of Egypt. Conoco, Cairo, Scale 1:500,000.
197. Hoffman P.F., Kaufman A.J., Halverson G.P., Schrag D.P. A Neoproterozoic snowball Earth. Science 1998, 281:1342-1346.
198. Hooper P.R., Bailey D.G., McCarley Holder G.A. Tertiary calc-alkaline magmatism associated with lithospheric extension in the Pacific NW. Journal of Geophysical Research 1995, 100:10303-10319.
199. Hume W.F. Geology of Egypt - Part I - the Metamorphic Rocks 1934, Government Press, Cairo.
200. Hurtgen M.T., Halverson G.P., Arthur M.A., Hoffman P.F. Sulfur cycling in the aftermath of a Neoproterozoic (Marinoan) snowball glaciation: evidence for a syn-glacial sulfidic deep ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2006, 245:551-570.
201. Hussein A.A., Ali M.M., El Ramly M.F. A proposed new classification of the granites of Egypt. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1982, 14:187-198.
202. Husseini M.I. The Arabian Infracambrian extensional system. Tectonophysics 1988, 148:93-103.
203. Jacobs J., Thomas R.J. Himalayan-type indenter-escape tectonics model for the southern part of the late Neoproterozoic-early Paleozoic East African orogen. Geology 2004, 32:721-724.
204. Jarrar G. The youngest Neoproterozoic mafic dyke suite in the Arabian shield. Mildly alkaline dolerites from S Jordan - their geochemistry and petrogenesis. Geological Magazine 2001, 138:309-323.
205. Jarrar G., Baumann A., Wachendorf H. Age determinations in the Precambrian basement of the Wadi Arab area, SW Jordan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1983, 63:292-304.
206. Jarrar G., Wachendorf H., Saffarini G. A late Proterozoic bimodal volcanic/subvolcanic suite from Wadi Araba, SW Jordan. Precambrian Research 1992, 56:51-72.
207. Jarrar G., Stern R.J., Saffarini G., Al-Zubi H. Late- and post-orogenic Neoproterozoic intrusions of Jordan: Implications for crustal growth in the northernmost segment of the East African Orogen. Precambrian Research 2003, 123:295-320.
208. Jarrar G., Saffarini G., Baumann A., Wachendorf H. Origin, age and petrogenesis of Neoproterozoic composite dikes from the Arabian-Nubian Shield, SW Jordan. Geological Journal 2004, 39:157-178.
209. Jarrar G.H., Manton W.I., Stern R.J., Zachmann D. Late Neoproterozoic A-type granites in the northernmost Arabian-Nubian Shield formed by fractionation of basaltic melts. Chemie der Erde 2008, 68:295-312.
210. Jelenc, D., 1966. Mineral Occurrences of Ethiopia. Ministry of Mines, Addis Ababa.720 p.
211. Johnson P.R. Post-amalgamation basins of the NE Arabian Shield and implications for Neoproterozoic tectonism in the northern East African Orogen. Precambrian Research 2003, 123:321-337.
212. Johnson, P.R., 2006. Explanatory Notes to the Map of Proterozoic Geology of Western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Geological Survey Technical Report SGS-TR-2006-4, 62 p., Scale 1:1,500,000.
213. Johnson, P.R., Kattan, F., 1999. The Ruwah, Ar Rika, and Halaban-Zarghat fault zones: NW-trending Neoproterozoic brittle-ductile shear zones in west-central Saudi Arabia, In: De Wall, H., Greiling, R.O. (Eds.), Aspects of Pan-African Tectonics, vol. 32. Bilateral Seminars of the International Bureau, Schriften des Forschungszentrum Jülich, pp. 75-79.
214. Johnson P.R., Kattan F. Oblique sinistral transpression in the Arabian shield: the timing and kinematics of a Neoproterozoic suture zone. Precambrian Research 2001, 107:117-138.
215. Johnson, P.R., Kattan, F.H., 2007. Geochronologic Dataset for Precambrian Rocks in the Arabian Peninsula: a Catalogue of U-Pb, Rb-Sr, Ar-Ar, and Sm-Nd ages. Saudi Geological Survey Open-file Report SGS-OF-2007-3, 21 p.
216. Johnson P.R., Stewart I.C.F. Magnetically inferred basement structure in central Saudi Arabia. Tectonophysics 1995, 245:37-52.
217. Johnson, P.R., Woldehaimanot, B., 2003. Development of the Arabian-Nubian shield: perspectives on accretion and deformation in the northern East African Orogen and the assembly of Gondwana. In: Yoshida, M., Windley, B.F., Dasgupta, S., (Eds.), Proterozoic East Gondwana: Supercontinent Assembly and Breakup: Geological Society, vol. 206. London, Special Publication, pp. 290-325.
218. Johnson P.R., Kattan F.H., Wooden J.L. Implications of SHRIMP and microstructural data on the age and kinematics of shearing in the Asir Terrane, southern Arabian shield, Saudi Arabia. Gondwana Research 2001, 4:172-173.
219. Johnson P.R., Abdelsalam M.G., Stern R.J. The Bi'r Umq-Nakasib suture zone in the Arabian-Nubian Shield: a key to understanding crustal growth in the East African Orogen. Gondwana Research 2003, 6:523-530.
220. Johnson P.R., Kattan F.K., Al-Saleh A.M. Neoproterozoic ophiolites in the Arabian shield: field relations and structure. Precambrian Ophiolites and Related rocks, Developments in Precambrian Geology 2004, vol. 13:129-162. Elsevier.
221. Johnson S.P., Rivers T., De Waele B. A review of the Mesoproterozoic to early Palaeozoic magmatic and tectonothermal history of South-central Africa: implications for Rodinia and Gondwana. Journal of the Geological Society, London 2005, 162:433-450.
222. Kamilli R.J., Cole J.C., Elliott J.E., Criss R.E. Geology and genesis of the Baid al Jimalah tungsten deposit, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Economic Geology 1993, 88:1743-1767.
223. Kattan, F.H., Harire, A.R., 2000. Geology of the Ad Duwayah-B'ir Warshah Mineral Belt: Saudi Geological Survey Open-File Report USGS-OF-99-6, 33 p.
224. Katz O., Beyth M., Miller N., Stern R., Avigad D., Basu A., Anbar A. A Late Neoproterozoic (630Ma) boninitic suite from southern Israel: Implications for the consolidation of Gondwanaland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 218:475-490.
225. Katzir Y., Litvinovsky B.A., Jahn B.M., Eyal M., Zanvilevich A.N., Valley J.W., Vapni Ye., Beeri Y., Spicuzza M.J. Interrelations between coeval mafic and A-type silicic magmas from composite dykes in a bimodal suite of southern Israel, northernmost Arabian-Nubian Shield: Geochemical and isotope constraints. Lithos 2007, 97:336-364.
226. Kellogg, K.S., Janjou, D., Minoux, L., Fourniguet, J., 1986. Geological Map of the Wadi Tathlith Quadrangle, Sheet 20G, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Geologic Map GM 103, Scale 1:250,000, 27 p.
227. Kemp J. The Kuara Formation (northern Arabian shield); definition and interpretation: a probable fault-trough sedimentary succession. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1996, 22:507-523.
228. Kemp J. Caldera-related volcanic rocks in the Shammar Group, northern Arabian Shield. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1998, 26:551-572.
229. Kemp, J., Pellaton, C., Calvez, J.Y., 1980. Geochronological Investigations and Geological History in the Precambrian of Northwestern Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Directorate General of Mineral Resources Open-File Report BRGM-OF-01-1, 120 p.
230. Kennedy, A., Johnson, P.R., Kattan, F.H., 2004. SHRIMP Geochronology in the Northern Arabian Shield. Part I. Data Acquisition. Saudi Geological Survey Open-File Report SGS-OF-2004-11.
231. Kennedy, A., Johnson, P.R., Kattan, F.H., 2005. SHRIMP Geochronology in the Northern Arabian Shield. Part II. Data Acquisition 2004. Saudi Geological Survey Open-File Report SGS-OF-2005-10.
232. Kennedy, A., Kozdroj, W., Kattan, F.H., Kodzroj, M.Z., Johnson, P.R., 2010, SHRIMP Geochronology in the Arabian Shield (Midyan Terrane, Afif Terrane, Ad Dawadimi Terrane) and Nubian Shield (Central Eastern Desert), Part IV. Data Acquisition 2008. Saudi Geological Survey Open-File Report SGS-OF-2010-10, 101 p.
233. Kennedy, A., Kozdroj, W., Johnson, P.R., Kattan, F.H., 2011. SHRIMP Geochronology in the Northern Arabian Shield. Part III. Data Acquisition 2006. Saudi Geological Survey Open-File Report SGS-OF-2007-9.
234. Kessel R., Stein M., Navon O. Petrogenesis of late Neoproterozoic dikes in the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield. Implications for the origin of A-type granites. Precambrian Research 1998, 92:195-213.
235. Khudeir A.A., Abu El-Rus M.A., El-Gaby S., El-Nady O., Bishara W.W. Sr-Nd isotopes and geochemistry of the infrastructural rocks in the Meatiq and Hafafit core complexes, Eastern Desert, Egypt: evidence for involvement of pre-Neoproterozoic crust in the growth of the Arabain-Nubian Shield. Island Arc 2008, 17:90-108.
236. Klemm D., Klemm R., Murr A. Gold of the Pharaohs - 6000 years of gold mining in Egypt and Nubia. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2001, 33:643-659.
237. Kolodner K., Avigad D., McWilliams M., Wooden J.L., Weissbrod T., Feinstein S. Provenance of N Gondwana Cambrian-Ordovician sandstone: U-Pb SHRIMP dating of detrital zircons from Israel and Jordan. Geological Magazine 2006, 143:367-391.
238. Kröner A., Sassi F.P. Evolution of the northern Somali basement: new constraints from zircon ages. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1996, 22:1-15.
239. Kröner A., Roobol M.J., Ramsay C.R., Jackson N.J. Pan African ages of some gneissic rocks in the Saudi Arabian Shield. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1979, 136:455-461.
240. Kröner, A., Greiling, R., Reischmann, T., Hussein, I.M., Stern, R.J., Durr, S., Kruger, J., Zimmer, M., 1987. Pan-African crustal evolution in the Nubian segment of NE Africa. In: Kröner, A. (Ed.), Proterozoic Lithospheric Evolution, American Geophysical Union Geodynamics Series, vol. 17, pp. 235-257.
241. Kröner A., Eyal M., Eyal Y. Early Pan-African evolution of the basement around Elat, Israel, and the Sinai Peninsula revealed by single-zircon evaporation dating, and implications for crustal accretion rates. Geology 1990, 18:545-548.
242. Kröner A., Krüger J., Rashwan A.A.A. Age and tectonic setting of granitoid gneisses in the Eastern Desert of Egypt and south-west Sinai. Geologische Rundschau 1994, 83:502-513.
243. Kusky, T.M., Matsah, M.I., 2000. Evolution of a Neoproterozoic Dextral Pull-apart Basin (Jifn Basin), NE Arabian Shield: Relationships to the Halaban-Zarghat (Najd) Fault System and the Closure of the Mozambique Ocean. Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting 2000.
244. Kusky, T., Matsah, M., 2003. Neoproterozoic Dextral Faulting on the Najd Fault System, Saudi Arabia, preceded sinistral faulting and escape tectonics related to closure of the Mozambique Ocean. In: Yoshida, M., Windley, B.F., Dasgupta, S., Powell, C. (Eds.), Proterozoic East Gondwana: Supercontinent Assembly and Breakup, vol. 206. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, pp. 327-361.
245. Kusky T.M., Ramadan T. Structural controls on Neoproterozoic mineralization in the SE Desert, Egypt. An integrated field, Landsat TM, and SIR C/X approach. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2002, 35:107-121.
246. Kusky T.M., Abdelsalam M., Stern R., Tucker R. Preface to special issue on the East African and Related Orogens, and the Assembly of Gondwana. Precambrian Research 2003, 123:81-85.
247. Küster D. Granitoid-hosted Ta mineralization in the Arabian-Nubian Shield: ore deposit types, tectono-metallogenic setting and petrogenetic framework. Ore Geology Reviews 2009, 35:68-86.
248. Küster D., Liégeois J.-P. Sr, Nd isotopes and geochemistry of the Bayuda Desert high-grade metamorphic basement (Sudan): an early Pan-African oceanic convergent margin, not the edge of the East Saharan ghost craton. Precambrian Research 2001, 109:1-23.
249. Küster, D., Romer, R.L., Tolessa, D., Zerihun, D., Bheemalingeswara, K., 2007. Geochemical evolution and age of the Kenticha tantalum pegmatite, southern Ethiopia. In: International Symposium on Granitic Pegmatites: The State of the Art, May 2007, Porto, Portugal, Abstracts Volume, pp. 50-51.
250. Küster D., Liégeois J.P., Matukov D., Sergeev S., Lucassen F. Zircon geochronology and Sr, Nd, Pb isotope geochemistry of granitoids from Bayuda Desert and Sabaloka (Sudan). Evidence for a Bayudian event (920-900Ma) preceding the Pan-African orogenic cycle (860-590Ma) at the eastern boundary of the Saharan Metacraton. Precambrian Research 2008, 164:16-39.
251. Le Guerroué L., Allen P.A., Cozzi A. Chemostratigraphic and sedimentological framework of the largest negative carbon isotopic excursion in Earth history: the Neoproterozoic Shuram Formation (Nafun Group, Oman). Precambrian Research 2006, 146:68-92.
252. Lemiszki P.J., Brown L.D. Variable crustal structure of strike-slip fault zones as observed on deep seismic reflection profiles. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1988, 100:665-676.
253. Lewis, C.J., 2009. A Structural, Geochronological and Geochemical Investigation of the Abt Schist; Ad Dawdimi Terrane, Central Saudi Arabia. University of Adelaide, Tectonics, Resources and Exploration, 88 p.
254. Lewis, R.S., Schull, H.W., 1994. Geology and gold mineralization of the An Najadi mineral belt and comparison to the Sukhaybarat gold mine, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Technical Report USGS-TR-94-6, 54 p.
255. Li Z.X., Powell C.M. Late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic paleomagnetism and the formation of Gondwanaland. Gondwana Eight 1993, 9-21. Balkema, Rotterdam. R.H. Findlay, R. Unrug, M.R. Banks, J.J. Veevers (Eds.).
256. Li Z.X., Bogdanova S.V., Collins A.S., Davidson A., De Waele B., Ernst R.E., Fitzsimons I.C.W., Fuck R.A., Gladkochub D.P., Jacobs J., Karlstrom K.E., Lu S., Natapov L.M., Pease V., Pisarevsky S.A., Thrane K., Vernikovsky V. Assembly, configuration, and break-up history of Rodinia: a synthesis. Precambrian Research 2007, 160:179-210.
257. Liégeois J.-P., Stern R.J. Sr-Nd isotopes and geochemistry of granite-gneiss complexes from the Meatiq and Hafafit domes, Eastern Desert, Egypt: no evidence for pre-Neoproterozoic crust. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2010, 57:31-40.
258. Liégois J.-P., Navez J., Hertogen J., Black R. Contrasting origin of post-collisional high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonotic versus alkaline and peralkaline granitoids. The use of sliding normalization. Lithos 1998, 45:1-28.
259. Loisell M.C., Wones D.R. Charcteristics and origin of anorogranic granites. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 1979, 11:468.
260. Loizenbauer J., Wallbrecher E., Fritz H., Neumayr P., Khudeir A.A., Kloetzli U. Structural geology, single zircon ages and fluid inclusion studies of the Meatiq metamorphic core complex: Implications for Neoproterozoic tectonics in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Precambrian Research 2001, 110:357-383.
261. Lundmark, A.M., Andresen, A., Hassan, M.A., Augland, L.E., Abu El-Rus, M.A., Baghdady, G.Y., 2011, Repeated magmatic pulses in the East African Orogen of Central Eastern Desert, Egypt: an old idea supported by new evidence. Gondwana Research.
262. Lutz, T.M., Foland, K.A., Friedman, I., Serencsits, C.M., 1978. Ages of Egyptian alkaline complexes and Sr and O isotope relations at the Abu Khruq Complex. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-101, pp. 265-267.
263. Malmgren, K., Andersson, W., 1994. Sukhaybarat gold mine. In: Collenette, P., Grainger, D.J. (Compilers), Mineral Resources of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Directorate General of Mineral Resources Special Publication DGMR-SP-2, pp. 111-115.
264. Martin, C., Roberts, R.J., Stoeser, D.B., 1979. Titaniferous Magnetite in the Layered Intrusive Complex at Lakathah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. USGS Saudi Project Report 238, 36 p.
265. Matsah, M., Kusky, T.M., 1999. Sedimentary facies of the Neoproterozoic Al-Jifn basin, NE Arabian shield: relationships to the Halaban-Zarghat (Najd) faults system and the closure of the Mozambique Ocean. In: Greiling, R. (Ed.), Pan-African of northern Africa-Arabia. Forschungszentrum Jülich. Geologisch-Palaeontoloigsches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitaet, Heidelberg, Proceedings of a Workshop, October 22-23, 1998.
266. Matsah M.I.M., Kusky T.M. Analysis of Landsat ratio imagery of the Halaban-Zarghat fault and related Jifn basin, NE Arabian shield: implications for the kinematic history of the Najd fault. Gondwana Research 2001, 4:182.
267. Meert J.G. A synopsis of events related to the assembly of eastern Gondwana. Tectonophysics 2002, 363:1-40.
268. Meert J.G., Lieberman B.S. The Neoproterozoic assembly of Gondwana and its relationship to the Ediacaran-Cambrian radiation. Gondwana Research 2008, 14:5-21.
269. Miller M.M., Dixon T.H. Late Proterozoic evolution of the N part of the Hamisana zone, NE Sudan: constraints on Pan-African accretionary tectonics. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1992, 149:743-750.
270. Miller N.R., Alene M., Sacchi R., Stern R.J., Conti A., Kröner A., Zuppi G. Significance of the Tambien Group (Tigrai, N. Ethiopia) for Snowball Earth events in the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Precambrian Research 2003, 121:263-283.
271. Miller N.R., Johnson P.R., Stern R.J. Marine versus non-marine environments for the Jibalah group, NW Arabian Shield: a sedimentologic and geochemical survey and report of possible metazoan in the Dhaiqa formation. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 2008, 33:55-77.
272. Moghazi A.M., Andersen T., Oweiss G.A., El-Bouseily A.M. Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data bearing on the origin of Pan-African granitoids in the Kid area, SE Sinai, Egypt. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1998, 155:697-710.
273. Moghazi A.M., Hassanen M.A., Mohammed F.H., Ali S. Late Neoproterozoic strongly peraluminous leucogranites, South Eastern Desert, Egypt - petrogenesis and geodynamic significance. Mineralogy and Petrology 2004, 81:19-41.
274. Mogren S., Al-Amri A.M., Al-Damegh K., Faihead D., Jassim S., Algamdi A. Sub-surface geometry of Ar Rika and Ruwah faults from gravity and magnetic surveys. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2008, 1:33-47.
275. Mohamed F.H., Moghazi A.M., Hassanen M.A. Geochemistry, petrogenesis and tectonic setting of late Neoproterozoic Dokhan-type volcanic rocks in the Fatira area, eastern Egypt. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2000, 88:764-777.
276. Möller A., Mezger K., Schenk V. Crustal age domains and the evolution of the continental crust in the Mozambique Belt of Tanzania: Combined Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr, and Pb-Pb isotopic evidence. Journal of Petrology 1998, 39:749-783.
277. Molnar P., Tapponnier P. Relation of the tectonics of eastern china to the India-Eurasia collision: application of slip-line field theory to large-scale continental tectonics. Geology 1977, 5:212-216.
278. Moore J.M. Tectonics of the Najd transcurrent fault system, Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1979, 136:441-454.
279. Moufti M.R.H. Age, geochemicstry, and origin of peraluminous A-type granitoids of the Ablah-Shuwas pluton, Ablah graben Arabian shield. Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica, Szeged 2001 2001, 42:5-20.
280. Moussa E.M.M., Stern R.J., Manton W.I., Ali K.A. SHRIMP zircon dating and Sm/Nd isotopic investigations of Neoproterozoic granitoids, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Precambrian Research 2008, 160:341-356.
281. Mushkin A., Navon O., Halitz L., Heimann A., Hartmann G., Stein M. The petrogenesis of A-type magmas from the Amram Massif, southern Israel. Journal of Petrology 2003, 44:815-832.
282. Nawab, Z.A., 1979, Geology of the Al Amar-Idsas Region of the Arabian Shield. Evolution and Mineralization of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Institute of Applied Geology Bulletin 3, v. 2, pp. 29-39.
283. Nettle, D., 2009. A Sequence Stratigraphic, Geochronological and Chemostratigraphic Investigation of the Ediacaran Antaq Basin, Eastern Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia, Geology and Geophysics. University of Adelaide, p. 83.
284. Neumayr P., Mogessie A., Hoinkes G., Puhl J. Geological setting of the Meatiq metamorphic core complex in the Eastern Desert of Egypt based on amphibolite geochemistry. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1996, 23:331-345.
285. Neumayr, P., Hoinkes, G., Puhl, J., Mogessie, A., 1996b. Polymetamorphism in the Meatiq basement complex (Eastern Desert, Egypt): P - T variations and implications for tectonic evolution. Geological Survey of Egypt, Centennial Symposium Abstracts, pp. 139-141.
286. Neumayr P., Hoinkes G., Puhl J., Mogessie A., Khudeir A.A. The Meatiq Dome, (Eastern Desert, Egypt) a Precambrian metamorphic core complex: petrological and geological evidences. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 1998, 16:259-279.
287. Nicholson, P.G., Janjou, D., Fanning, C.M., Heaman, L.M., Grotzinger, J.P., 2008. Deposition, age and Pan-African correlation of late Neoproterozoic outcrops in Saudi Arabia. In: Geo 2008: 8th Middle East Geoscience Conference and Exhibition, Manama, Bahrain, March 2-5, 2008.
288. Passchier, C., 2010. The Al Wajh shear zone system, NW Saudi Arabia. In: Pease, V., Kadi, K.A., Kozdroj, W. (Eds.), JEBEL Project October 2009 Field Excursion to the Midyan Terrane, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with Reports on Research by Participants of the JEBEL Project. Saudi Geological Survey Technical Report SGS-TR-2010-2, pp. 76-77.
289. Pearce J.A. Sources and settings of granitic rocks. Episodes 1996, 19:120-125.
290. Pearce J.A., Harris N.B.W., Tindle A.G. Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology 1984, 25:956-983.
291. Pellaton, C., 1985. Geologic Map of the Miskah Quadrangles, Sheet 24F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM-99, Scale 1:250,000, 23 p.
292. Pisarevsky, S.A., Murphy, J.B., Cawood, P.A., Collins, A.S., 2008. Late Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian palaeogeography: models and problems. In: Brito Neves, B.B., Trouw, R.A.J., de Wit, M.J., Pankhurst, R.J. (Eds.), Western Gondwana: Pre-Cenozoic Geology Bordering the S Atlantic. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, pp. 9-32.
293. Plimer I.R. Fundamental parameters for the formation of granite-related tin deposits. Geologische Rundschau 1987, 76:23-40.
294. Pouit, G., Elsass, P., Ferrand, A., Milesi, J.P., Sabir, H., 1984. Metallogenic Base Metal Studies: Review of Activity during 1980-1983 AD (1400-1403 A.H.). Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Open-File Report BRGM-OF-04-11, 74 p.
295. Raharimahefa T., Kusky T.M. Structural and remote sensing studies of the southern Betsisimarka suture, Madagascar. Gondwana Research 2006, 10:186-197.
296. Raharimahefa T., Kusky T.M. Temporal evolution of the Angavo and related shear zones in Gondwana. Constraints from LAMC-ICP-MS-U-PB zircon ages of granitoids and gneiss from central Madagascar. Precambrian Research 2010, 182:30-42. 10.1016/j.precamres.2010.06.013.
297. Ramsay C.R. Specialized felsic plutonic rocks of the Arabian Shield and their precursors. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1986, 4:153-168.
298. Ramsay C.R., Stoeser D.B., Drysdall A.R. Guide lines to classification and nomenclature of Arabian felsic plutonic rocks. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1986, 4:13-20.
299. Renne P.R., Mundil R., Balco G., Min K., Ludwig K.R. Joint determination of 40K decay constants and 40Ar/40K for the Fish canyon sanidine standard, and improved accuracy for 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2010, 74:5349-5367.
300. Ressetar R., Monrad J.R. Chemical composition and tectonic setting of the Dokhan Volcanic formation, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1983, 1:103-112.
301. Reymer A.P.S., Matthews A., Navon O. Pressure-temperature conditions in the Wadi Kid metamorphic complex: implications for the Pan-African event in SE Sinai. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1984, 85:336-345.
302. Rice A.H.N., Greiling R.O., Dardir A.A., Rashwan A.A., Sadek M.F. Pan-African extensional structures in the area S of the Hafafit Antiform, Eastern Desert of Egypt. Zentralblatt fur Geologie und Palaeontolgie Teil I 1992, 11:2641-2651.
303. Ries A.C., Shackleton R.M., Graham R.H., Fitches W.R. Pan African structures, ophiolites and mélange in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. A traverse at 26°N. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1983, 140:75-95.
304. Ries A.C., Shackleton R.M., Dawoud A.S. Geochronology, geochemistry, and tectonics of the NE Bayuda Desert, N. Sudan-implications for the western margin of the late Proterozoic fold belt of NW Africa. Precambrian Research 1985, 30:43-62.
305. Ring, U., Brandon, M.T., Willet, S.D., Lister, G.S., 1999. Exhumation processes. In: Ring, U., Grandon, M.T., Lister, G.S., Willet, S.D. (Eds.), Exhumation Processes. Normal Faulting, Ductile Flow and Erosion. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 154, pp. 1-27.
306. Sadek M.F. A structural synthesis of the Proterozoic Arabian-Shield in Egypt. Geologische Rundschau 1994, 83:484-501.
307. Samuel M.D., Moussa H.E., Azer M.K. A-type volcanics in central eastern Sinai, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2007, 47:203-226.
308. Sangster, D.F., Abdulhay, G.J.S., 2005, Base metal (Cu-Pb-Zn) mineralization in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Saudi Geological Survey (Jeddah), 128 p.
309. Schandelmeier H., Abdel Rahman E.M., Wipfler E., Küster D., Utke A., Matheis G. Late Proterozoic magmatism in the Nakasib suture, Red Sea Hills, Sudan. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1994, 151:485-497.
310. Schmidt, D.L., 1981. Geology of the Jabal Yafikh Quadrangle, Sheet 23/43B, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. US Geological Survey Saudi Arabian Mission Miscellaneous Documents 39, Scale 1:100,000, 99 p.
311. Schmidt D.L., Hadley D.G., Stoeser D.B. Late Proterozoic crustal history of the Arabian shield, southern Najd province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. King Abdulaziz University, Jiddah. Institute of Applied Geology Bulletin 1979, 3(2):41-58.
312. Sengör A.M.C., Natalin B.A. Paleotectonics of Asia: fragment of a synthesis. The Tectonics of Asia 1996, 486-640. Cambridge University Press, New York. A. Yin, T.M. Harrison (Eds.).
313. Shackleton R.M. Review of Late Proterozoic sutures, ophiolite melanges and tectonics of eastern Egypt and NE Sudan. Geologische Rundschau 1994, 83:537-546.
314. Shalaby A. The northern dome of Wadi Hafafit culmination, Eastern Desert, Egypt: structural setting in tectonic framework of a scissor-like wrench corridor. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2010, 57:227-241.
315. Shalaby A., Stüwe K., Makroum F., Frtiz H., Kebede T., Klötzli U. The Wadi Mubarak belt, Eastern Desert of Egypt: a Neoproterozoic conjugate shear system in the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Precambrian Research 2005, 136:27-50.
316. Shalaby A., Stüwe K., Fritz H., Makroum F. The El Mayah molasse basin in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2006, 45:1-15.
317. Sharland, P.R., Archer, R., Casey, D.M., Davies, R.B., Hall, S.H., Heward, A.P., Horbury, A.D., Simmons, M.D., 2001. Arabian Plate Sequence Stratigraphy. GeoArabia Special Publication 2, 371 p.
318. Shimron A.E. Evolution of the Kid Group, SE Sinai Peninsula: thrusts, mélange and implications for accretionary tectonics during Late Proterozoic of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Geology 1984, 12:242-247.
319. Shimron A.E. Pan-African metamorphism and deformation in the Wadi Kid region, SE Sinai Peninsula: evidence from porphyroblasts in the Umm Zariq Formation. Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 1987, 36:173-193.
320. Shimron A.E. The Red Sea line - a late-Proterozoic transcurrent fault. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1990, 11:95-112.
321. Sibson R.H. Earthquake rupturing as a mineralizing agent in hydrothermal systems. Geology 1987, 15:701-704.
322. Smith, A.G., 2009. Neoproterozoic timescales and stratigraphy. In: Craig, J., Thurow, J., Thusu, B., Whitham, A., Abutarrama, Y. (Eds.), Global Neoproterozoic Petroleum Systems: The Emerging Potential in N Africa. Geological Society, vol. 326, London, Special Publication, pp. 27-54. doi: 10.1144/SP326.2.
323. Smith, M., O'Conner, E., Nasr, B.B., 1998. Transpressional flower structures and escape tectonics: a new look at the Pan-African collision in the Eastern Desert, Egypt. In: Greiling, R.O. (Ed.), Workshop on the Pan-African of Northern Africa-Arabia, Geologisch-Palaeontologiches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls Universitaet, Heidelberg Germany, October 22-23.
324. Squire R.J., Campbell I.H., Allen C.M., Wilson C.J.L. Did the Transgondwanan Supermountain trigger the explosive radiation of animals on Earth?. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2006, 250:116-133.
325. SRK Consulting, 2007. An independent Mineral Experts' Report on the Gold Mining and Exploration Assets of Saudi Arabian Mining Company (Ma'aden). SRK Consulting Engineers and Scientists, Cardiff, 315 p (available on Ma'aden website).
326. Stacey J.S., Agar R.A. U-Pb isotopic evidence for the accretion of a continental micro plate in the Zalm region of the Saudi Arabian Shield. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1985, 142:1189-1203.
327. Stacey J.S., Hedge C.E. Geochronologic and isotopic evidence for early Proterozoic crust in the eastern Arabian Shield. Geology 1984, 12:310-313.
328. Stacey J.S., Stoeser D.B. Distribution of oceanic and continental leads in the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1984, 54:91-105.
329. Stacey J.S., Doe B.R., Roberts R.J., Delevaux M.H., Gramlich J.W. Lead isotope study of mineralization in the Saudi Arabian shield. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1980, 74:175-188.
330. Stacey J.S., Stoeser D.B., Greenwood W.R., Fischer L.B. U-Pb zircon geochronology and geologic evolution of the Halaban-Al Amar region of the eastern Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1984, 141:1043-1055.
331. Stern, R.J., 1979. Late Precambrian Ensimatic Volcanism in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, San Diego, 210 p.
332. Stern R.J. The Najd fault system, Saudi Arabia and Egypt: a late Precambrian rift-related transform system?. Tectonics 1985, 4:497-511.
333. Stern R.J. Arc assembly and continental collision in the Neoproterozoic East African Orogen: implications for the consolidation of Gondwanaland. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences 1994, 22:315-319.
334. Stern R.J. Crustal evolution in the East African Orogen: a neodymium isotopic perspective. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2002, 34:109-117.
335. Stern R.J., Abdelsalam M.G. Formation of juvenile continental crust in the Arabian-Nubian shield: evidence from granitic rocks of the Nakasib Suture, NE Sudan. Geologische Rundschau 1998, 87:150-160.
336. Stern R.J., Gottfried D. Petrogenesis of a Late Precambrian (575-600Ma) bimodal suite in the N Eastern Desert of Egypt. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1986, 92:492-501.
337. Stern R.J., Hedge C.E. Geochronologic and isotopic constraints on late Precambrian crustal evolution in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. American Journal of Science 1985, 285:97-172.
338. Stern R.J., Johnson P.R. Continental lithosphere of the Arabian Plate: a geologic, petrologic, and geophysical synthesis. Earth-Science Reviews 2010, 101:29-67.
339. Stern R.J., Manton W.I. Age of Feiran basement rocks, Sinai - implications for late Precambrian crustal evolution in the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1987, 144:569-575.
340. Stern R.J., Voegeli D.A. Geochemistry, geochronology, and petrogenesis of a late Precambrian (590Ma) composite dike from the N Eastern Desert of Egypt. Geologische Rundschau 1987, 76:325-341.
341. Stern R.J., Gottfried D., Hedge C.E. Late Precambrian rifting and crustal evolution in the northeastern Desert of Egypt. Geology 1984, 12:168-172.
342. Stern R.J., Kröner A., Manton W.I., Reischmann T., Mansour M., Hussein I.M. Geochronology of the late Precambrian Hamisana shear zone, Red Sea Hills, Sudan and Egypt. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1989, 146:1017-1029.
343. Stern, R.J., Ali, K.A., Andresen, A., Wilde, S., Abu-El-Ene, M., Hassan, I., 2010a. Results of Geochronological Investigations in Sinai Undertaken as Part of the 2008 JEBEL Field Trip. Saudi Geological Survey Technical Report - SGS-TR-2010-2, pp. 46-51.
344. Stern R.J., Ali K.A., Liégeois J.-P., Johnson P., Wiescek F., Kattan F. Distribution and significance of pre-Neoproterozoic zircons in juvenile Neoproterozoic igneous rocks of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. American Journal of Science 2010, 310:791-811.
345. Stockli D.F. Application of low-temperature thermochronometry to extensional tectonic settings. Review in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2005, 58:411-448.
346. Stoeser D.B. Distribution and tectonic setting of plutonic rocks of the Arabian Shield. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1986, 4:21-46.
347. Stoeser D.B., Camp E. Pan-African microplate accretion of the Arabian shield. Geological Society of America Bulletin 1985, 96:817-826.
348. Stoeser D.B., Frost C.D. Nd, Pb, Sr, and O isotopic characteristics of Saudi Arabian shield terranes. Chemical Geology 2006, 226:163-188.
349. Stoeser, D.B., Stacey, J.S., 1988. Evolution, U-Pb geochronology, and isotope geology of the Pan-African Nabitah orogenic belt of the Saudi Arabian Shield. In: El-Gaby, S., Greiling, R.O. (Eds.), The Pan-African belt of NE African and Adjacent Areas. Friedrich, Viewig and Sohn, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, pp. 227-288.
350. Stoeser D.B., Whitehouse M.J., Stacey J.S. The Khida terrane - geology of Paleoproterozoic rocks in the Muhayil area, eastern Arabian shield, Saudi Arabia. Gondwana Research 2001, 4:192-194.
351. Streckeisen A. To each plutonic rock its proper name. Earth Science Reviews 1976, 12:1-33.
352. Sturchio N.C., Sultan M., Batiza R. Geology and origin of Meatiq Dome, Egypt: a Precambrian metamorphic core complex?. Geology 1983, 11:72-76.
353. Sturchio N.C., Sultan M., Sylvester P., Batiza R., Hedge C., El Shazly E.M., Abdel-Maguid A. Geology, age, and origin of the Meatiq Dome - implications for the Precambrian stratigraphy and tectonic evolution of the Eastern Desert of Egypt. King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Earth Sciences Bulletin 1983, 6:127-143.
354. Sultan M., Arvidson R.E., Duncan I.J., Stern R., El Kaliouby B. Extension of the Najd Fault System from Saudi Arabia to the central Eastern Desert of Egypt based on integrated field and Landsat observations. Tectonics 1988, 7:1291-1306.
355. Tadesse T. Structure across a possible intra-oceanic suture zone in the low-grade Pan-African rocks of northern Ethiopia. Journal of African Earth Sciences 1996, 23:375-381.
356. Tadesse S., Milesi J.-P., Deschamps Y. Geology and mineral potential of Ethiopia: a note on geology and mineral map of Ethiopia. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2003, 36:273-313.
357. Tapponnier P., Molnar P. Slip-line field theory and large-scale continental tectonics. Nature 1976, 264:319-324.
358. Teklay M., Kröner A., Mezger K. Geochemistry, geochronology, and isotope geology of Nakfa intrusive rocks, northern Eritrea: products of a tectonically thickened Neoproterozoic arc crust. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2001, 3(33):283-301.
359. Tenczer V., Hauzenberger C.A., Fritz H., Whitehouse M.J., Mogessie A., Wallbrecher E., Muhongo S., Hoinkes G. ANosites in the Eastern Granulites of Tanzania-new SIMS zircon U-Pb age data, petrography and geochemistry. Precambrian Research 2006, 148:85-114.
360. Testard, J., 1983. Khnaiguiyah, a Synsedimentary Hydrothermal Deposit Comprising Cu-Zn-Fe Sulfides and Fe Oxides in an Ignimbritic Setting. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Open-File Report BRGM-OF-03-9, 106 p.
361. Tsige L., Abdelsalam M.G. Neoproterozoic-Early Paleozoic gravitational tectonic collapse in the southern part of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. The Bulbul Belt of southern Ethiopia. Precambrian Research 2005, 138:297-318.
362. Vickers-Rich, P., Kozdroj, W., Kattan, F.H., Leonov, M., Ivantsov, A., Johnson, P.R., et al., 2010. Reconnaissance for an Ediacaran Fauna, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Geological Survey Technical Report SGS-TR-2010-8, 42 p.
363. Volesky J.C., Stern R.J., Johnson P.R. Geological control of massive sulfide mineralization in the Neoproterozoic Wadi Bidah shear zone, southwestern Saudi Arabia, inferences from orbital remote sensing and field studies. Precambrian Research 2003, 123:235-247.
364. Walker, B.M., Lewis, R.S., Al Otaibi, R. Ben Talib, M. Christian, R., Gabriel, B.R., 1994. An Najadi Gold Prospect, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Geology and Gold-resource Assessment. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Technical Report USGS-TR-94-5, 89 p.
365. Wallace, C.A., 1986. Lithofacies and Depositional Environment of the Maraghan Formation, and Speculation on the Origin of Gold in Ancient Mines, an Najadi area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Open-File Report USGS-OF-06-6.19 p.
366. Whitehouse M.J., Windley B.F., Ba-Bttat M.A.O., Fanning C.M., Rex D.C. Crustal evolution and terrane correlation in the eastern Arabian shield, Yemen: Geochronologic constraints. Journal of the Geological Society, London 1998, 155:281-295.
367. Whitehouse M.J., Stoeser D.B., Stacey J.S. The Khida Terrane-Geochronological and isotopic evidence for Paleoproterozoic and Archean crust in the eastern Arabian shield of Saudi Arabia. Gondwana Research 2001, 4:200-202.
368. Wilde S.A., Youssef K. Significance of SHRIMP U-Pb dating of the imperial Porphyry and associated Dokhan Volcanics, Gebel Dokhan, N Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2000, 31:410-413.
369. Wilde S.A., Youssef K. A re-evaluation of the origin and setting of the Late Precambrian Hammamat Group based on SHRIMP U-Pb dating of detrital zircons from Gebel Umm Tawat, North Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of the Geological Society, London 2002, 159:595-604.
370. Williams, P.L., Vaslet, D., Johnson, P.R., Berthiaux, A., Le Strat, P., Fourniguet, J., 1986. Geologic Map of the Jabal Hibshi Quadrangle, Sheet 26F, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabian Deputy Ministry for Mineral Resources Geoscience Map GM-98, Scale 1:250,000, 52 p.
371. Willis K.M., Stern R.J., Clauer N. Age and geochemistry of late Precambrian sediments of the Hammamat series from the northeastern desert of Egypt. Precambrian Research 1988, 42:173-187.
372. Windley B.F., Whitehouse M.J., Ba-Bttat M.A.O. Early Precambrian gneiss terranes and Pan-African island arcs in Yemen: crustal accretion of the eastern Arabian Shield. Geology 1996, 24:131-134.
373. Worku H., Schandelmeier H. Tectonic evolution of the Neoproterozoic Adola Belt of southern Ethiopia: evidence for a Wilson cycle process and implications for oblique plate collision. Precambrian Research 1996, 77:179-210.
374. Yibas B., Reimold W.U., Armstrong R., Koeberl C., Anhaeusser C.R., Phillips D. The tectonostratigraphy, granitoid geochronology and geological evolution of the Precambrian of southern Ethiopia. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2002, 34:57-84.
375. Yihunie T., Tesfaye M. Structural evidence for the allochthonous nature of the Balbul terrane in southern Ethiopia: A west-verging thrust nappe. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2002, 34:85-93.
376. Youssef, K.M., 2005. The Age and Petrogenesis of the Major Rock Units at Gabal Gattar and Gabal El Dokhan, Northeastern Desert, Egypt. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Curtin University of Technology, 298 p.
377. Zahran A.M., Stewart, I.C.F., Johnson, P.R., Basahel, M.H., 2003. Aeromagnetic-anomaly maps of central and western Saudi Arabia. Saudi Geological Survey Open-File Report SGS-OF-2002-8, scale 1:2,000,000.
378. Zoheir B.A., Akawy A. Genesis of the Abu Marawat gold deposit, central Eastern Desert of Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 2010, 57:306-320.