Candidate genes for physical performance in the horse

Veterinary Journal

Volumn 190, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 39-48

  Schröder, Wiebke ^a   Klostermann, Andreas ^a   Distl, Ottmar ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE HANNOVER   (Germany)

Author keywords

Candidate genes; Equus caballus; Genetic polymorphisms; Genome; Pathway analysis; Performance

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE DEAMINASE; ALPHA ACTININ 3; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BRADYKININ B2 RECEPTOR; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; COLLAGEN TYPE 1; COLLAGEN TYPE 5; CREATINE KINASE MM; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 3 RECEPTOR; ENDOTHELIAL PAS DOMAIN PROTEIN 1; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; HFE PROTEIN; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1ALPHA; MUSCARINIC M2 RECEPTOR; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAIN KINASE; MYOSTATIN; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR DELTA; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; SOMATOMEDIN C; STROMELYSIN; TENASCIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRF1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRF2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR;

ACE GENE; ACTN3 GENE; AEROBIC METABOLISM; AMPD1 GENE; BDKRB2 GENE; BDNF GENE; CALCIUM SIGNALING; CHRM2 GENE; CHROMOSOME 12; CHROMOSOME 4; CKM GENE; COL1A1 GENE; COL5A1 GENE; CYTOSKELETON; DRD2 GENE; DRD3 GENE; EPAS1 GENE; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; FOCAL ADHESION; GENE; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GYS1 GENE; HEMODYNAMICS; HEREDITY; HFE GENE; HIF1A GENE; HORSE; HUMAN; IGF1 GENE; LIGAND BINDING; MMP3 GENE; MSTN GENE; MUSCLE METABOLISM; MUSCLE STRENGTH; MYLK GENE; NONHUMAN; NRF1 GENE; NRF2 GENE; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; PPARA GENE; PPARD GENE; REVIEW; SLC6A4 GENE; SYNTENY; TNC GENE; VDR GENE;

ANIMALS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION STUDIES; HORSES; HUMANS; MOTOR ACTIVITY; PHYSICAL EXERTION; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; SYNTENY;

EQUIDAE; EQUUS CABALLUS;

EID: 80053564545     PISSN: 10900233     EISSN: 15322971     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.09.029     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Ahmetov I.I., Mozhayskaya I.A., Flavell D.M., Astratenkova I.V., Komkova A.I., Lyubaeva E.V., Tarakin P.P., Shenkman B.S., Vdovina A.B., Netreba A.I., Popov D.V., Vinogradova O.L., Montgomery H.E., Rogozkin V.A. PPAR alpha gene variation and physical performance in Russian athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2006, 97:103-108.
2. Ahmetov I.I., Hakimullina A.M., Lyubaeva E.V., Vinogradova O.L., Rogozkin V.A. Effect of HIF1A gene polymorphism on human muscle performance. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 2008, 146:351-353.
3. An P., Teran-Garcia M., Rice T., Rankinen T., Weisnagel S.J., Bergman R.N., Boston R.C., Mandel S., Stefanovski D., Leon A.S., Skinner J.S., Rao D.C., Bouchard C. Genome-wide linkage scans for prediabetes phenotypes in response to 20 weeks of endurance exercise training in non-diabetic whites and blacks: the HERITAGE Family Study. Diabetologia 2005, 48:1142-1149.
4. Barrey E., Valette J.P., Jouglin M., Blouin C., Langlois B. Heritability of percentage of fast myosin heavy chains in skeletal muscles and relationship with performance. Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 1999, 30:289-292.
5. Bray M.S., Hagberg J.M., Pérusse L., Rankinen T., Roth S.M., Wolfarth B., Bouchard C. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2006-2007 update. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2009, 41:35-73.
6. Bryan A., Hutchison K.E., Seals D.R., Allen D.L. A transdisciplinary model integrating genetic, physiological, psychological correlates of voluntary exercise. Health Psychology 2007, 26:30-39.
7. Ceglia L. Vitamin D and skeletal muscle tissue and function. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 2008, 29:407-414.
8. Chicharro J.L., Hoyos J., Gómez-Gallego F., Villa J.G., Bandrés F., Celaya P., Jiménez F., Alonso J.M., Córdova A., Lucia A. Mutations in the hereditary haemochromatosis gene HFE in professional endurance athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2004, 38:418-421.
9. Clarkson P.M., Hoffman E.P., Zambraski E., Gordish-Dressman H., Kearns A., Hubal M., Harmon B., Devaney J.M. ACTN3 and MLCK genotype associations with exertional muscle damage. Journal of Applied Physiology 2005, 99:564-569.
10. Cohen B.A., Mitra R.D., Hughes J.D., Church G.M. A computational analysis of whole-genome expression data reveals chromosomal domains of gene expression. Nature Genetics 2000, 26:183-186.
11. Constantinopol M., Jones J.H., Weibel E.R., Taylor C.R., Lindholm A., Karas R.H. Oxygen transport during exercise in large mammals. II. Oxygen uptake by the pulmonary gas exchanger. Journal of Applied Physiology 1989, 67:871-878.
12. Danser A.H., Schalekamp M.A., Bax W.A., van den Brink A.M., Saxena P.R., Riegger G.A., Schunkert H. Angiotensin-converting enzyme in the human heart. Effect of the deletion/insertion polymorphism. Circulation 1995, 92:1387-1388.
13. Dennis G., Sherman B.T., Hosack D.A., Yang J., Gao W., Lane H.C., Lempicki R.A. DAVID: database for annotation, visualization, integrated discovery. Genome Biology 2003, 4:P3.
14. Echegaray M., Rivera M.A. Role of creatine kinase isoenzymes on muscular and cardiorespiratory endurance genetic and molecular evidence. Sports Medicine 2001, 31:919-934.
15. Eivers S.S., McGivney B.A., Fonseca R.G., MacHugh D.E., Menson K., Park S.D.E., Rivero J.L.L., Taylor C.T., Katz L.M., Hill E.W. Alterations in oxidative gene expression in equine skeletal muscle following exercise and training. Physiological Genomics 2010, 40:83-93.
16. Eynon N., Sagiv M., Meckel Y., Duarte J.A., Alves A.J., Yamin C., Sagiv M., Goldhammer E., Oliveira J. NRF2 intron 3 A/G polymorphism is associated with endurance athletes' status. Journal of Applied Physiology 2009, 11:1147-1152.
17. Eynon N., Alves A.J., Meckel Y., Yamin C., Ayalon M., Sagiv M., Sagiv M. Is the interaction between HIF1A P582S and ACTN3 R577X determinant for power/sprint performance?. Metabolism 2010, 59:861-865.
18. Gleyzer N., Vercauteren K., Scarpulla R.C. Control of mitochondrial transcription specificity factors (TFB1M and TFB2M) by nuclear respiratory factors (NRF-1 and NRF-2) and PGC-1 family coactivators. Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 2005, 25:1354-1366.
19. Gu J., Orr N., Park S.D., Katz L.M., Sulimova G., MacHugh D.E., Hill E.W. A genome scan for positive selection in thoroughbred horses. PLoS One 2009, 4:e5767.
20. Hautala A.J., Rankinen T., Kiviniemi A.M., Mäkikallio T.H., Huikuri H.V., Bouchard C., Tulppo M.P. Heart rate recovery after maximal exercise is associated with acetylcholine receptor M2 (CHRM2) gene polymorphism. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2006, 291:459-466.
21. Hautala A.J., Leon A.S., Skinner J.S., Rao D.C., Bouchard C., Rankinen T. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta polymorphisms are associated with physical performance and plasma lipids: the HERITAGE Family Study. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2007, 292:2498-2505.
22. He Z., Hu Y., Feng L., Lu Y., Liu G., Xi Y., Wen L., McNaughton L.R. NRF2 genotype improves endurance capacity in response to training. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2007, 28:717-721.
23. He Z., Hu Y., Feng L., Li Y., Liu G., Xi Y., Wen L., Lucia A. NRF-1 genotypes and endurance exercise capacity in young Chinese men. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2008, 42:361-366.
24. Henderson J., Withford-Cave J.M., Duffy D.L., Cole S.J., Sawyer N.A., Gulbin J.P., Hahn A., Trent R.J., Yu B. The EPAS1 gene influences the aerobic-anaerobic contribution in elite endurance athletes. Human Genetics 2005, 118:416-423.
25. Hill E.W., Gu J., Eivers S.S., Fonseca R.G., McGivney B.A., Govindarajan P., Orr N., Katz L.M., MacHugh D. A sequence polymorphism in MSTN predicts sprinting ability and racing stamina in thoroughbred horses. PloS One 2010, 5:e8645.
26. Hodgson D.R., Davis R.E., McConaghy F.F. Thermoregulation in the horse in response to exercise. The British Veterinary Journal 1994, 150:219-235.
27. Hopkinson N.S., Li K.W., Kehoe A., Humphries S.E., Roughton M., Moxham J., Montgomery H., Polkey M.I. Vitamin D receptor genotypes influence quadriceps strength in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008, 87:385-390.
28. Huygens W., Thomis M.A.I., Peeters M.W., Aerssens J., Vlietinck R., Beunen G.P. Quantitative trait loci for human muscle strength: linkage analysis of myostatin pathway genes. Physiological Genomics 2005, 22:390-397.
29. Jones A., Woods D.R. Skeletal muscle RAS and exercise performance. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 2003, 35:855-866.
30. Kasashima Y., Takahashi T., Smith R.K.W., Goodship A.E., Kuwano A., Ueno T., Hirano S. Prevalence of superficial digital flexor tendonitis and suspensory desmitis in Japanese Thoroughbred flat racehorses in 1999. Equine Veterinary Journal 2004, 36:346-350.
31. Kayar S., Hoppeler H., Lindstedt S., Claassen H., Jones J., Essen-Gustavsson B., Taylor C. Total muscle mitochondrial volume in relation to aerobic capacity of horses and steers. European Journal of Physiology 1989, 413:343-347.
32. Kearns C.F., McKeever K.H., Abe T. Overview of horse body composition and muscle architecture: implications for performance. The Veterinary Journal 2002, 164:224-234.
33. Kelly D.P., Scarpulla R.C. Transcriptional regulatory circuits controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Genes & Development 2004, 18:357-368.
34. Khoschnau S., Melhus H., Jacobson A., Rahme H., Bengtsson H., Ribom E., Grundberg E., Mallmin H., Michaëlsson K. Type I collagen alpha1 Sp1 polymorphism and the risk of cruciate ligament ruptures or shoulder dislocations. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2008, 36:2432-2436.
35. Kostek M.C., Delmonico M.J., Reichel J.B., Roth S.M., Douglass L., Ferrell R.E., Hurley B.F. Muscle strength response to strength training is influenced by insulin-like growth factor 1 genotype in older adults. Journal of Applied Physiology 2005, 98:2147-2154.
36. Kulikova M.A., Maliuchenko N.V., Timofeeva M.A., Shleptsova V.A., Shchegol'kova Iu.A., Vediakov A.M., Tonevitskii A.G. Polymorphisms of the main genes of neurotransmitter systems: I. The dopaminergic system. Human Physiology 2007, 33:752-758.
37. Lacombe V.A., Hinchcliff K.W., Geor R.J., Baskin C.R. Muscle glycogen depletion and subsequent replenishment affect anaerobic capacity of horses. Journal of Applied Physiology 2001, 91:1782-1790.
38. Lindner A.E. Relationships between racing times of Standardbreds and v4 and v200. Journal of Animal Science 2010, 88:950-954.
39. Lindner A.E., Mosen H., Kissenbeck S., Fuhrmann H., Sallmann H.P. Effect of blood lactate-guided conditioning of horses with exercises of differing durations and intensities on heart rate and biochemical blood variables. Journal of Animal Science 2009, 87:3211-3217.
40. Lippi G., Longo U.G., Maffulli N. Genetics and sports. British Medical Bulletin 2009, 93:27-47.
41. Lucia A., Gómez-Gallego F., Barroso I., Rabadán M., Bandrés F., San Juan A.F., Chicharro J.L., Ekelund U., Brage S., Earnest C.P., Wareham N.J., Franks P.W. PPARGC1A genotype (Gly482Ser) predicts exceptional endurance capacity in European men. Journal of Applied Physiology 2005, 99:344-348.
42. MacArthur D.G., North K.N. A gene for speed? The evolution and function of alpha-actinin-3. Bioessays 2004, 26:786-795.
43. MacArthur D.G., Seto J.T., Chan S., Quinlan K.G., Raftery J.M., Turner N., Nicholson M.D., Kee A.J., Hardeman E.C., Gunning P.W., Cooney G.J., Head S.I., Yang N., North K.N. An Actn3 knockout mouse provides mechanistic insights into the association between alpha-actinin-3 deficiency and human athletic performance. Human Molecular Genetics 2008, 17:1076-1086.
44. Magra M., Maffulli N. Genetic aspects of tendinopathy. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2008, 11:243-247.
45. Mason S.D., Rundqvist H., Papandreou I., Duh R., McNulty W.J., Howlett R.A., Olfert I.M., Sundberg C.J., Denko N.C., Poellinger L., Johnson R.S. HIF-1alpha in endurance training: suppression of oxidative metabolism. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 2007, 293:2059-2069.
46. Matsakas A., Patel K. Intracellular signalling pathways regulating the adaptation of skeletal muscle to exercise and nutritional changes. Histology and Histopathology 2009, 24:209-222.
47. McCue M.E., Valberg S.J., Jackson M., Borgia L., Lucio M., Mickelson J.R. Polysaccharide storage myopathy phenotype in quarter horse-related breeds is modified by the presence of an RYR1 mutation. Neuromuscular Disorders 2009, 19:37-43.
48. McGivney B., Eivers S., MacHugh D., MacLeod J., O'Gorman G., Park S., Katz L., Hill E. Transcriptional adaptations following exercise in Thoroughbred horse skeletal muscle highlights molecular mechanisms that lead to muscle hypertrophy. BMC Genomics 2009, 10:638.
49. McNeill A.R. Why mammals gallop. American Zoologist 1988, 28:237-245.
50. Minetti A.E., Ardigo L.P., Reinach E., Saibene F. The relationship between mechanical work and energy expenditure of locomotion in horses. Journal of Experimental Biology 1999, 202:2329-2338.
51. Mokone G.G., Gajjar M., September A.V., Schwellnus M.P., Greenberg J., Noakes T.D., Collins M. The guanine-thymine dinucleotide repeat polymorphism within the tenascin-C gene is associated with Achilles tendon injuries. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2005, 33:1016-1021.
52. Momozawa Y., Takeuchi Y., Kusunose R., Kikusui T., Mori Y. Association between equine temperament and polymorphisms in dopamine D4 receptor gene. Mammalian Genome 2005, 16:538-544.
53. Momozawa Y., Takeuchi Y., Tozaki T., Kikusui T., Hasegawa T., Raudsepp T., Chowdhary B.P., Kusunose R., Mori Y. Polymorphism identification, RH mapping, association analysis with the anxiety trait of the equine serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) gene. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 2006, 68:619-621.
54. Morisaki T., Gross M., Morisaki H., Pongratz D., Zöllner N., Holmes E.W. Molecular basis of AMP deaminase deficiency in skeletal muscle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1992, 89:6457-6461.
55. Mosher D.S., Quignon P., Bustamante C.D., Sutter N.B., Mellersh C.S., Parker H.G., Ostrander E.A. A mutation in the myostatin gene increases muscle mass and enhances racing performance in heterozygote dogs. PLoS Genetics 2007, 3:e79.
56. Muniesa C.A., González-Freire M., Santiago C., Lao J.I., Buxens A., Rubio J.C., Martín M.A., Arenas J., Gomez-Gallego F., Lucia A. World-class performance in lightweight rowing: is it genetically influenced? A comparison with cyclists, runners and non-athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2010, 10.1136/bjsm.2008.051680.
57. Myerson S., Hemingway H., Budget R., Martin J., Humphries S., Montgomery H. Human angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene and endurance performance. Journal of Applied Physiology 1999, 87:1313-1316.
58. Nazarov I.B., Woods D.R., Montgomery H.E., Shneider O.V., Kazakov V.I., Tomilin N.V., Rogozkin V.A. The angiotensin converting enzyme I/D polymorphism in Russian athletes. European Journal of Human Genetics 2001, 9:797-801.
59. Prior S.J., Hagberg J.M., Phares D.A., Brown M.D., Fairfull L., Ferrell R.E., Roth S.M. Sequence variation in hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF1A): association with maximal oxygen consumption. Physiological Genomics 2003, 15:20-26.
60. Prior S.J., Hagberg J.M., Paton C.M., Douglass L.W., Brown M.D., McLenithan J.C., Roth S.M. DNA sequence variation in the promoter region of the VEGF gene impacts VEGF gene expression and maximal oxygen consumption. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology 2006, 290:1848-1855.
61. Raleigh S.M., van der Merwe L., Ribbans W.J., Smith R.K.W., Schwellnus M.P., Collins M. Variants within the MMP3 gene are associated with Achilles tendinopathy: possible interaction with the COL5A1 gene. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2009, 43:514-520.
62. Rico-Sanz J., Rankinen T., Joanisse D.R., Leon A.S., Skinner J.S., Wilmore J.H., Rao D.C., Bouchard C. Associations between cardiorespiratory responses to exercise and the C34T AMPD1 gene polymorphism in the HERITAGE Family Study. Physiological Genomics 2003, 14:161-166.
63. Rigat B., Hubert C., Alhenc-Gelas F., Cambien F., Corvol P., Soubrier F. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1990, 86:1343-1346.
64. Rivero J.L., Henckel P. Muscle biopsy index for discriminating between endurance horses with different performance records. Research in Veterinary Science 1996, 61:49-54.
65. Ruiz J.R., Gómez-Gallego F., Santiago C., González-Freire M., Verde Z., Foster C., Lucia A. Is there an optimum endurance polygenic profile?. Journal of Physiology 2009, 587:1527-1534.
66. Ruiz J.R., Arteta D., Buxens A., Artieda M., Gómez-Gallego F., Santiago C., Yvert T., Morán M., Lucia A. Can we identify a power-oriented polygenic profile?. Journal of Applied Physiology 2010, 108:561-566.
67. Saunders C.J., Xenophontos S.L., Cariolou M.A., Anastassiades L.C., Noakes T.D., Collins M. The bradykinin beta 2 receptor (BDKRB2) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) genes and endurance performance during Ironman Triathlons. Human Molecular Genetics 2006, 15:979-987.
68. Scott R.A., Irving R., Irwin L., Morrison E., Charlton V., Austin K., Tladi D., Deason M., Headley S.A., Kolkhorst F.W., Yang N., North K., Pitsiladis Y.P. ACTN3 and ACE genotypes in elite Jamaican and US sprinters. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2010, 42:107-112.
69. Semenza G.L. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1: master regulator of O2 homeostasis. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 1998, 8:588-594.
70. Semenza G.L. HIF-1 and human disease: one highly involved factor. Genes & Development 2000, 14:1983-1991.
71. September A.V., Schwellnus M.P., Collins M. Tendon and ligament injuries: the genetic component. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2007, 41:241-246.
72. September A.V., Cook J., Handley C.J., van der Merwe L., Schwellnus M.P., Collins M. Variants within the COL5A1 gene are associated with Achilles tendinopathy in two populations. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2009, 43:357-365.
73. Shiuchi T., Cui T.-X., Wu L., Nakagami H., Takeda-Matsubara Y., Iwai M., Horiuchi M. ACE inhibitor improves insulin resistance in diabetic mouse via bradykinin and NO. Hypertension 2002, 40:329-334.
74. Soung Y.H., Lee J.W., Kim S.Y., Nam S.W., Park W.S., Lee J.Y., Yoo N.J., Lee S.H. Mutational analysis of the kinase domain of MYLK2 gene in common human cancers. Pathology, Research and Practice 2006, 202:137-140.
75. Tarnopolsky M.A. Mitochondrial DNA shifting in older adults following resistance exercise training. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism 2009, 34:348-354.
76. Tobina T., Michishita R., Yamasawa F., Zhang B., Sasaki H., Tanaka H., Saku K., Kiyonaga A. Association between the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and endurance running speed in Japanese runners. The Journal of Physiological Sciences 2010, 10.1007/s12576-010-0100-4.
77. Trilk J.L., Lindner A.J., Greene H.M., Alberghina D., Wickler S.J. A lactate-guided conditioning programme to improve endurance performance. Equine Veterinary Journal, Suppl. 2002, 34:122-125.
78. Valberg S.J., McCue M.E., Lucio M., Mickelson J.R. Breeds of horses positive for the GYS1 mutation associated with polysaccharide storage myopathy. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 2009, 29:312-313.
79. Vincent B., De Bock K., Ramaekers M., Van den Eede E., Van Leemputte M., Hespel P., Thomis M.A. ACTN3 (R577X) genotype is associated with fiber type distribution. Physiological Genomics 2007, 32:58-63.
80. Wade C.M., Giulotto E., Sigurdsson S., Zoli M., Gnerre S., Imsland F., Lear T.L., Adelson D.L., Bailey E., Bellone R.R., Blöcker H., Distl O., Edgar R.C., Garber M., Leeb T., Mauceli E., MacLeod J.N., Penedo M.C., Raison J.M., Sharpe T., Vogel J., Andersson L., Antczak D.F., Biagi T., Binns M.M., Chowdhary B.P., Coleman S.J., Della Valle G., Fryc S., Guérin G., Hasegawa T., Hill E.W., Jurka J., Kiialainen A., Lindgren G., Liu J., Magnani E., Mickelson J.R., Murray J., Nergadze S.G., Onofrio R., Pedroni S., Piras M.F., Raudsepp T., Rocchi M., Røed K.H., Ryder O.A., Searle S., Skow L., Swinburne J.E., Syvänen A.C., Tozaki T., Valberg S.J., Vaudin M., White J.R., Zody M.C., Broad Institute Genome Sequencing Platform, Broad Institute Whole Genome Assembly Team, Lander E.S., Lindblad-Toh K. Genome sequence, comparative analysis, population genetics of the domestic horse. Science 2009, 326:865-867.
81. Williams A.G., Folland J.P. Similarity of polygenic profiles limits the potential for elite human physical performance. Journal of Physiology 2007, 586:113-121.
82. Williams A.G., Dhamrait S.S., Wootton P.T.E., Day S.H., Hawe E., Payne J.R., Myerson S.G., World M., Budgett R., Humphries S.E., Montgomery H.E. Bradykinin receptor gene variant and human physical performance. Journal of Applied Physiology 2004, 96:938-942.
83. Wolfarth B., Rankinen T., Mühlbauer S., Scherr J., Boulay M.R., Pérusse L., Rauramaa R., Bouchard C. Association between a beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphism and elite endurance performance. Metabolism 2007, 56:1649-1651.
84. Yang N., MacArthur D.G., Gulbin J.P., Hahn A.G., Beggs A.H., Easteal S., North K. ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance. American Journal of Human Genetics 2003, 73:627-631.
85. Zhou D.Q., Hu Y., Liu G., Gong L., Xi Y., Wen L. Muscle-specific creatine kinase gene polymorphism and running economy responses to an 18-week 5000-m training programme. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2006, 40:988-991.