The relationship between mechanical work and energy expenditure of locomotion in horses

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 202, Issue 17, 1999, Pages 2329-2338

  Minetti, A E ^a,b   Ardigo L P ^a   Reinach, E ^a   Saibene, F ^a  

^a CNR   (Italy)

^b MANCHESTER METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Efficiency; Energetics; Horse; Locomotion

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOMECHANICS; ENERGY METABOLISM; HISTOLOGY; HORSE; LOCOMOTION; PHYSIOLOGY; RUNNING; WALKING;

ANIMALS; BIOMECHANICS; ENERGY METABOLISM; HORSES; LOCOMOTION; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; RUNNING; WALKING;

ANIMALIA; EQUIDAE; EQUUS CABALLUS; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0033198427     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Abbott, B. C., Bigland, B. and Ritchie, J. M. (1952). The physiological cost of negative work. J. Physiol., Lond. 117, 380-390.
2. Alexander, R. McN. (1988a). Why mammals gallop. Am. Zool. 28, 237-245.
3. Alexander, R. McN. (1988b). Elastic Mechanisms in Animal Movement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Alexander, R. McN. (1989). Optimization and gaits in the locomotion of vertebrates. Physiol. Rev. 69, 1199-1227.
5. Buchner, H. H. F., Savelberg, H. H. C. M., Schamhardt, H. C. and Barneveld, A. (1997). Inertial properties of Dutch Warmblood horses. J. Biomech. 30, 653-658.
6. Butler, P. J., Woakes, A. J., Smale, K., Roberts, C. A., Hillidge, C. J., Snow, D. H. and Marlin, D. J. (1993). Respiratory and cardiovascular adjustments during exercise of increasing intensity and during recovery in Thoroughbred racehorses. J. Exp. Biol. 179, 159-180.
7. Cavagna, G. A., Heglund, N. C. and Taylor, C. R. (1977). Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure. Am. J. Physiol. 233, R243-R261.
8. Cavagna, G. A. and Kaneko, M. (1977). Mechanical work and efficiency in level walking and running. J. Physiol., Lond. 268, 467-481.
9. Cavagna, G. A., Saibene, F. P. and Margaria, R. (1964). Mechanical work in running. J. Appl. Physiol. 19, 249-256.
10. Cavagna, G. A., Thys, H. and Zamboni, A. (1976). The sources of external work in level walking and running. J. Physiol., Lond. 262, 639-657.
11. D'Amico, M. and Ferrigno, G. (1990). Technique for the evaluation of derivatives from noisy biomechanical displacement data using a model based bandwidth-selection procedure. Med. Biol. Eng. Comp. 28, 407-415.
12. D'Arcy Thompson, W. (1961). On Growth and Form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13. Dimery, N. J., Alexander, R.McN. and Ker, R. F. (1986). Elastic extension of the leg tendons in the locomotion of horses (Equus caballus). J. Zool., Lond., 205, 415-425.
14. Eaton, M. D., Evans, D. L., Hodgson, D. R. and Reuben, J. R. (1995). Effect of treadmill incline and speed on metabolic rate during exercise in Thoroughbred horses. J. Appl. Physiol. 79, 951-957.
15. Farley, C. T. and Taylor, C. R. (1991). A mechanical trigger for the trot-gallop transition in horses. Science 253, 306-308.
16. Fedak, M. A., Heglund, N. C. and Taylor, C. R. (1981). Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. II. Kinetic energy changes of the limbs and body as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. J. Exp. Biol. 97, 23-40.
17. Full, R. J. (1991). The concepts of efficiency and economy in land locomotion. In Efficiency and Economy in Animal Physiology (ed. E. W. Blake), pp. 97-131, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
18. Heglund, N. C., Cavagna, G. A. and Taylor, C. R. (1982). Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. III. Energy changes of the centre of mass as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. J. Exp. Biol. 97, 41-56.
19. Hildebrand, M. (1994). Analysis of Vertebrate Structure, 4th edn. New York: Wiley.
20. Hoyt, D. F. and Taylor, C. R. (1981). Gait and the energetics of locomotion in horses. Nature 292, 239-240.
21. Ker, R. F., Bennet, M. B., Bibby, S. R., Kester, R. C. and Alexander, R. McN. (1987). The spring in the arch of the human foot. Nature 325, 147-149.
22. Kram, R. and Taylor, C. R. (1990). Energetics of running: a new perspective. Nature 346, 265-266.
23. O2 kinetics in the horse during moderate and heavy exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 83, 1235-1241.
24. Minetti, A. E. (1995). Optimum gradient of mountain paths. J. Appl. Physiol. 79, 1698-1703.
25. Minetti, A. E. (1998a). The biomechanics of skipping gaits: a third locomotion paradigm? Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265, 1227-1235.
26. Minetti, A. E. (1998b). A model equation for the prediction of mechanical internal work of terrestrial locomotion. J. Biomech. 31, 463-468.
27. Minetti, A. E., Ardigò, L. P. and Saibene, F. (1993). Mechanical determinants of gradient walking energetics in man. J. Physiol., Lond. 472, 725-736.
28. Minetti, A. E., Ardigó, L. P. and Saibene, F. (1994). Mechanical determinants of the minimum energy cost of gradient running. J. Exp. Biol. 195, 211-225.
29. Pennycuick, C. J. (1975). On the running of the gnu (Connochaetes taurinus) and other animals. J. Exp. Biol. 63, 775-799.
30. Potard, U. S., Leith, D. E. and Fedde, M. R. (1998). Force, speed and oxygen consumption in Thoroughbred and draft horses. J. Appl. Physiol. 84, 2052-2059.
31. Roberts, T. J., Marsh, E. L., Weyand, P. G. and Taylor, C. R. (1997). Muscular force in running turkeys: the economy of minimizing work. Science 275, 1113-1115.
32. Schmidt-Nielsen, K. (1984). Scaling: Why is Animal Size so Important? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
33. Taylor, C. R. (1994). Relating mechanics and energetics during exercise. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med. 38A, 181-215.
34. Taylor, C. R., Heglund, N. C. and Maloiy, G. M. O. (1982). Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. I. Metabolic energy consumption as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. J. Exp. Biol. 97, 1-21.
35. Taylor, C. R., Maloiy, G. M. O., Weibel, E. R., Langman, V. A., Kamau, J. M. Z., Seeherman, H. J. and Heglund, N. C. (1981). Design of the mammalian respiratory system. III. Scaling maximum aerobic capacity to body mass: wild and domestic mammals. Respir. Physiol. 44, 25-37.
36. Wagner, P. D., Gillespie, J. R., Landgren, G. L., Fedde, M. R., Jones, B. W., Debowes, R. M., Pieschl, R. L. and Erikson, H. H. (1989). Mechanism of exercise-induced hypoxemia in horses. J. Appl. Physiol. 66, 1227-1233.
37. Woledge, R. C., Curtin, N. A. and Homsher, E. (1985). Energetic Aspects of Muscle Contraction. London: Academic Press.