Overview of horse body composition and muscle architecture: Implications for performance

Veterinary Journal

Volumn 164, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 224-234

  Kearns, C F ^a   McKeever, Kenneth H ^a,c   Abe, T ^b  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TOKYO METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c Equine Exercise Physiol Laboratory   (United States)

Author keywords

Fat mass; Muscle architecture; Muscle mass; Performance

Indexed keywords

WATER;

ANIMAL CARE; ANIMAL HEALTH; BIOENERGY; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY CONSTITUTION; CADAVER; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISSECTION; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; ECHOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HORSE; HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE; IMPEDANCE; LOCOMOTION; MUSCLE FORCE; MUSCLE FUNCTION; MUSCLE MASS; MUSCLE STRENGTH; NONHUMAN; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; REVIEW; SAFETY; SCORING SYSTEM; SKELETAL MUSCLE; TOTAL BODY WATER;

ANIMALS; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY WEIGHT; HORSES; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MUSCLE, SKELETAL;

EQUIDAE; EQUUS CABALLUS;

EID: 0345814279     PISSN: 10900233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/tvjl.2001.0702     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Abe T. Brechue W. F. Fujita S. Brown J. B. Gender differences in FFM accumulation and architectural characteristics of muscle Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 30 1998 1066-1070
2. Abe T. Kumagai K. Brechue W. F. Fascicle length of leg muscles is greater in sprinters than distance runners Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 32 2000 1125-1129
3. Andrews F. M. Nadeau J. A. Sasbye L. Saxton A. M. Measurement of total body water content in horses, using deuterium oxide dilution American Journal of Veterinary Research 58 1997 1060-1064
4. Barnard R. J. Grimditch G. K. Wilmore J. H. Physiological characteristics of sprint and endurance Masters runners Medicine in Science and Sports 11 1979 167-171
5. Biewener A. Rizzo N. A. Elastic energy storage in the horse American Zoology 29 1989 182a
6. Brozek J. Grande F. Anderson T. Keys A. Densitometric analysis of body composition: revision of some quantitative assumptions Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 110 1963 113-140
7. Burkholder T. J. Fingado B. Baron S. Lieber R. L. Relationship between muscle fiber types and sizes and muscle architecture properties in the mouse hindlimb Journal of Morphology 221 1994 177-190
8. Buskirk E. R. Taylor H. L. Maximal oxygen intake and its relation to body composition with special reference to chronic physical activity and obesity Journal of Applied Physiology 11 1957 72-78
9. Carroll C. L. Huntington P. J. Body condition scoring and weight estimation of horses Equine Veterinary Journal 20 1988 41-45
10. Cureton K. J. Effects of experimental alterations in excess weight on physiological responses to exercise and physical performance Body Composition and Physical Performance 1992 National Academy Press Washington p. 71-88
11. Cureton K. J. Sparling P. B. Distance running performance and metabolic responses to running in men and women with excess weight experimentally equated Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 12 1980 288-294
12. Deason J. Powers S. K. Lawler J. Ayers J. Stuart K. Physiological correlates to 800 meter running performance Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 31 1991 499-504
13. Dobec R. L. Borger M. L. Neal S. M. Correlation of real-time ultrasonic measure of fat and longissimus muscle area in standardbred horses with lifetime racing records and lifetime winnings Journal of Animal Science 72(suppl 2) 1994 45
14. Elser A. H. Jackson S. G. Lew J. P. Baker J. P. Comparison of estimated total body in the equine from ethanol dilution and from carcass analysis Proceedings of the 8th Equine Nutrition and Physiology Symposium 1983 p. 61-6
15. Forro M. Cieslar S. Ecker G. L. Walzak A. Hahn J. Lindinger M. I. Total body water and ECFV measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis and indicator dilution in horses Journal of Applied Physiology 89 2000 663-671
16. Freeman L. M. Kehayias J. J. Roubenoff R. Use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to measure lean body mass, body fat, and bone mineral content (BMC) in dogs and cats Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 10 1996 99-100
17. Grier S. J. Turner A. S. Alvis M. R. The use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in animals Investigative Radiology 31 1996 50-62
18. Gross D. K. Morley P. S. Hinchcliff K. W. Wittum T. E. Effect of furosemide on performance of Thoroughbreds racing in the United States and Canada Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association 215 1999 670-675
19. Gunn H. M. Total fibre number in cross sections of the semitendinosus in athletic and non-athletic horses and dogs Journal of Anatomy 128 1979 821-828
20. Gunn H. M. Morphological attributes associated with speed of running in horses. In Snow D. H. Persson S. G.B. Rose R. J. (Eds.), Equine Exercise Physiology Proceedings of the First International Conference 1983 271-274 Burlington Press Ltd Cambridge
21. Gunn H. M. Muscle, bone and fat proportions and the muscle distribution of Thoroughbreds and other horses. In Gillespie J. R. Robinson N. E. (Eds.), Equine Exercise Physiology 2 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Equine Exercise Physiology 1987 253-264 ICEEP Davis
22. Henneke D. R. Potter G. D. Kreider J. L. Yeates B. F. Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares Equine Veterinary Journal 15 1983 371-372
23. Hermanson J. W. Architecture and the division of labor in the extensor carpi radialis muscle of horses Acta Anatomica 159 1997 127-135
24. Hermanson J. W. Hurley K. J. Architectural and histochemical analysis of the biceps brachii muscle of the horse Acta Anatomica 137 1990 146-156
25. Hermanson J. W. Cobb M. A. Four forearm flexor muscles of the horse, Equus caballus: Anatomy and histochemistry Journal of Morphology 212 1992 269-280
26. Hermanson J. W. Hegemann-Monachelli M. T. Laframboise W. A. Correlation of myosin isoforms with anatomical divisions in equine musculus biceps brachii Acta Anatomica 141 1991 369-376
27. Hettinger T. H. Muller E. A. Muskelleistung und musketrainug Arbeitsphysiologie 15 1953 111-126
28. Hill A. V. The dimensions of animals and their dynamics Proceedings of the Royal Institute of Great Britain 34 1950 450
29. Hinchcliff K. W. McKeever K. H. Frusemide and weight carriage alter the acid : base responses of horses to incremental and to brief intense exertion Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 30 1999 375-379
30. Hinchcliff K. W. McKeever K. H. Muir W. W. Sams R. A. Furosemide reduces accumulated oxygen deficit in horses during brief intense exertion Journal of Applied Physiology 81 1996 1550-1554
31. Julian L. M. Lawrence J. H. Berlin N. I. Blood volume, body water and body fat of the horse Journal of Applied Physiology 8 1956 651-653
32. Kane R. A. Fisher M. Parrett D. Lawrence L. M. Estimating fatness in horses Proceedings of the 10th Equine Nutrition and Physiology Symposium 1987 p. 127-31
33. Kawakami Y. Abe T. Kuno S. Fukunaga T. Training-induced changes in muscle architecture and specific tension European Journal of Applied Physiology 72 1995 37-43
34. Kearns C. F. Brechue W. F. Abe T. Training-induced changes in fascicle length: a brief review Advances in Exercise and Sports Physiology 4 1998 77-81
35. Kearns C. F. Abe T. Brechue W. F. Muscle enlargement in sumo wrestlers includes increased muscle fascicle length European Journal of Applied Physiology 83 2000 289-296
36. Kearns C. F. McKeever K. H. Malinowski K. Struck M. B. Abe T. Chronic administration of therapeutic levels of clenbuterol acts as a repartitioning agent Journal of Applied Physiology 91 2001 2064-2070
37. Kearns C. F. McKeever K. H. Kumagai K. Abe T. Fat-free mass is related to one mile race performance in elite Standardbred horses The Veterinary Journal 163 2002 1-7
38. Ker R. F. Alexander R. M. Bennett M. B. Why are mammalian tendons so thick? Journal of Zoology London 216 1988 309-324
39. Kumagai K. Abe T. Brechue W. F. Ryushi T. Takano S. Mizuno M. Sprint performance is related to muscle fascicle length in male 100-m sprinters Journal of Applied Physiology 88 2000 811-816
40. Lauten S. D. Cox N. R. Baker G. H. Painter D. J. Morrison N. E. Baker H. J. Body composition of growing and adult cats as measured by use of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry Comparative Medicine 50 2000 175-183
41. Lauten S. D. Cox N. R. Brawner W. R. JR Baker H. J Use of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry for noninvasive body composition measurements in clinically normal dogs American Journal of Veterinary Research 62 2001 1295-1301
42. Lawrence L. M. Nutrition and the Athletic Horse. In Hodgson D. R. Rose R. J. (Eds.), The Athletic Horse 1994 205-230 W.B. Sanders Company Philadelphia
43. Lawrence L. M. Kane R. A. Miller P. A. Reece A. Hartman C. Urea space determination and body composition in horses Journal of Animal Science 63 (suppl 1) 1986 233
44. Lawrence L. M. Jackson S. Kline K. Moser L. Biel M. Observations on body weight and condition of horses in a 150-mile endurance ride Equine Veterinary Science 12 1992 320-324
45. Lieber R. L. Skeletal muscle anatomy. In Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function 1992 Williams and Wilkins Baltimore p. 1-43
46. Lohman T. G. Biological variation in body composition Journal of Animal Science 32 1971 647-653
47. Meckel Y. Atterbom H. Grodjinovsky A. Ben-Sira D. Rotstein A. Physiological characteristics of female 100 metre sprinters of different performance levels Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 35 1995 169-175
48. Mitchell A. D. Conway J. M. Scholz A. M. Incremental changes in total and regional body composition of growing pigs measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry Growth and Development in Aging 60 1996 95-105
49. Mitchell A. D. Rosebrough R. W. Conway J. M. Body composition analysis of chickens by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry Poultry Science 76 1997 1746-1752
50. Mitchell A. D. Scholz A. M. Conway J. M. Body composition analysis of small pigs by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry Journal of Animal Science 76 1998 2392-2398
51. Mitchell A. D. Scholz A. M. Pursel V. G. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of the body composition of pigs of 90- to 130-kilograms body weight Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 904 2000 85-93
52. Price J. F. Pearson A. M. Pfost H. B. Deans R. J. Application of ultrasonic reflection techniques in evalutating fatness and leanness in pigs Journal of Animal Science 19 1960 381-385
53. Reid J. T. Bensadoun A. Bull L. S. Burton J. H. Gleeson P. A. Han I. K. Tyrrell H. F. Van Niekerk B. D.H. Wellington G. W. Some peculiarities in the body composition of animals. In Body Composition in Animals and Man p. 19 1968 National Academy of Science Washington: 19.
54. Robb J. Harper R. B. Hintz H. F. Reid J. T. Lowe J. E. Schryver H. F. Rhee M. S.S. Chemical composition and energy value of the body, fatty acid composition of adipose tissue, and liver and kidney in the horse Animal Production 14 1972 25-34
55. Ryan J. M. Cobb M. A. Hermanson J. W. Elbow extensor muscle of the horse: Postural and dynamic implications Acta Anatomical 144 1992 71-79
56. Sack W. O. Rooney's Guide to the Dissection of the Horse 1994 Veterinary Textbooks Ithaca
57. Sacks R. D. Roy R. R. Architecture of the hind limb of muscle of cats: functional significance Journal of Morphology 173 1982 185-195
58. Siders W. A. Lukaski H. C. Bolonchuk W. W. Relationships among swimming performance, body composition and somatotype in competitive collegiate swimmers Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 33 1993 166-171
59. Sparling P. B. Cureton K. J. Biological determinants of the sex difference in 12-min run performance Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 15 1983 218-223
60. Stouffer J. R. Vallentine M. V. Wellington G. H. Diekmann A. Development and application of ultrasonic methods for measuring fat thickness and ribeye area in cattle and hogs Journal of Animal Science 2 1961 759-764
61. Thorland W. G. Johnson G. O. Cisar C. J. Housh T. J. Tharp G. D. Strength and anaerobic responses of elite young female sprint and distance runners Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 19 1987 56-61
62. Toll P. W. Gross K. L. Berryhill S. A. Jewell D. E. Usefulness of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry for body composition measurement in adult dogs Journal of Nutrition 124(12Suppl) 1994 2601S-3S
63. Webb A. I. Weaver M. Q. Body composition of the horse Equine Veterinary Journal 11 1979 39-47
64. Webb, S. P. Potter, G. D. Evans, J. W. Webb, G. W. 1989, Influence of body fat content on digestible energy requirements of exercising horses in temperate and hot environments, Proceedings of the 11th Equine Nutrition Physiology Symposium, Stillwater, Stillwater, OK
65. Westervelt R. G. Stouffer J. R. Hintz H. F. Schryver H. F. Estimating fatness in horses and ponies Journal of Animal Science 43 1976 781-785
66. Young W. McLean B. Ardagna J. Relationship between strength qualities and sprinting performance Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 35 1995 13-19