메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 552-559

GHB and synthetic cathinones: Clinical effects and potential consequences

Author keywords

Club drugs; Designer drugs; Flephedrone; GHB; MDAI; MDVP; Mephedrone; Methylone; Party drugs; Synthetic cathinones

Indexed keywords

PARKS;

EID: 80053422684     PISSN: 19427603     EISSN: 19427611     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/dta.210     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (76)

References (98)
  • 1
    • 23244459621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Party drugs: properties, prevalence, patterns, and problems
    • J. C. Maxwell, Party drugs: properties, prevalence, patterns, and problems, Subst. Use Misuse 2005, 40, 1203.
    • (2005) Subst. Use Misuse , vol.40 , pp. 1203
    • Maxwell, J.C.1
  • 2
    • 84921537203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What are club drugs? Here's a quick look
    • What are club drugs? Here's a quick look, AIDS Alert 2002, 17, 123.
    • (2002) AIDS Alert , vol.17 , pp. 123
  • 3
    • 0024957542 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology and toxicology of amphetamine and related designer drugs
    • NIDA
    • NIDA, Pharmacology and toxicology of amphetamine and related designer drugs. NIDA, Res. Monogr. 1989, 94, 358.
    • (1989) NIDA, Res. Monogr. , vol.94 , pp. 358
  • 4
    • 77956714214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legal highs and the challenges for policy makers
    • A. R Winstock, J. D. Ramsey, Legal highs and the challenges for policy makers, Addiction 2010, 105, 1685.
    • (2010) Addiction , vol.105 , pp. 1685
    • Winstock, A.R.1    Ramsey, J.D.2
  • 6
    • 0035375648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designer drugs. Assess & manage patients intoxicated with ecstasy, GHB or rohypnol-the three most commonly abused designer drugs
    • J. Goss, Designer drugs. Assess & manage patients intoxicated with ecstasy, GHB or rohypnol-the three most commonly abused designer drugs, J.E.M.S. 2001, 26, 84.
    • (2001) J.E.M.S. , vol.26 , pp. 84
    • Goss, J.1
  • 7
    • 73149089492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocaine and crack addiction: a growing public health problem
    • C. Haas, L. Karila, W. Lowenstein, Cocaine and crack addiction: a growing public health problem, B. Acad. Nat. Med. Paris 2009, 193, 947.
    • (2009) B. Acad. Nat. Med. Paris , vol.193 , pp. 947
    • Haas, C.1    Karila, L.2    Lowenstein, W.3
  • 9
    • 72849108072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of age and gender on party drug use among young adults attending dance events, clubs, and rock festivals in Belgium
    • T. van Havere, W. Vanderplasschen, E. Broekaert, I. de Bourdeaudhui, The influence of age and gender on party drug use among young adults attending dance events, clubs, and rock festivals in Belgium, Subst. Use Misuse 2009, 44, 1899.
    • (2009) Subst. Use Misuse , vol.44 , pp. 1899
    • van Havere, T.1    Vanderplasschen, W.2    Broekaert, E.3    de Bourdeaudhui, I.4
  • 10
    • 67849128965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rx for a party: a qualitative analysis of recreational pharmaceutical use in a collegiate setting
    • G. Quintero, Rx for a party: a qualitative analysis of recreational pharmaceutical use in a collegiate setting, J. Am. Coll. Health 2009, 58, 64.
    • (2009) J. Am. Coll. Health , vol.58 , pp. 64
    • Quintero, G.1
  • 11
    • 85153209193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), EMCDDA and Europol step up information collection on mephedrone (2010). Available at: .
    • EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), EMCDDA and Europol step up information collection on mephedrone (2010). Available at: .
  • 12
    • 85153281917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), EMCDDA-Europol 2009 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA, EMCDDA, Lisbon
    • EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction), EMCDDA-Europol 2009 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA, EMCDDA, Lisbon, 2010.
    • (2010)
  • 13
    • 77953493759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of designer drugs of abuse: an updated review
    • M. R. Meyer, H. H. Maurer, Metabolism of designer drugs of abuse: an updated review, Curr. Drug Metab. 2010, 11, 468.
    • (2010) Curr. Drug Metab. , vol.11 , pp. 468
    • Meyer, M.R.1    Maurer, H.H.2
  • 14
    • 85153195835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EMCDDA, European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Abuse: Annual report 2006: The state of the drug problem in Europe. Available at: [2009].
    • EMCDDA, European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Abuse: Annual report 2006: The state of the drug problem in Europe. Available at: [2009].
  • 15
    • 77954292772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Legal 'highs' available through the Internet-implications and solutions?
    • A. L. Jones, Legal 'highs' available through the Internet-implications and solutions? Q. J. Med. 2010, 103, 535.
    • (2010) Q. J. Med. , vol.103 , pp. 535
    • Jones, A.L.1
  • 17
    • 77955344223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using the internet to research hidden populations of illicit drug users: a review
    • P. G. Miller, A. L. Sonderlund, Using the internet to research hidden populations of illicit drug users: a review, Addiction. 2010, 105, 1557.
    • (2010) Addiction , vol.105 , pp. 1557
    • Miller, P.G.1    Sonderlund, A.L.2
  • 18
    • 0000459792 scopus 로고
    • Generalities concerning the experimental study and clinical use of gamma hydroxybutyrate of Na
    • H. Laborit, J. M. Jouany, J. Gérard, F. Fabiani, Generalities concerning the experimental study and clinical use of gamma hydroxybutyrate of Na, Agressologie 1960, 1, 397.
    • (1960) Agressologie , vol.1 , pp. 397
    • Laborit, H.1    Jouany, J.M.2    Gérard, J.3    Fabiani, F.4
  • 19
    • 0000581642 scopus 로고
    • Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, a normal brain metabolite
    • S. P. Bessman, W. N. Fishbein, Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, a normal brain metabolite, Nature 1963, 200, 1207.
    • (1963) Nature , vol.200 , pp. 1207
    • Bessman, S.P.1    Fishbein, W.N.2
  • 21
    • 0030895783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The gamma-hydroxybutyrate signalling system in brain: organization and functional implications
    • M. Maitre, The gamma-hydroxybutyrate signalling system in brain: organization and functional implications, Prog. Neurobiol. 1997, 51, 337.
    • (1997) Prog. Neurobiol. , vol.51 , pp. 337
    • Maitre, M.1
  • 23
    • 0017686985 scopus 로고
    • Stimulatory effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid on growth hormone and prolactin release in humans
    • J. Takahara, S. Yunoki, W. Yakushiji, J. Yamauchi, Y. Yamane, Stimulatory effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid on growth hormone and prolactin release in humans, J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 1977, 44, 1014.
    • (1977) J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. , vol.44 , pp. 1014
    • Takahara, J.1    Yunoki, S.2    Yakushiji, W.3    Yamauchi, J.4    Yamane, Y.5
  • 24
    • 0037057816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain reward circuitry: insights from unsensed incentives
    • R. Wise, Brain reward circuitry: insights from unsensed incentives, Neuron 2002, 36, 229.
    • (2002) Neuron , vol.36 , pp. 229
    • Wise, R.1
  • 25
    • 0035199891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis
    • G. Koob, M. Le Moal, Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis, Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001, 24, 97.
    • (2001) Neuropsychopharmacol. , vol.24 , pp. 97
    • Koob, G.1    Le Moal, M.2
  • 26
    • 0034834576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular neurobiology of addiction
    • E. Nestler, Molecular neurobiology of addiction, Am. J. Addict. 2001, 10, 201.
    • (2001) Am. J. Addict. , vol.10 , pp. 201
    • Nestler, E.1
  • 28
    • 0033636046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone, and 1,4-butanediol: a case report and review of the literature
    • M. Shannon, L. S. Quang, Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone, and 1, 4-butanediol: a case report and review of the literature, Pediatr. Emerg. Care. 2000, 16, 435.
    • (2000) Pediatr. Emerg. Care. , vol.16 , pp. 435
    • Shannon, M.1    Quang, L.S.2
  • 30
    • 0034086246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of drugs in sexual assault
    • L. Slaughter, Involvement of drugs in sexual assault, J. Reprod. Med. 2000, 45, 425.
    • (2000) J. Reprod. Med. , vol.45 , pp. 425
    • Slaughter, L.1
  • 31
    • 0033162990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs used in acquaintance rape
    • quiz 581.
    • K. M. Smith, Drugs used in acquaintance rape, J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. (Wash. DC) 1999, 39, 519, quiz 581.
    • (1999) J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. (Wash. DC) , vol.39 , pp. 519
    • Smith, K.M.1
  • 32
    • 0036591445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Club drugs: methylenedioxymethamphetamine, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate
    • K. M. Smith, L. L. Larive, F. Romanelli, Club drugs: methylenedioxymethamphetamine, flunitrazepam, ketamine hydrochloride, and gamma-hydroxybutyrate, Am. J. Health-Syst. Ph. 2002, 59, 1067.
    • (2002) Am. J. Health-Syst. Ph. , vol.59 , pp. 1067
    • Smith, K.M.1    Larive, L.L.2    Romanelli, F.3
  • 33
    • 0036378516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug-facilitated sexual assault involving gamma-hydroxybutyric acid
    • M. E. Stillwell, Drug-facilitated sexual assault involving gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, J. Forensic Sci. 2002, 47, 1133.
    • (2002) J. Forensic Sci. , vol.47 , pp. 1133
    • Stillwell, M.E.1
  • 35
    • 1542395718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gamma hydroxybutirate use for sexual assault
    • M. Varela, S. Nogue, M. Oros, O. Miro, Gamma hydroxybutirate use for sexual assault, Emerg. Med. 2004, 21, 255.
    • (2004) Emerg. Med. , vol.21 , pp. 255
    • Varela, M.1    Nogue, S.2    Oros, M.3    Miro, O.4
  • 36
    • 23244463881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A brief overview of the clinical pharmacology of 'club drugs'
    • G. C. Britt, E. F. McCance-Katz, A brief overview of the clinical pharmacology of 'club drugs', Subst. Use Misuse 2005, 40, 1189.
    • (2005) Subst. Use Misuse , vol.40 , pp. 1189
    • Britt, G.C.1    McCance-Katz, E.F.2
  • 37
    • 85153210064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EMCDDA, EMCDDA Thematic Papers-GHB and its precursor GBL: an emerging trend case study, EMCDDA, Lisbon
    • EMCDDA, EMCDDA Thematic Papers-GHB and its precursor GBL: an emerging trend case study, EMCDDA, Lisbon, 2008.
    • (2008)
  • 40
    • 85153250767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gamma hydroxy butyrate usage, effects and UK prices: Results from 1999-2002 IDMU surveys. Available at: [2003].
    • M. Atha, S. Davis, Gamma hydroxy butyrate usage, effects and UK prices: Results from 1999-2002 IDMU surveys. Available at: [2003].
    • Atha, M.1    Davis, S.2
  • 41
    • 34247332999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of GHB in urine and serum by LC/MS using a simple one-step derivative
    • E. Kaufmann, A. Alt, Determination of GHB in urine and serum by LC/MS using a simple one-step derivative, Forensic Sci. Int. 2007, 168, 133.
    • (2007) Forensic Sci. Int. , vol.168 , pp. 133
    • Kaufmann, E.1    Alt, A.2
  • 42
    • 46849091951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic assessment of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) effects during and after acute intoxication
    • S. Y. Kim, J. C. Barker, I. B. Anderson, J. E. Dyer, G. Earnest, P. D. Blanc, Systematic assessment of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) effects during and after acute intoxication, Am. J. Addict. 2008, 17, 312.
    • (2008) Am. J. Addict. , vol.17 , pp. 312
    • Kim, S.Y.1    Barker, J.C.2    Anderson, I.B.3    Dyer, J.E.4    Earnest, G.5    Blanc, P.D.6
  • 43
    • 47949128679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) measurement by GC-MS in blood, urine and gastric contents, following an acute intoxication in Belgium
    • Q. Bodson, R. Denooz, P. Serpe, C. Charlier, Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) measurement by GC-MS in blood, urine and gastric contents, following an acute intoxication in Belgium, Acta. Clin. Belg. 2008, 63, 200.
    • (2008) Acta. Clin. Belg. , vol.63 , pp. 200
    • Bodson, Q.1    Denooz, R.2    Serpe, P.3    Charlier, C.4
  • 44
    • 17744374640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gamma hydroxy butyrate abuse and dependency
    • A. Gonzalez, D. J. Nutt, Gamma hydroxy butyrate abuse and dependency, J Psychopharmacol. 2005, 19, 195.
    • (2005) J Psychopharmacol. , vol.19 , pp. 195
    • Gonzalez, A.1    Nutt, D.J.2
  • 48
    • 0036203741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designer drugs in the general hospital
    • P. A. Bialer, Designer drugs in the general hospital, Psychiat. Clin. N. Am. 2002, 25, 231.
    • (2002) Psychiat. Clin. N. Am. , vol.25 , pp. 231
    • Bialer, P.A.1
  • 51
    • 23944512395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of GHB in tissues and fluids following a fatal overdose
    • S. Mazarr-Proo, S. Kerrigan, Distribution of GHB in tissues and fluids following a fatal overdose, J. Anal. Toxicol. 2005, 29, 398.
    • (2005) J. Anal. Toxicol. , vol.29 , pp. 398
    • Mazarr-Proo, S.1    Kerrigan, S.2
  • 52
    • 34547098612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experiences of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) ingestion: a focus group study
    • J. C. Barker, S. L. Harris, J. E. Dyer, Experiences of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) ingestion: a focus group study, J. Psychoactive Drugs 2007, 39, 115.
    • (2007) J. Psychoactive Drugs , vol.39 , pp. 115
    • Barker, J.C.1    Harris, S.L.2    Dyer, J.E.3
  • 53
    • 50649123520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hazardous use of gamma hydroxybutyrate: driving under the influence, Subst
    • J. C. Barker, H. Karsoho, Hazardous use of gamma hydroxybutyrate: driving under the influence, Subst. Use Misuse 2008, 43, 1507.
    • (2008) Use Misuse , vol.43 , pp. 1507
    • Barker, J.C.1    Karsoho, H.2
  • 55
    • 0036785221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between recreational drugs and antiretroviral agents
    • T. Antoniou, A. L. Tseng, Interactions between recreational drugs and antiretroviral agents, Ann. Pharmacother 2002, 36, 1598.
    • (2002) Ann. Pharmacother , vol.36 , pp. 1598
    • Antoniou, T.1    Tseng, A.L.2
  • 56
    • 14544296341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome
    • A. F. Tarabar, L. S. Nelson, The gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome, Toxicol. Rev. 2004, 23, 45.
    • (2004) Toxicol. Rev. , vol.23 , pp. 45
    • Tarabar, A.F.1    Nelson, L.S.2
  • 58
    • 0034985418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case of withdrawal from the GHB precursors gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol
    • A. B. Schneir, B. T. Ly, R. F. Clark, A case of withdrawal from the GHB precursors gamma-butyrolactone and 1, 4-butanediol, J. Emerg. Med. 2001, 21, 31.
    • (2001) J. Emerg. Med. , vol.21 , pp. 31
    • Schneir, A.B.1    Ly, B.T.2    Clark, R.F.3
  • 59
    • 3042549688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical features and management of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) withdrawal: a review
    • M. McDonough, N. Kennedy, A. Glasper, J. Bearn, Clinical features and management of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) withdrawal: a review, Drug Alcohol Depen. 2004, 75, 3.
    • (2004) Drug Alcohol Depen. , vol.75 , pp. 3
    • McDonough, M.1    Kennedy, N.2    Glasper, A.3    Bearn, J.4
  • 60
    • 0038706412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forensic cases involving the use of GHB in the Netherlands
    • I. J. Bosman, K. J. Lusthof, Forensic cases involving the use of GHB in the Netherlands, Forensic Sci. Int. 2003, 133, 17.
    • (2003) Forensic Sci. Int. , vol.133 , pp. 17
    • Bosman, I.J.1    Lusthof, K.J.2
  • 61
    • 4644323282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatalities associated with the use of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and its analogues in Australasia
    • D. G. Caldicott, F. Y. Chow, B. J. Burns, P. D. Felgate, R. W. Byard, Fatalities associated with the use of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and its analogues in Australasia, Med. J. Australia 2004, 181, 310.
    • (2004) Med. J. Australia , vol.181 , pp. 310
    • Caldicott, D.G.1    Chow, F.Y.2    Burns, B.J.3    Felgate, P.D.4    Byard, R.W.5
  • 62
    • 0034949928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suspicious death related to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) toxicity
    • C. Jones, Suspicious death related to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) toxicity, J. Clin. Forensic Med. 2001, 8, 74.
    • (2001) J. Clin. Forensic Med. , vol.8 , pp. 74
    • Jones, C.1
  • 64
    • 47249117171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withdrawal from gamma-hydroxybutyrate, 1,4-butanediol and gamma-butyrolactone: a case report and systematic review
    • J. M. Wojtowicz, M. C. Yarema, P. M. Wax, Withdrawal from gamma-hydroxybutyrate, 1, 4-butanediol and gamma-butyrolactone: a case report and systematic review, C.J.E.M. 2008, 10, 69.
    • (2008) C.J.E.M. , vol.10 , pp. 69
    • Wojtowicz, J.M.1    Yarema, M.C.2    Wax, P.M.3
  • 65
    • 34247148027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sodium oxybate: a review of its use in the management of narcolepsy
    • D. M. Robinson, G. M. Keating, Sodium oxybate: a review of its use in the management of narcolepsy, C.N.S. Drugs 2007, 21, 337.
    • (2007) C.N.S. Drugs , vol.21 , pp. 337
    • Robinson, D.M.1    Keating, G.M.2
  • 66
    • 70349092220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety overview of postmarketing and clinical experience of sodium oxybate (Xyrem) : abuse, misuse, dependence and diversion
    • Y. Wang, T. Swick, L. Carter, M. Thorpy, N. Benowitz, Safety overview of postmarketing and clinical experience of sodium oxybate (Xyrem) : abuse, misuse, dependence and diversion, J. Clin. Sleep Med. 2009, 5, 365.
    • (2009) J. Clin. Sleep Med. , vol.5 , pp. 365
    • Wang, Y.1    Swick, T.2    Carter, L.3    Thorpy, M.4    Benowitz, N.5
  • 68
    • 77953869937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of the 'legal high' mephedrone
    • S. Gibbons, M. Zloh, An analysis of the 'legal high' mephedrone, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2010, 20, 4135.
    • (2010) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 4135
    • Gibbons, S.1    Zloh, M.2
  • 69
    • 85153262421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugscope. Available at: [2009].
    • Drugscope. Available at: [2009].
  • 70
    • 78649347818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical pattern of toxicity associated with the novel synthetic cathinone mephedrone
    • D. M. Wood, S. L. Greene, P. I. Dargan, Clinical pattern of toxicity associated with the novel synthetic cathinone mephedrone, Emerg. Med. J. 2010.
    • (2010) Emerg. Med. J.
    • Wood, D.M.1    Greene, S.L.2    Dargan, P.I.3
  • 73
    • 85153191611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erowid. Available at: [2010].
    • Erowid. Available at: [2010].
  • 74
    • 77953870712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple-drug toxicity caused by the coadministration of 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) and heroin
    • A. J. Dickson, S. P. Vorce, B. Levine, M. R. Past, Multiple-drug toxicity caused by the coadministration of 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) and heroin, J. Anal. Toxicol. 2010, 34, 162.
    • (2010) J. Anal. Toxicol. , vol.34 , pp. 162
    • Dickson, A.J.1    Vorce, S.P.2    Levine, B.3    Past, M.R.4
  • 76
    • 0031415190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cathinone: an investigation of several N-alkyl and methylenedioxy-substituted analogs
    • T. Dal Cason, R. Young, R. Glennon, Cathinone: an investigation of several N-alkyl and methylenedioxy-substituted analogs, Pharmacol. Biochem. Be. 1997, 58, 1109.
    • (1997) Pharmacol. Biochem. Be. , vol.58 , pp. 1109
    • Dal Cason, T.1    Young, R.2    Glennon, R.3
  • 78
    • 85153273576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erowid. Available at: [July 2010].
    • Erowid. Available at: [July 2010].
  • 79
    • 77953475735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-keto amphetamines: studies on the metabolism of the designer drug mephedrone and toxicological detection of mephedrone, butylone, and methylone in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
    • M. R. Meyer, J. Wilhelm, F. T. Peters, H. H. Maurer, Beta-keto amphetamines: studies on the metabolism of the designer drug mephedrone and toxicological detection of mephedrone, butylone, and methylone in urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010, 397, 1225.
    • (2010) Anal. Bioanal. Chem. , vol.397 , pp. 1225
    • Meyer, M.R.1    Wilhelm, J.2    Peters, F.T.3    Maurer, H.H.4
  • 83
    • 85153183869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two die of legal drug overdose. The Local, Sweden. Available at: [14 October, 2009].
    • Two die of legal drug overdose. The Local, Sweden. Available at: [14 October, 2009].
  • 84
    • 60649105512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluoromethcathinone, a new substance of abuse
    • R. P. Archer, Fluoromethcathinone, a new substance of abuse, Forensic Sci. Int. 2009, 185, 10.
    • (2009) Forensic Sci. Int. , vol.185 , pp. 10
    • Archer, R.P.1
  • 85
    • 0033925646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine (MBDB): its properties and possible risks
    • L. Aerts, M. Mallaret, H. Rigter, N-methyl-1-(1, 3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine (MBDB): its properties and possible risks, Addict. Biol. 2000, 5, 269.
    • (2000) Addict. Biol. , vol.5 , pp. 269
    • Aerts, L.1    Mallaret, M.2    Rigter, H.3
  • 86
    • 0025650302 scopus 로고
    • (+)-N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine as a discriminative stimulus in studies of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine-like behavioral activity
    • R. Oberlender, D. E. Nichols, (+)-N-methyl-1-(1, 3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-butanamine as a discriminative stimulus in studies of 3, 4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine-like behavioral activity, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1990, 255, 1098.
    • (1990) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , vol.255 , pp. 1098
    • Oberlender, R.1    Nichols, D.E.2
  • 87
    • 0022838197 scopus 로고
    • Differences between the mechanism of action of MDMA, MBDB, and the classic hallucinogens. Identification of a new therapeutic class: entactogens
    • D. Nichols, Differences between the mechanism of action of MDMA, MBDB, and the classic hallucinogens. Identification of a new therapeutic class: entactogens, J. Psychoactive Drugs 1986, 18, 305.
    • (1986) J. Psychoactive Drugs , vol.18 , pp. 305
    • Nichols, D.1
  • 89
    • 85153230846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erowid. Available at: [July 2010].
    • Erowid. Available at: [July 2010].
  • 90
    • 67651023725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass and NMR spectroscopic characterization of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone: A designer drug with a-pyrrolidinophenone structure
    • F. Westphal, T. Junge, P. Rosner, F. Sonnichsen, F. Schuster, Mass and NMR spectroscopic characterization of 3, 4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone: A designer drug with a-pyrrolidinophenone structure, Forensic Sci. Int. 2009, 190, 1.
    • (2009) Forensic Sci. Int. , vol.190 , pp. 1
    • Westphal, F.1    Junge, T.2    Rosner, P.3    Sonnichsen, F.4    Schuster, F.5
  • 91
    • 85153310954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erowid. Available at: [July 2010].
    • Erowid. Available at: [July 2010].
  • 93
    • 0026021756 scopus 로고
    • Structural variation and (+)-amphetamine-like discriminative stimulus properties
    • R. Oberlender, D. E. Nichols, Structural variation and (+)-amphetamine-like discriminative stimulus properties, Pharmacol. Biochem. Be. 1991, 38, 581.
    • (1991) Pharmacol. Biochem. Be. , vol.38 , pp. 581
    • Oberlender, R.1    Nichols, D.E.2
  • 94
    • 0026322365 scopus 로고
    • Serotonin neurotoxicity in rats after combined treatment with a dopaminergic agent followed by a nonneurotoxic 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) analogue
    • M. P. Johnson, X. M. Huang, D. E. Nichols, Serotonin neurotoxicity in rats after combined treatment with a dopaminergic agent followed by a nonneurotoxic 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) analogue, Pharmacol. Biochem. Be. 1991, 40, 915.
    • (1991) Pharmacol. Biochem. Be. , vol.40 , pp. 915
    • Johnson, M.P.1    Huang, X.M.2    Nichols, D.E.3
  • 95
    • 85153287822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Danger drug meow meow's successor MDAI could flood Britain. Available at: [2010].
    • A. Shaw, Danger drug meow meow's successor MDAI could flood Britain. Available at: [2010].
    • Shaw, A.1
  • 96
    • 85153283609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erowid. Available at: [July 2010].
    • Erowid. Available at: [July 2010].
  • 97
  • 98
    • 70350311005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mephedrone-Internet drug which seems to have come and stay. Fatal cases in Sweden have drawn attention to previously unknown substance
    • D. Gustavsson, C. Escher, Mephedrone-Internet drug which seems to have come and stay. Fatal cases in Sweden have drawn attention to previously unknown substance, Lakartidningen 2009, 106, 2769.
    • (2009) Lakartidningen , vol.106 , pp. 2769
    • Gustavsson, D.1    Escher, C.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.