메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 342, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 282-289

Uncertainty and equipoise: At interplay between epistemology, decision making and ethics

Author keywords

Clinical equipoise; Clinical research; Informed consent; Research ethics

Indexed keywords

ANALYTIC METHOD; ATTITUDE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COGNITION; CONFERENCE PAPER; EPISTEMOLOGY; EQUIPOISE; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; FALSE NEGATIVE RESULT; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; HARM REDUCTION; HUMAN RELATION; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL ERROR; RESEARCH ETHICS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCIENCE; TAXONOMY; UNCERTAINTY;

EID: 80053353930     PISSN: 00029629     EISSN: 15382990     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318227e0b8     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (19)

References (87)
  • 1
    • 34047133178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Articulating and responding to uncertainties in clinical research
    • DOI 10.1080/03605310701255719, PII 777158887
    • Djulbegovic B. Articulating and responding to uncertainties in clinical research. J Med Philos 2007;32:79-98. (Pubitemid 46598161)
    • (2007) Journal of Medicine and Philosophy , vol.32 , Issue.2 , pp. 79-98
    • Djulbegovic, B.1
  • 4
    • 36849069884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical trials and medical care: Defining the therapeutic misconception
    • Accessed March 17, 2009
    • Henderson GE, Churchill LR, Davis AM, et al. Clinical trials and medical care: defining the therapeutic misconception. PLoS Med 2007; 4:e324. www.nccn.org.Accessed March 17, 2009
    • (2007) PLoS Med , vol.4
    • Henderson, G.E.1    Churchill, L.R.2    Davis, A.M.3
  • 5
    • 0141797654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critique of clinical equipoise. Therapeutic misconception in the ethics of clinical trials
    • Miller FG, Brody H. A critique of clinical equipoise. Therapeutic misconception in the ethics of clinical trials. Hastings Cent Rep 2003; 33:19-28.
    • (2003) Hastings Cent Rep , vol.33 , pp. 19-28
    • Miller, F.G.1    Brody, H.2
  • 6
    • 0037417240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The therapeutic orientation to clinical trials
    • DOI 10.1056/NEJMsb030228
    • Miller FG, Rosenstein DL. The therapeutic orientation to clinical trials. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1383-6. (Pubitemid 36384108)
    • (2003) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.348 , Issue.14 , pp. 1383-1386
    • Miller, F.G.1    Rosenstein, D.L.2
  • 7
    • 85030498574 scopus 로고
    • Actions, intentions and consequences: The doctrine of doing and allowing
    • Quinn WS. Actions, intentions and consequences: the doctrine of doing and allowing. Philos Rev 1992;101:343-52.
    • (1992) Philos Rev , vol.101 , pp. 343-352
    • Quinn, W.S.1
  • 8
    • 0014019552 scopus 로고
    • Ethics and clinical research
    • Beecher HK. Ethics and clinical research. N Engl J Med 1966;274: 1354-60.
    • (1966) N Engl J Med , vol.274 , pp. 1354-1360
    • Beecher, H.K.1
  • 9
    • 0014431998 scopus 로고
    • Ethical problems created by the hopelessly unconscious patient
    • Beecher HK. Ethical problems created by the hopelessly unconscious patient. N Engl J Med 1968;278:1425-30.
    • (1968) N Engl J Med , vol.278 , pp. 1425-1430
    • Beecher, H.K.1
  • 12
    • 79551529835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equipoise and the dilemma of randomized clinical trials
    • Miller FG, Joffe S. Equipoise and the dilemma of randomized clinical trials. N Engl J Med 2011;364:476-80.
    • (2011) N Engl J Med , vol.364 , pp. 476-480
    • Miller, F.G.1    Joffe, S.2
  • 13
    • 0035461276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acknowledgment of uncertainty: A fundamental means to ensure scientific and ethical validity in clinical research
    • Djulbegovic B. Acknowledgment of uncertainty: a fundamental means to ensure scientific and ethical validity in clinical research. Curr Oncol Rep 2001;3:389-95.
    • (2001) Curr Oncol Rep , vol.3 , pp. 389-395
    • Djulbegovic, B.1
  • 14
    • 0019371112 scopus 로고
    • Gnosis and random allotment
    • DOI 10.1016/0197-2456(81)90006-4
    • Silverman WA. Gnosis and random allotment. Control Clin Trials 1981;2:161-4. (Pubitemid 11006600)
    • (1981) Controlled Clinical Trials , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 161-164
    • Silverman, W.A.1
  • 15
    • 0035936276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Casting and drawing lots: A time honoured way of dealing with uncertainty and ensuring fairness
    • Silverman WA, Chalmers I. Casting and drawing lots: a time-honoured way of dealing with uncertainty and for ensuring fairness. BMJ 2001;323:1467-8. (Pubitemid 34025217)
    • (2001) British Medical Journal , vol.323 , Issue.7327 , pp. 1467-1468
    • Silverman, W.A.1    Chalmers, I.2
  • 17
    • 2942700268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maps of bounded rationality: Psychology for behavioral economics
    • DOI 10.1257/000282803322655392
    • Kahneman D. Maps of bounded rationality: psychology for behavioral economics. Am Econ Rev 2003;93:1449-75. (Pubitemid 38799544)
    • (2003) American Economic Review , vol.93 , Issue.5 , pp. 1449-1475
    • Kahneman, D.1
  • 18
    • 2442472242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk as Analysis and Risk as Feelings: Some Thoughts about Affect, Reason, Risk, and Rationality
    • DOI 10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00433.x
    • Slovic P, Finucane ML, Peters E, et al. Risk as analysis and risk as feelings: some thoughts about affect, reason, risk, and rationality. Risk Anal 2004;24:311-22. (Pubitemid 38620129)
    • (2004) Risk Analysis , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 311-322
    • Slovic, P.1    Finucane, M.L.2    Peters, E.3    MacGregor, D.G.4
  • 20
    • 84959810873 scopus 로고
    • A behavioral model of rational choice
    • Simon HA. A behavioral model of rational choice. Quart J Econ 1955;69:99-118.
    • (1955) Quart J Econ , vol.69 , pp. 99-118
    • Simon, H.A.1
  • 21
    • 0001303398 scopus 로고
    • Information processing models of cognition
    • Simon HA. Information processing models of cognition. Annu Rev Psychol 1979;30:363-96.
    • (1979) Annu Rev Psychol , vol.30 , pp. 363-396
    • Simon, H.A.1
  • 22
    • 57049091750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theories of medical decision making and health: An evidence- based approach
    • Reyna VF. Theories of medical decision making and health: an evidence- based approach. Med Decis Making 2008;28:829-33.
    • (2008) Med Decis Making , vol.28 , pp. 829-833
    • Reyna, V.F.1
  • 23
    • 85030491510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health Care Reform & Criteria for Rational Decision-making
    • Djulbegovic B, Hozo I. Health care reform & criteria for rational decision-making; 2010. Available at: http://wwwsmdmorg/newsletter/ spring-2010/#a22. Accessed May 2, 2011.
    • (2010) Accessed May 2, 2011
    • Djulbegovic, B.1    Hozo, I.2
  • 24
    • 85047672873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maximizing versus satisficing: Happiness is a matter of choice
    • Schwartz B, Ward A, Monterosso J, et al. Maximizing versus satisficing: happiness is a matter of choice. J Pers Soc Psychol 2002; 83:1178-97.
    • (2002) J Pers Soc Psychol , vol.83 , pp. 1178-1197
    • Schwartz, B.1    Ward, A.2    Monterosso, J.3
  • 26
    • 52049115509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York (NY): HarperCollins Publishers
    • Ariely D. Predictably irrational. New York (NY): HarperCollins Publishers; 2008.
    • (2008) Predictably Irrational
    • Ariely, D.1
  • 29
    • 51449124418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Probability logic and probability logic
    • Goble L editor Oxford: Blackwell Publishing
    • Hajek A. Probability, logic, and probability logic. In: Goble L, editor. The Blackwell guide to philosophical logic. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2001. p. 362-84.
    • (2001) The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic , pp. 362-384
    • Hajek, A.1
  • 30
    • 84875536686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed July 13, 2011
    • Hajek A. Interpretations of Probability; 2007. Available at: http://plato. stanford.edu/entries/probability-interpret/. Accessed July 13, 2011.
    • (2007) Interpretations of Probability
    • Hajek, A.1
  • 32
    • 70349958160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The paradox of equipoise: The principle that drives and limits therapeutic discoveries in clinical research
    • Djulbegovic B. The paradox of equipoise: the principle that drives and limits therapeutic discoveries in clinical research. Cancer Control 2009; 16:342-7.
    • (2009) Cancer Control , vol.16 , pp. 342-347
    • Djulbegovic, B.1
  • 34
    • 0032458718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethical issues in the design and conduct of randomised controlled trials
    • Edwards SJ, Lilford RJ, Braunholtz DA, et al. Ethical issues in the design and conduct of randomised controlled trials. Health Technol Assess 1998;2:1-132.
    • (1998) Health Technol Assess , vol.2 , pp. 1-132
    • Edwards, S.J.1    Lilford, R.J.2    Braunholtz, D.A.3
  • 35
    • 34247093817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The irrelevance of equipoise
    • DOI 10.1080/03605310701255776, PII 777159077
    • Veatch RM. The irrelevance of equipoise. J Med Philos 2007;32:167-83. (Pubitemid 46598164)
    • (2007) Journal of Medicine and Philosophy , vol.32 , Issue.2 , pp. 167-183
    • Veatch, R.M.1
  • 36
    • 0032585233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trials: The next 50 years
    • Peto R, Baigent C. Trials: the next 50 years. BMJ 1998;317:1170-1. (Pubitemid 28488502)
    • (1998) British Medical Journal , vol.317 , Issue.7167 , pp. 1170-1171
    • Peto, R.1    Baigent, C.2
  • 37
    • 85044705928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Equipoise and "the uncertainty principle" are not mutually exclusive
    • Lilford RJ, Djulbegovic B. Equipoise and "the uncertainty principle" are not mutually exclusive. BMJ 2001;322:795.
    • (2001) BMJ , vol.322 , pp. 795
    • Lilford, R.J.1    Djulbegovic, B.2
  • 38
    • 0023185342 scopus 로고
    • Equipoise and the ethics of clinical research
    • Freedman B. Equipoise and the ethics of clinical research. N Engl J Med 1987;317:141-5. (Pubitemid 17092151)
    • (1987) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.317 , Issue.3 , pp. 141-145
    • Freedman, B.1
  • 39
    • 0034706254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For and against: Clinical equipoise and not the uncertainty principle is the moral underpining of the randomized trial
    • Weijer C, Shapiro SH, Cranley K. For and against: clinical equipoise and not the uncertainty principle is the moral underpining of the randomized trial. BMJ 2000;321:756-8.
    • (2000) BMJ , vol.321 , pp. 756-758
    • Weijer, C.1    Shapiro, S.H.2    Cranley, K.3
  • 41
    • 13444262223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Academia's failure to support systematic reviews [1]
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17854-4
    • Chalmers I. Academias failure to support systematic reviews. Lancet 2005;365:469. (Pubitemid 40215722)
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.365 , Issue.9458 , pp. 469
    • Chalmers, I.1
  • 43
    • 15744399418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doing new research? Dont forget the old
    • Clarke M. Doing new research? Dont forget the old. PLoS Med 2004;1:e35.
    • (2004) PLoS Med , vol.1
    • Clarke, M.1
  • 44
    • 0035841630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is clinical research still too haphazard?
    • Clark O, Clark L, Djulbegovic B. Is clinical research still too haphazard? Lancet 2001;358:1648.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , pp. 1648
    • Clark, O.1    Clark, L.2    Djulbegovic, B.3
  • 45
    • 53349176071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The lethal consequences of failing to make use of all relevant evidence about the effects of medical treatments: The need for systematic reviews
    • Rothwell P, editor London: Lancet
    • Chalmers I. The lethal consequences of failing to make use of all relevant evidence about the effects of medical treatments: the need for systematic reviews. In: Rothwell P, editor. Treating individuals: from randomised trials to personalised medicine. London: Lancet; 2007. p. 37-58.
    • (2007) Treating Individuals: From Randomised Trials to Personalised Medicine , pp. 37-58
    • Chalmers, I.1
  • 47
    • 33749374081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles of research synthesis
    • Perry M, editor Washington, DC: ASCO
    • Djulbegovic B. Principles of research synthesis. In: Perry M, editor. ASCO Educational Session, 39 Annual Meeting. Washington, DC: ASCO; 2003. p. 737-50.
    • (2003) ASCO Educational Session, 39 Annual Meeting , pp. 737-750
    • Djulbegovic, B.1
  • 48
    • 3042626142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Choosing a control intervention for a randomized clinical trial
    • Mann H, Djulbegovic B. Choosing a control intervention for a randomized clinical trial. BMC Med Res Methodol 2003;3:7.
    • (2003) BMC Med Res Methodol , vol.3 , pp. 7
    • Mann, H.1    Djulbegovic, B.2
  • 49
    • 0031552018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is the prior probability of a proposed new treatment being superior to established treatments?
    • Chalmers I. What is the prior probability of a proposed new treatment being superior to established treatments? BMJ 1997;314:74-5.
    • (1997) BMJ , vol.314 , pp. 74-75
    • Chalmers, I.1
  • 50
    • 41549087913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment success in cancer: New cancer treatment successes identified in phase 3 randomized controlled trials conducted by the National Cancer Institute-Sponsored Cooperative Oncology Groups, 1955 to 2006
    • DOI 10.1001/archinte.168.6.632
    • Djulbegovic B, Kumar A, Soares HP, et al. Treatment success in cancer: new cancer treatment successes identified in phase 3 randomized controlled trials conducted by the National Cancer Institutesponsored cooperative oncology groups, 1955 to 2006. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:632-42. (Pubitemid 351468398)
    • (2008) Archives of Internal Medicine , vol.168 , Issue.6 , pp. 632-642
    • Djulbegovic, B.1    Kumar, A.2    Soares, H.P.3    Hozo, I.4    Bepler, G.5    Clarke, M.6    Bennett, C.L.7
  • 51
    • 77957672482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the risks of clinical research
    • Rid A, Emanuel EJ, Wendler D. Evaluating the risks of clinical research. JAMA 2010;304:1472-9.
    • (2010) JAMA , vol.304 , pp. 1472-1479
    • Rid, A.1    Emanuel, E.J.2    Wendler, D.3
  • 52
    • 79952278937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Views on treatment necessity, harm, and benefits in patients using statins
    • Lytsy P, Burell G, Westerling R. Views on treatment necessity, harm, and benefits in patients using statins. Med Decis Making 2010;30:594-609.
    • (2010) Med Decis Making , vol.30 , pp. 594-609
    • Lytsy, P.1    Burell, G.2    Westerling, R.3
  • 54
    • 0000125532 scopus 로고
    • "Prospect theory" an analysis of decision under risk
    • Kahneman D, Tversky A. "Prospect theory": an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica 1979;47:263-91.
    • (1979) Econometrica , vol.47 , pp. 263-291
    • Kahneman, D.1    Tversky, A.2
  • 55
    • 0020056875 scopus 로고
    • The psychology of preferences
    • Kahneman D, Tversky A. The psychology of preferences. Sci Am 1982;246:160-73. (Pubitemid 12178653)
    • (1982) Scientific American , vol.246 , Issue.1 , pp. 160-173
    • Kahneman, D.1    Tversky, A.2
  • 57
    • 0029195485 scopus 로고
    • Risk attitudes and decision weights
    • Tversky A, Wakker PP. Risk attitudes and decision weights. Econometrica 1995;63:297-323.
    • (1995) Econometrica , vol.63 , pp. 297-323
    • Tversky, A.1    Wakker, P.P.2
  • 58
    • 0345850722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paradoxes of Allais, stochastic dominance, and decision weights
    • Shanteau B, Mellers A, Schum DA, editors MA Kluwer Academic Publishers
    • Birnbaum MH. Paradoxes of Allais, stochastic dominance, and decision weights. In: Shanteau B, Mellers A, Schum DA, editors. Decision science and technology: reflections on the contributions of Ward Edwards Norwell. MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1999. p. 27-52.
    • (1999) Decision Science and Technology: Reflections on the Contributions of Ward Edwards Norwell , pp. 27-52
    • Birnbaum, M.H.1
  • 59
    • 43449124990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New paradoxes of risky decision making
    • Birnbaum MH. New paradoxes of risky decision making. Psychol Rev 2008;115:463-501.
    • (2008) Psychol Rev , vol.115 , pp. 463-501
    • Birnbaum, M.H.1
  • 60
    • 31744450082 scopus 로고
    • Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty
    • Tversky A, Kahneman D. Advances in prospect theory: cumulative representation of uncertainty. J Risk Uncertainty 1992;5:297-323.
    • (1992) J Risk Uncertainty , vol.5 , pp. 297-323
    • Tversky, A.1    Kahneman, D.2
  • 62
    • 33846980786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of high-cost cancer care: A behavioral science perspective
    • DOI 10.1200/JCO.2006.08.9029
    • Weinfurt KP. Value of high-cost cancer care: a behavioral science perspective. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:223-7. (Pubitemid 350003038)
    • (2007) Journal of Clinical Oncology , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 223-227
    • Weinfurt, K.P.1
  • 63
    • 0016264378 scopus 로고
    • Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases
    • Tversky A, Kahneman D. Judgement under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Science 1974;185:1124-31.
    • (1974) Science , vol.185 , pp. 1124-1131
    • Tversky, A.1    Kahneman, D.2
  • 64
    • 33845193901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening mammography at 40-49 years: regret or no regret?
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69816-4, PII S0140673606698164
    • Djulbegovic B, Lyman G. Screening mammography at 40-49 years: regret or regret? Lancet 2006;368:2035-7. (Pubitemid 44855093)
    • (2006) Lancet , vol.368 , Issue.9552 , pp. 2035-2037
    • Djulbegovic, B.1    Lyman, G.H.2
  • 65
    • 77956587720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A regret theory approach to decision curve analysis: A novel method for eliciting decision makers preferences and decision-making
    • Tsalatsanis A, Hozo I, Vickers A, et al. A regret theory approach to decision curve analysis: a novel method for eliciting decision makers preferences and decision-making. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2010; 10:51.
    • (2010) BMC Med Inform Decis Mak , vol.10 , pp. 51
    • Tsalatsanis, A.1    Hozo, I.2    Vickers, A.3
  • 67
    • 0001371984 scopus 로고
    • Rational choice and the framing of decisions
    • Tversky A, Kahneman D. Rational choice and the framing of decisions. J Business 1986;59:5251-78.
    • (1986) J Business , vol.59 , pp. 5251-5278
    • Tversky, A.1    Kahneman, D.2
  • 68
    • 84884053196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Informed consent and the construction of values
    • Slovic P, Lichtenstein S, editors New York (NY) Cambridge University Press
    • MacLean D. Informed consent and the construction of values. In: Slovic P, Lichtenstein S, editors. The construction of preference I. New York (NY): Cambridge University Press; 2006. p. 668-82.
    • (2006) The Construction of Preference I. , pp. 668-682
    • MacLean, D.1
  • 70
    • 45749137561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision-Making When Data and Inferences Are Not Conclusive: Risk-Benefit and Acceptable Regret Approach
    • DOI 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2008.04.006, PII S0037196308000656
    • Hozo I, Schell MJ, Djulbegovic B. Decision-making when data and inferences are not conclusive: risk-benefit and acceptable regret approach. Semin Hematol 2008;45:150-9. (Pubitemid 351876120)
    • (2008) Seminars in Hematology , vol.45 , Issue.3 , pp. 150-159
    • Hozo, I.1    Schell, M.J.2    Djulbegovic, B.3
  • 71
    • 33847624652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When should potentially false research findings be considered acceptable?
    • Djulbegovic B, Hozo I. When should potentially false research findings be considered acceptable? PLoS Med 2007;4:e26.
    • (2007) PLoS Med , vol.4
    • Djulbegovic, B.1    Hozo, I.2
  • 72
    • 33846141187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new era of unapproved drugs: The case of Abigail Alliance v Von Eschenbach
    • DOI 10.1001/jama.297.2.205
    • Jacobson PD, Parmet WE. A new era of unapproved drugs: the case of Abigail Alliance v Von Eschenbach. JAMA 2007;297:205-8. (Pubitemid 46089737)
    • (2007) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.297 , Issue.2 , pp. 205-208
    • Jacobson, P.D.1    Parmet, W.E.2
  • 73
    • 33746699651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Access before approval - A right to take experimental drugs?
    • DOI 10.1056/NEJMp068132
    • Okie S. Access before approval-a right to take experimental drugs? N Engl J Med 2006;355:437-40. (Pubitemid 44162269)
    • (2006) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.355 , Issue.5 , pp. 437-440
    • Okie, S.1
  • 74
    • 0036282796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • At what degree of belief in a research hypothesis is a trial in humans justified?
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2753.2002.00347.x
    • Djulbegovic B, Hozo I. At what degree of belief in a research hypothesis is a trial in humans justified? J Eval Clin Practice 2002;8: 269-76. (Pubitemid 34685903)
    • (2002) Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice , vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp. 269-276
    • Djulbegovic, B.1    Hozo, I.2
  • 75
    • 0004201621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 4 ed Cambridge (MA): Cambridge University Press
    • Baron J. Thinking and deciding, 4 ed. Cambridge (MA): Cambridge University Press; 2007.
    • (2007) Thinking and Deciding
    • Baron, J.1
  • 76
    • 67649203067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Will insistence on practicing medicine according to expected utility theory lead to an increase in diagnostic testing?
    • Hozo I, Djulbegovic B. Will insistence on practicing medicine according to expected utility theory lead to an increase in diagnostic testing?. Med Decis Making 2009;29:320-2.
    • (2009) Med Decis Making , vol.29 , pp. 320-322
    • Hozo, I.1    Djulbegovic, B.2
  • 77
    • 33646228837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual processing in reasoning: Two systems but one reasoner
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01723.x
    • De Neys W. Dual processing in reasoning: two systems but one reasoner. Psychol Sci 2006;17:428-33. (Pubitemid 43657918)
    • (2006) Psychological Science , vol.17 , Issue.5 , pp. 428-433
    • De Neys, W.1
  • 78
    • 80053367905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The assessment of cost and other barriers to patient clinical trial participation in the community setting
    • Weckstein D, Thomas C, Emery IF, et al. The assessment of cost and other barriers to patient clinical trial participation in the community setting. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:6030.
    • (2010) J Clin Oncol , vol.28 , pp. 6030
    • Weckstein, D.1    Thomas, C.2    Emery, I.F.3
  • 79
    • 0036728882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence, belief, and action: The failure of equipoise to resolve the ethical tension in the randomized clinical trial
    • Hellman D. Evidence, belief, and action: the failure of equipoise to resolve the ethical tension in the randomized clinical trial. J Law Med Ethics 2002;30:375-80. (Pubitemid 39258072)
    • (2002) Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 375-380
    • Hellman, D.1
  • 80
    • 0025906439 scopus 로고
    • Of mice but not men: Problems of the randomized clinical trial
    • Hellman S, Hellman DS. Of mice but not men: problems of the randomized clinical trial. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1585-9.
    • (1991) N Engl J Med , vol.324 , pp. 1585-1589
    • Hellman, S.1    Hellman, D.S.2
  • 81
    • 84948750458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using systematic reviews and registers of ongoing trials for scientific and ethical trial design monitoring and reporting
    • Egger M, Smith GD, Altman DG, editors London: BMJ
    • Chalmers I. Using systematic reviews and registers of ongoing trials for scientific and ethical trial design, monitoring, and reporting. In: Egger M, Smith GD, Altman DG, editors. Systematic reviews in health care meta-analysis in context. London: BMJ; 2001. p. 429-43.
    • (2001) Systematic Reviews in Health Care Meta-analysis in Context , pp. 429-443
    • Chalmers, I.1
  • 82
    • 0025973649 scopus 로고
    • At what level of collective equipoise does a clinical trial become ethical?
    • Johnson N, Lilford JR, Brazier W. At what level of collective equipoise does a clinical trial become ethical? J Med Ethics 1991;17:30-4.
    • (1991) J Med Ethics , vol.17 , pp. 30-34
    • Johnson, N.1    Lilford, J.R.2    Brazier, W.3
  • 84
    • 0004048289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revised edition. Cambridge (MA) Harvard University Press
    • Rawls J. A theory of justice. Revised edition. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press; 1999.
    • (1999) A Theory of Justice
    • Rawls, J.1
  • 85
    • 54549114020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accountability for reasonableness: An update
    • Daniels N, Sabin JE. Accountability for reasonableness: an update. BMJ 2008;337:a1850.
    • (2008) BMJ , vol.337
    • Daniels, N.1    Sabin, J.E.2
  • 87
    • 34047133773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence-based medicine for rare diseases: Implications for data interpretation and clinical trial design
    • Behera M, Kumar A, Soares HP, et al. Evidence-based medicine for rare diseases: implications for data interpretation and clinical trial design. Cancer Control 2007;14:160-6. (Pubitemid 46515152)
    • (2007) Cancer Control , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 160-166
    • Behera, M.1    Kumar, A.2    Soares, H.P.3    Sokol, L.4    Djulbegovic, B.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.