Gender differences in neurodevelopmental disorders: Autism and Fragile X syndrome

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences

Volumn 8, Issue , 2011, Pages 209-220

  Rinehart, Nicole J ^a   Cornish, Kim M ^a   Tonge, Bruce J ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Autism; Cognition; Fragile X syndrome (FXS); Gender; Genetic Disorder; Intellectual Disability; Mental Health; Neurodevelopmental Disorder; Social Functioning

Indexed keywords

AUTISM; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGNITION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DSM-IV-TR; FRAGILE X SYNDROME; HUMAN; INCIDENTAL FINDING; LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; MENTAL TASK; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SYNDROME DELINEATION; TASK PERFORMANCE; ANIMAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; FEMALE; MALE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT;

ANIMALS; AUTISTIC DISORDER; COGNITION DISORDERS; FEMALE; FRAGILE X SYNDROME; HUMANS; MALE; SEX CHARACTERISTICS;

EID: 80053339014     PISSN: 18663370     EISSN: 18663389     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_96     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Abbeduto L, Brady N, Kover ST (2007) Language development and fragile X syndrome: profiles, syndrome-specificity, and within-syndrome differences. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 13(1):36-46
2. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV-TR, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association Press, Washington, DC
3. Asperger H (1944) Die autistichen Psychopathen im Kindersalter. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 117:76-136
4. Auyeung B et al (2009) Fetal testosterone and autistic traits. Br J Psychiatry 100(1):1-22
5. Barbeau E, Mendrek A, Mottron L (2009) Are autistic traits autistic? Br J Psychiatry 100(1):23-28
6. Baron-Cohen S (2002) The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends Cogn Sci 6(6): 248-254
7. Baron-Cohen S, Knickmeyer RC, Belmonte M (2005) Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism. Science 310(5749):819-823
8. Belser RC, Sudhalter V (1995) Arousal difficulties in males with fragile X syndrome: a preliminary report. Dev Brain Dysfunct 8:270-279
9. Belser RC, Sudhalter V (2001) Conversational characteristics of children with fragile X syndrome: repetitive speech. Am J Ment Retard 106(1):28-38
10. Bennetto L, Pennington BF (2002) Neuropsychology. In: Hagerman RJ, Hagerman PJ (eds) Fragile X syndrome: diagnosis, treatment and research, 3rd edn. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
11. Bloss C, Courchesne E (2007) MRI neuroanatomy in young girls with autism: a preliminary study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46(4):515-523
12. Canli T, Amin Z (2002) Neuroimaging of emotion and personality: scientific evidence and ethical considerations. Brain cogn 50(3):414-431
13. Carter A et al (2007) Sex differences in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 37(1):86-97
14. Clifford S et al (2007) Autism spectrum phenotype in males and females with fragile X full mutation and premutation. J Autism Dev Disord 37(4):738-747
15. Cornish KM, Wilding J (2006) Does cognitive performance increase or decrease across development in Fragile X syndrome: impact of verbal mental age and gender. In: Mallard J (ed) Advances in fragile X research. Nova Publishing, New York, pp 23-36
16. Cornish KM, Wilding J (2010) Attention, genes & developmental disorders. Oxford University Press, New York
17. Cornish KM, Munir F, Cross G (1998) The nature of the spatial deficit in young females with Fragile-X syndrome: a neuropsychological and molecular perspective. Neuropsychologia 36(11):1239-1246
18. Cornish KM, Munir F, Cross G (1999) Spatial cognition in males with Fragile-X syndrome: evidence for a neuropsychological phenotype. Cortex 35(2):263-271
19. Cornish KM, Munir F, Wilding J (2001a) A neuropsychological and behavioural profile of attention deficits in fragile X syndrome. Rev Neurol 1:S24-S29
20. Cornish KM, Munir F, Cross G (2001b) Differential impact of the FMR-1 full mutation on memory and attention functioning: a neuropsychological perspective. J Cogn Neurosci 13(1):144-150
21. Cornish KM et al (2004a) Annotation: deconstructing the attention deficit in fragile X syndrome: a developmental neuropsychological approach. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 45(6): 1042-1053
22. Cornish K, Sudhalter V, Turk J (2004b) Attention and language in fragile X. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 10(1):11-16
23. Cornish KM, Levitas A, Sudhalter V (2007a) Fragile X syndrome: the journey from genes to behavior. In: Mazzocco MMM, Ross JL (eds) Neurogenetic developmental disorders: manifestation and identification in childhood. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 73-103
24. Cornish KM, Scerif G, Karmiloff-Smith A (2007b) Tracing syndrome-specific trajectories of attention across the lifespan. Cortex 46(3):672-685
25. Cornish KM, Turk J, Hagerman R (2008) The fragile X continuum: new advances and perspectives. J Intellect Disabil Res 52(6):469-482
26. Costello JE, Erkanli A, Angold A (2006) Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47(12):1263-1271
27. Fisch GS et al (1999) Longitudinal assessment of adaptive and maladaptive behaviors in fragile X males: growth, development, and profiles. Am J Med Genet 83(4):257-263
28. Fisch GS, Simensen RJ, Schroer RJ (2002) Longitudinal changes in cognitive and adaptive behavior scores in children and adolescents with the fragile X mutation or autism. J Autism Dev Disord 32(2):107-114
29. Foley DL et al (2004) Childhood adversity, monoamine oxidase. A genotype, and risk for conduct disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 16:738-744
30. Fombonne E (2003) Epidemiological surveys of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 33:365-382
31. Gillberg C, Coleman M (2000) The biology of the autistic syndromes, 3rd edn. Mac Keith Press, London UK
32. Gillberg C, Steffenburg S (1987) Outcome and prognostic factors in infantile autism and similar conditions. A population based study of 46 cases followed through puberty. J Autism Dev Disord 17:273-287
33. Gong X et al (2008) Analysis of X chromosome inactivation in autism spectrum disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:830-835
34. Hagerman R (2008) The fragile X prevalence paradox. Br Med J 45(8):498-499
35. Hatton DD et al (2002) Problem behavior in boys with fragile X syndrome. Am J Med Genet 108(2):105-116
36. Hatton D et al (2009) Developmental trajectories of young girls with fragile x syndrome. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil 114(3):161-171
37. Holtmann M, Bölte S, Poustka F (2007) Autism spectrum disorders: sex differences in autistic behaviour domains and coexisting psychopathology. Dev Med Child Neurol 49(5):361-366
38. Hooper SR et al (2000) Nonverbal assessment of cognitive abilities in children with fragile X syndrome: the utility of the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised. J Psychoeduc Assess 18:255-267
39. Kanner L (1943) Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nerv Child 2:217-250
40. Kennan K, Shaw D (1997) Developmental and social influences on young girls early problem behaviour. Psychol Bull 121:95-113
41. Keysor CS et al (2002) Physiological arousal in females with fragile X or Turner syndrome. Dev Psychobiol 41(2):133-146
42. Kirk JW, Mazzocco MM, Kover ST (2005) Assessing executive dysfunction in girls with fragile X or Turner syndrome using the contingency naming test (CNT). Dev Neuropsychol 28:755-777
43. Klin A (2009) Embracing the challenge of bold theories of autism. Br J Psychol 100(1):29-32
44. Kogan CS et al (2004) Differential impact of the FMR1 gene on visual processing in fragile X syndrome. Brain cogn 127(3):591-601
45. Kopp S, Gillberg C (1992) Girls with social deficits and learning problems: autism, atypical Asperger syndrome or a variant of these conditions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1(2): 89-99
46. Kovar C (1993) The neurocognitive phenotype of Fragile X girls. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
47. Koyama T et al (2008) Cognitive and symptom profiles in Asperger's disorder and high-functioning autism. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi 110(6):469-474
48. Lachiewicz AM, Dawson DV, Spiridigliozzi GA (2000) Physical characteristics of young boys with fragile X syndrome: reasons for difficulties in making a diagnosis in young males. Am J Med Genet 92(4):229-236
49. Lanfranchi S et al (2008) Working memory in individuals with fragile X syndrome. Child Neuropsychol 15(2):105-119
50. Le Couteur A et al (1989) Autism diagnostic interview: a standardized investigator-based instrument. J Autism Dev Disord 19(3):363-387
51. Lemon J et al (2010) Brief Report: Executive functioning in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A gender comparison of response inhibition. J Autism Dev Disord (in press)
52. Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR (1998) Major depressive disorder in older adolescents: prevalence, risk factors and clinical implications. Clin Psychol Rev 18(7):765-794
53. Lightbody AA, Hall SS, Reiss AL (2006) Chronological age, but not FMRP levels, predicts neuropsychological performance in girls with fragile X syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141B(5):468-472
54. Liu K, Zerubavel N, Bearman P (2010) Social demographic change for autism. Demography 47(2):327-343
55. Loesch DZ et al (2007) Molecular and cognitive predictors of the continuum of autistic behaviours in fragile X. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31(3):315-326
56. Lord C, Schopler E, Revicki D (1982) Sex differences in autism. J Autism Dev Disord 12(4): 317-330
57. Mazzocco MMM, Pennington BF, Hagerman RJ (1993) The neurocognitive phenotype of female carriers of fragile X: additional evidence for specificity. J Dev Behav Pediatr 14(5):328-335
58. Mazzocco M et al (1998) Social functioning among girls with fragile X or Turner syndrome and their sisters. J Autism Dev Disord 28(6):509-517
59. McLennan J, Lord C, Schopler E (2005) Sex differences in higher functioning people with autism. J Autism Dev Disord 23(2):217-227
60. Miller LJ et al (1999) Electrodermal responses to sensory stimuli in individuals with fragile X syndrome: a preliminary report. Am J Med Genet 83:268-279
61. Minshew N (1991) Indices of neural function in autism: clinical and biologic implications. Pediatrics 87(5):774-780
62. Munir F, Cornish KM, Wilding J (2000) Nature of the working memory deficit in Fragile-X syndrome. Brain Cogn 44(3):387-401
63. Nolen-Hoeksema S, Larson J, Grayson C (1999) Exploring the gender differences in depressive symptoms. J Per Soc Psychol 77:1061-1072
64. Nyden A, Hjelmquist E, Gillberg C (2000) Autism spectrum and attention-deficit disorders in girls. Some neuropsychological aspects. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 9(3):180-185
65. Philofsky A et al (2004) Linguistic and cognitive functioning and autism symptoms in young children with fragile X syndrome. Am J Ment Retard 109(3):208-218
66. Pilowsky T et al (1988) The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale: differences between diagnostic systems and comparison between genders. J Autism Dev Disord 28(2):143-151
67. Pilowsky T et al (1998) The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale: differences between diagnostic systems and comparison between genders. J Autism Dev Disord 28(2):143-151
68. Reddy KS (2005) Cytogenetic abnormalities and fragile-X syndrome in autism spectrum disorder. BMC Med Genet 6(3). doi:10.1186/1471-2350-6-3
69. Roberts J et al (2007) Receptive vocabulary, expressive vocabulary, and speech production of boys with fragile X syndrome in comparison to boys with Down syndrome. Am J Ment Retard 112(3):177-193
70. Rogers SJ, Wehner EA, Hagerman R (2001) The behavioral phenotype in fragile X: symptoms of autism in very young children with fragile X syndrome, idiopathic autism, and other developmental disorders. J Dev Behav Pediatr 22(6):409-417
71. Rutter M (1989) Isle of Wight revised: twenty five years of child psychiatry epidemiology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28:633-643
72. Rutter M (2005) Aetiology of autism: findings and questions. J Intellect Disabil Res 49(4): 231-238
73. Rutter M (2008) Introduction: whither gene-environment interactions. Novartis Found Symp 293: 1-12; 68-70
74. Rutter M, Caspi A, Moffitt T (2003) Using sex differences in psychopathology to study causal mechanisms: unifying issues and research strategies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 44(8): 1092-1115
75. Scerif G et al (2004) Visual search in typically developing toddlers and toddlers with Fragile X or Williams syndrome. Dev Sci 7(1):116-130
76. Scerif G et al (2007) Delineation of early attentional control difficulties in fragile X syndrome: focus on neurocomputational changes. Neuropsychologia 45(8):1889-1898
77. Schopler E, Reichter RJ, Renner A (1988) The childhood autism rating scale (CARS). Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles
78. Skinner M et al (2005) Mapping nonverbal IQ in young boys with fragile X syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 132A:25-32
79. Skuse D (2000) Imprinting, the X-chromosome, and the male brain: explaining sex differences in the liability to autism. Pediatr Res 47(1):9
80. Skuse D (2009) Is autism really a coherent syndrome in boys, or girls? Br J Psychol 100(Pt 1): 39-47
81. Soppitt R (2006) Clinical observations in children with autistic spectrum disorders. Autism 10:429
82. Sullivan K et al (2007) Sustained attention and response inhibition in boys with fragile X syndrome: measures of continuous performance. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144B(4):517-532
83. Thompson T, Caruso M, Ellerbeck K (2003) Sex matters in autism and other developmental disabilities. J Intellect Disabil 7(4):345-362
84. Tsai LY, Beisler JM (1983) The development of sex differences in infantile autism. Br J Psychiatry 142:373-378
85. Turk J (1998) Fragile X syndrome and attentional deficits. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil 11:175-191
86. Turk J, Cornish K (1998) Face recognition and emotion perception in boys with fragile-X syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res 42(6):490-499
87. Volkmar FR, Szatmari P, Sparrow SS (1993) Sex differences in pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 26(4):579-591
88. Walenski M et al (2008) Brief report: enhanced picture naming in autism. J Autism Dev Disord 37(8):1395-1399
89. Wassink TH, Piven J, Patil SR (2001) Chromosomal abnormalities in a clinic sample of individuals with autistic disorder. Psychiatr Genet 11(2):57-63
90. Wilding J, Cornish K, Munir F (2002) Further delineation of the executive deficit in males with fragile-X syndrome. Neuropsychologia 40(8):1343-1349
91. Wolff P et al (1989) The greeting behavior of fragile X males. Am J Ment Retard 93(4):406-411
92. World Health Organisation (1992) The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. World Health Organisation, Geneva