Aetiology of autism: Findings and questions

Journal of Intellectual Disability Research

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 231-238

  Rutter, Michael ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Autism spectrum disorders; Epidemiology; Genetic influences; Incidence; Measles mumps rubella vaccine

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; COCAINE; MEASLES MUMPS RUBELLA VACCINE; MERCURY; NEUROTOXIN; THALIDOMIDE; THIOMERSAL; VALPROIC ACID;

AUTISM; BIRTH ORDER; CHROMOSOME 15; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CHROMOSOME DUPLICATION; CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EMPIRICAL RESEARCH; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ETHNOLOGY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FRAGILE X SYNDROME; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HEREDITY; HUMAN; HYPOTHYROIDISM; INCIDENCE; INTRAUTERINE INFECTION; MONOZYGOTIC TWINS; MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE; POSTNATAL CARE; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PRENATAL CARE; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL CLASS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS;

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, LOCAL; AUTISTIC DISORDER; CHILD; CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS; CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, X; FEMALE; FETAL DISEASES; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; MEASLES-MUMPS-RUBELLA VACCINE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS; THIMEROSAL;

EID: 16844373397     PISSN: 09642633     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00676.x     Document Type: Review

References (52)

1. Bailey A., Le Couteur A., Gottesman I., Bolton P., Simonoff E., Yuzda E. & Rutter M. (1995) Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: evidence from a British twin study. Psychological Medicine 25, 63-77.
2. Betancur C., Leboyer M. & Gillberg C. (2002) Increased rate of twins among affected sibling pairs with autism. American Journal of Human Genetics 70, 1381-3.
3. Bishop D. V. M. (2002) The role of genes in the etiology of specific language impairment. Journal of Communication Disorders 35, 311-28.
4. Bishop D. V. M., North T. & Donlan C. (1995) Genetic basis of specific language impairment: evidence from a twin study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 37, 56-71.
5. Bolton P., Murphy M., Macdonald H., Whitlock B., Pickles A. & Rutter M. (1997) Obstetric complications in autism: consequences or causes of the condition? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36, 272-81.
6. Bolton P. F., Park R., Higgins N., Griffiths P. D. & Pickles A. (2002) Neuro-epileptic determinants of autism spectrum disorders in tuberous sclerosis complex. Brain 125, 1247-55.
7. Chakrabarti S. & Fombonne E. (2001) Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children. Journal of the American Medican Association 285, 3093-9.
8. Chess S. (1977) Follow-up report on autism in congenital rubella. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 7, 69-81.
9. Chess S., Kern S. J. & Fernandez P. B. (1971) Psychiatric Disorders of Children with Congenital Rubella. Brunner/Mazel, New York.
10. Clegg J., Hollis C., Mawhood L. & Rutter M. (2005) Developmental language disorders: a follow-up in later adult life. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (in press).
11. Deykin E. Y. & MacMahon B. (1980) Pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal complications among autistic children. American Journal of Diseases of Children 134, 860-4.
12. Folstein S. & Rosen-Sheidley B. (2001) Genetics of autism: complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder. Nature Reviews: Genetics 2, 943-55.
13. Fombonne E. (2003) Epidemiological surveys of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders: an update. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 33, 365-82.
14. Fombonne E., Simmons H., Ford T., Meltzer H. & Goodman R. (2001) Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders in the British nationwide survey of child mental health. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40, 820-7.
15. Ghaziuddin M., Tsai L. Y., Eilers L. & Ghaziuddin N. (1992) Brief report: autism and herpes simplex encephalitis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 22, 107-13.
16. Gillberg C. (1986) Brief report: onset at age 14 of a typical autistic syndrome. A case report of a girl with herpes simplex encephalitis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 16, 368-75.
17. Gillberg C. (1990) Medical work-up in children with autism and Asperger syndrome. Brain Dysfunction 3, 249-60.
18. Gillberg C. (1998) Chromosomal disorders and autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 28, 415-25.
19. Gillberg C. & Coleman M. (1996) Autism and medical disorders: a review of the literature. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 38, 191-202.
20. Gillberg I. C. & Gillberg C. (1996) Autism in immigrants: a population-based study from Swedish rural and urban areas. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 40, 24-31.
21. Gillberg C. & Wahlstrom J. (1985) Chromosome abnormalities in infantile autism and other childhood psychoses: a population study of 66 cases. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 27, 293-304.
22. Goodman R. & Richards H. (1995) Child and adolescent psychiatric presentations of second-generation Afro-Caribbeans in Britain. British Journal of Psychiatry 167, 362-9.
23. Greenberg D. A., Hodge S. E., Sowinski J. & Nicoll D. (2001) Excess of twins among affected sibling pairs with autism: implications for the etiology of autism. American Journal of Human Genetics 69, 1062-7.
24. Gurling H. M. D., Bolton P. F., Vincent J., Melmer G. & Rutter M. (1997) Molecular and cytogenetic investigations of the Fragile X region including the FRAX and FRAX E CGG trinucleotide repeat sequences in families multiplex for autism and related phenotypes. Human Heredity 47, 254-62.
25. Hagberg B., Aicardi J., Dias K. & Ramos O. (1983) A progressive syndrome of autism, dementia, ataxia and loss of purposeful hand use in girls: Rett syndrome - report of 35 cases. Annals of Neurology 14, 471-9.
26. Hall J. G. (2003) Twinning. Lancet 362, 735-43.
27. Hallmayer J., Glasson E. J., Bower C., Petterson B., Croen L., Grether J. & Risch N. (2002) On the twin risk in autism. American Journal of Human Genetics 71, 941-6.
28. Harrison J. E. & Bolton P. F. (1997) Annotation: tuberous sclerosis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38, 603-14.
29. Hobson R. P., Lee A. & Brown R. (1999) Autism and congenital blindness. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 29, 45-56.
30. Hodge S. E., Greenberg D. A., Betancur C. & Gillberg C. (2002) Response to Visscher. American Journal of Human Genetics 71, 996-9.
31. Howlin P., Mawhood L. & Rutter M. (2000) Autism and developmental receptive language disorder - a comparative follow-up in early adult life. II: Social behavioural, and psychiatric outcomes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 41, 561-78.
32. Jensen A. R. (1997) The puzzle of nongenetic variance. In: Intelligence, Heredity, and Environment (eds R. Sternberg & E. L. Grigorenko), pp. 42-88. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
33. Kanner L. (1943) Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child 2, 217-50.
34. Lotter V. (1966) Epidemiology of autistic conditions in young children: I. Prevalence. Social Psychiatry 1, 124-37.
35. Medical Research Council (2001) MRC Review of Autism Research: Epidemiology and Causes. MRC, London.
36. Molenaar P. C. M., Boomsma D. I. & Dolan C. V. (1993) A third source of developmental differences. Behavior Genetics 23, 519-24.
37. Myrianthopoulos N. C. & Melnick M. (1977) Malformations in monozygotic twins: a possible source of environmental influence on the developmental genetic clock. In: Gene - Environment Interactions in Common Diseases (eds E. Inouye & H. Nishimusa), pp. 206-220. University Park Press, Baltimore.
38. Nelson K. B. (1991) Prenatal and perinatal factors in the etiology of autism. Pediatrics 87, 761-6.
39. Rantala H., Uhari M., Uhari M., Saukkonen A.-L. & Sorri M. (1991) Outcome after childhood encephalitis. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 33, 858-67.
40. Reiss A. L. & Dant C. C. (2003) The behavioral neurogenetics of Fragile X syndrome: analyzing gene-brain-behavior relationships in child developmental psychopathologies. Development and Psychopathology 15, 927-68.
41. Rett A. (1966) Uber ein eigenartiges himatrophisches Syndrom bei Hyperammonie in Kindesalter. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 116, 723-6.
42. Rodier P. & Hyman S. (1998) Early environmental factors in autism. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 4, 121-8.
43. Rutter M. (2004) Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning. Acta Paediatrica. doi: 10.1080/08035250410023124.
44. Rutter M. (2005) Genetic influences and autism. In: Handbook of Autism, 3rd edn, (ed. F. Volkmar). John Wiley, New York (in press).
45. Rutter M., Andersen-Wood L., Beckett C., Bredenkamp D., Castle J., Groothues C., Kreppner J., Keaveney L., Lord C., O'Connor T. G. and the ERA Study Team (1999) Quasi-autistic patterns following severe early global privation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40, 537-49.
46. Rutter M., Bailey A., Bolton P. & Le Couteur A. (1994) Autism and known medical conditions: myth and substance. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 35, 311-22.
47. Rutter M., Bolton P., Harrington R., Le Couteur A., Macdonald H. & Simonoff E. (1990) Genetic factors in child psychiatric disorders: I. A review of research strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 31, 3-37.
48. Schopler E., Andrews C. E. & Strupp K. (1979) Do autistic children come from upper middle class parents? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2, 139-51.
49. Smalley S. (1998) Autism and tuberous sclerosis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 28, 407-14.
50. Visscher P. M. (2002) Increased rate of twins among affected sib pairs. American Journal of Human Genetics 71, 995-6.
51. Vogel F. & Motulsky A. G. (1997) Human Genetics: Problems and Approaches, 3rd edn. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
52. Wing L. (1980) Childhood autism and social class: a question of selection? British Journal of Psychiatry 137, 410-17.