Interest in low-threshold employment among people who inject illicit drugs: Implications for street disorder

International Journal of Drug Policy

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 376-384

  DeBeck, Kora ^a   Wood, Evan ^a,b   Qi, Jiezhi ^a   Fu, Eric ^a   McArthur, Doug ^c   Montaner, Julio ^a,b   Kerr, Thomas ^a,b  

^a BRITISH COLUMBIA CENTRE FOR EXCELLENCE IN HIV AIDS   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Drug dealing; Income generation; Injection drug use; Low threshold employment; Panhandling; Sex work

Indexed keywords

ILLICIT DRUG; METHADONE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRIME; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG DEPENDENCE; DRUG TRAFFIC; EMPLOYMENT STATUS; FEMALE; HUMAN; INCOME; JOB FINDING; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; POLICE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PROSTITUTION; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PROBLEM; SYRINGE; VICTIM; VIOLENCE;

ADULT; COHORT STUDIES; DATABASES, FACTUAL; DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTES; DRUG USERS; EMPLOYMENT; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCOME; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; PROSTITUTION; RECYCLING; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; SEX WORKERS; STREET DRUGS; SUBSTANCE ABUSE, INTRAVENOUS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; SYRINGES;

EID: 80052932920     PISSN: 09553959     EISSN: 18734758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.05.012     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Aitken C., Moore D., Higgs P., Kelsall J., Kerger M. The impact of a police crackdown on a street drug scene: Evidence from the street. International Journal of Drug Policy 2002, 13:189-198.
2. Ball John C., Alan Ross The effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment: Patients, programs, services, and outcome 1991, Springer-Verlag Publishing, New York, NY, US.
3. Ball J., Shaffer J., Nurco D. The day to-day criminality of heroin addicts in Baltimore - A study in the continuity of offence rates. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1983, 12(2):119-142.
4. Bewley-Taylor D., Trace M., Stevens A. Incarceration of drug offenders: Costs and impacts 2005, Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme.
5. Blankenship K., Bray S., Merson M. Structural interventions in public health. AIDS 2000, 14:S11-S21.
6. Blankenship K., Friedman S., Dworkin S., Mantell J. Structural interventions: Concepts, challenges and opportunities for research. Journal of Urban Health 2006, 83(1):59-72.
7. Booth R.E., Kwiatkowski C.F., Chitwood D.D. Sex related HIV risk behaviors: Differential risks among injection drug users, crack smokers, and injection drug users who smoke crack. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2000, 58(3):219-226.
8. Bose R., Hwang S.W. Income and spending patterns among panhandlers. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2002, 167(5):477-479.
9. Boyum D., Reuter P. An analytic assessment of U.S. drug policy 2005, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, DC.
10. Bretteville-Jensen A., Sutton M. The income-generating behaviour of injecting drug-users in Oslo. Addiction 1996, 91(1):63-79.
11. Buchanan D., Tooze J.A., Shaw S., Kinzly M., Heimer R., Singer M. Demographic, HIV risk behavior, and health status characteristics of "crack" cocaine injectors compared to other injection drug users in three New England cities. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2006, 81(3):221-229.
12. Collins D., Blomley N. Private needs and public space: Politics, poverty, and anti-panhandling by-laws in Canadian cities. New Perspectives on the Public-Private Divide 2003, 40-67. Law Commission of Canada.
13. Cooper H., Wypij D., Krieger N. Police drug crackdowns and hospitalisation rates for illicit-injection-related infections in New York City. International Journal of Drug Policy 2005, 16(3):150-160.
14. Cross J.C., Johnson B.D., Davis W.R., Liberty H.J. Supporting the habit: Income generation activities of frequent crack users compared with frequent users of other hard drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2001, 64(2):191-201.
15. Dale A., Newman L. Social capital: A necessary and sufficient condition for sustainable community development?. Community Development Journal 2008, 45(1):5-21.
16. DeBeck K., Wood E., Zhang R., Buxton J., Montaner J., Kerr T. A dose-dependent relationship between exposure to a street-based drug scene and health-related harms among people who use injection drugs. J Urban Health. 2011, [Epub ahead of print].
17. DeBeck, K. (2010). Drug-related street disorder: Evidence for public policy responses. (Published PhD Dissertation). Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia.
18. DeBeck K., Kerr T., Li K., Fischer B., Buxton J., Montaner J., et al. Emergence of crack cocaine smoking as a risk factor for HIV seroconversion among injection drug users in Vancouver, Canada. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2009, 181(9):585-589.
19. DeBeck K., Wood E., Montaner J., Kerr T. Canada's 2003 renewed drug strategy - an evidence-based review. HIV/AIDS Policy & Law Review/Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network 2006, 11(2-3):1. 5-12.
20. DeBeck K., Shannon K., Wood E., Li K., Montaner J., Kerr T. Income generating activities of people who inject drugs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2007, 91(1):50-56.
21. Des Jarlais D. Structural interventions to reduce HIV transmission among injection drug users. AIDS 2000, 14:S41-S46.
22. Deschenes E., Anglin M. Narcotics addiction: Related criminal careers, social and economic costs. Journal of Drug Issues 1991, 21(2):383.
23. Dole V.P., Robinson J.W., Orraca J., Towns E., Searcy P., Caine E. Methadone treatment of randomly selected criminal addicts. New England Journal of Medicine 1969, 280(25):1372-1375.
24. Edlin B.R., Irwin K.L., Faruque S., McCoy C.B., Word C., Serrano Y., et al. Intersecting epidemics - crack cocaine use and HIV infection among inner-city young adults. New England Journal of Medicine 1994, 331(21):1422-1427.
25. Fischier B., Medved W., Kirst M., Rehm J., Gliksman L. Illicit opiates and crime: Results of an untreated user cohort study in Toronto. Canadian Journal of Criminology - Revue 2001, 43(2):197-217.
26. Galea S., Ahern J., Vlahov D. Contextual determinants of drug use risk behavior: A theoretic framework. Journal of Urban Health 2003, 80(4):iii50-iii58.
27. Grainger, P. (2008). Calendar changes lives in gritty eastside. CTV.
28. Hammersley R., Forsyth A., Morrison V., Davies J. The relationship between crime and opioid use. British Journal of Addiction 1989, 84(9):1029.
29. Hayashi K., Wood E., Wiebe L., Qi J., Kerr T. An external evaluation of a peer-run outreach-based syringe exchange in Vancouver, Canada. International Journal of Drug Policy 2010, 21(5):418-421.
30. Heimer R., Bray S., Burris S., Khoshnood K., Blankenship K. Structural interventions to improve opiate maintenance. International Journal of Drug Policy 2002, 13(2):103-111.
31. Hope in Shadows. (2010). Hope in shadows: Portraits of our community. Retrieved from. http://www.hopeinshadows.com/welcome.
32. Jeffcoat A.R., Perez-Reyes M., Hill J.M., Sadler B.M., Cook C.E. Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 1989, 17(2):153-159.
33. Kerr T., Fairbairn N., Tyndall M., Marsh D., Li K., Montaner J., et al. Predictors of non-fatal overdose among a cohort of polysubstance-using injection drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2007, 87(1):39-45.
34. Kerr T., Small W., Johnston C., Li K., Montaner J.S., Wood E. Characteristics of injection drug users who participate in drug dealing: Implications for drug policy. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 2008, 40(2):147-152.
35. Kral A.H., Lorvick J., Edlin B.R. Sex- and drug-related risk among populations of younger and older injection drug users in adjacent neighborhoods in San Francisco. JAIDS 2000, 24(2):162.
36. Levitt S.D., Venkatesh S.A. An economic analysis of a drug-selling gang's finances. Quarterly Journal of Economics 2000, 115(3):755-789.
37. Lloyd-Smith E., Rachlis B., Tobin D., Stone D., Li K., Small W., et al. Assisted injection in outdoor venues: An observational study of risks and implications for service delivery and harm reduction programming. Harm Reduction Journal 2010, 7:6-10.
38. Lougheed-Green L. The potluck café: Navigating the" twilight zone" of social enterprise. Making Waves 2004, 15(3):5-9.
39. Lyotier, K. (2010). United we can: A street charity that means business. Retrieved from. http://www.unitedwecan.ca/.
40. Maher L. Sexed work: Gender, race, and resistance in a Brooklyn drug market 2000, Oxford University Press, USA.
41. Maher L., Dixon D. Policing and public health: Law enforcement and harm minimization in a street-level drug market. British Journal of Criminology 1999, 39(4):488-512.
42. McCoy C.B., Comerford M., Metsch L.R. Employment among chronic drug users at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Substance Use & Misuse 2007, 42(7):1055-1067.
43. Miller C.L., Kerr T., Frankish J.C., Spittal P.M., Li K., Schechter M.T., et al. Binge drug use independently predicts HIV seroconversion among injection drug users: Implications for public health strategies. Substance Use & Misuse 2006, 41(2):199-210.
44. Moore S., Pell S. Autonomous archives. International Journal of Heritage Studies 2010, 16(4):255-268.
45. National Research Council Executive summary of the national research councils report informing Americas' policy on illegal drugs: What we don't know keeps hurting us. Addiction 2002, 97(6):647-652.
46. Nurco D., Cisin I., Ball J. Crime as a source of income for narcotic addicts. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 1985, 2(2):113-115.
47. Platt J.J. Vocational rehabilitation of drug abusers. Psychological Bulletin 1995, 117(3):416-433.
48. Potluck catering. (2010). Potluck training & employment program. Retrieved from. http://www.potluckcatering.org/training.html.
49. Rehm J., Baliunas D., Brochu S., Fischer B., Gnam W., Patra J., et al. The costs of substance abuse in Canada 2002 2006, The Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse.
50. Rhodes T. The 'risk environment': A framework for understanding and reducing drug-related harm. International Journal of Drug Policy 2002, 13(2):85-94.
51. Rhodes T., Lilly R., Fernández C., et al. Risk factors associated with drug use: The importance of 'risk environment'. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 2003, 10:303-329.
52. Rhodes T., Singer M., Bourgois P., Friedman S.R., Strathdee S.A. The social structural production of HIV risk among injecting drug users. Social Science & Medicine 2005, 61(5):1026-1044.
53. Rhodes T. Risk environments and drug harms: A social science for harm reduction approach. International Journal of Drug Policy 2009, 20(3):193-201.
54. Richardson L., Wood E., Li K., Kerr T. Factors associated with employment among a cohort of injection drug users. Drug and Alcohol Review 2010, 29(3):293-300.
55. Richardson L., Wood E., Zhang R., Montaner J., Tyndall M., Kerr T. Employment among users of a medically supervised safer injection facility. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 2008, 34(5):519-525.
56. Shannon K., Bright V., Allinott S., Alexson D., Gibson K., Tyndall M.W. Community-based HIV prevention research among substance-using women in survival sex work: The MAKA project partnership. Harm Reduction Journal 2007, 4:20.
57. Shannon K., Bright V., Gibson K., Tyndall M.W. Sexual and drug-related vulnerabilities for HIV infection among women engaged in survival sex work in Vancouver, Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2007, 98(6):465-469. Maka Project Partnership.
58. Shannon K., Kerr T., Allinott S., Chettiar J., Shoveller J., Tyndall M.W. Social and structural violence and power relations in mitigating HIV risk of drug-using women in survival sex work. Social Science & Medicine 2008, 66(4):911-921.
59. Shannon K., Strathdee S.A., Shoveller J., Rusch M., Kerr T., Tyndall M.W. Structural and environmental barriers to condom use negotiation with clients among female sex workers: Implications for HIV-prevention strategies and policy. American Journal of Public Health 2009, 99(4):659-665.
60. Sherman S., German D., Cheng Y., Marks M., Bailey-Kloche M. The evaluation of the JEWEL project: An innovative economic enhancement and HIV prevention intervention study targeting drug using women involved in prostitution. AIDS Care 2006, 18(1):1.
61. Shtatland E.S., Cain E., Barton M.B. The perils of stepwise logistic regression and how to escape them using information criteria and the output delivery system. Proceedings from the 26th Annual SAS Users Group International Conference 2001, 22-25.
62. Silverman L., Spruill N. Urban crime and the price of heroin. Journal of Urban Economics 1977, 4(1):80-103.
63. Sumartojo E. Structural interventions in HIV prevention: Concepts, examples, and implications for research. AIDS 2000, 14:S3-S10.
64. Tyndall M., Currie S., Spittal P., Li K., Wood E., O'Shaughnessy M., et al. Intensive injection cocaine use as the primary risk factor in the Vancouver HIV-1 epidemic. AIDS 2003, 17(6):887-893.
65. VANDU. (2010). Vancouver area network of drug users. Retrieved from. http://www.vandu.org/.
66. Wood E., Spittal P., Small W., Kerr T., Li K., Hogg R., et al. Displacement of Canada's largest public illicit drug market in response to a police crackdown. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2004, 170(10):1551-1556.
67. Wood E., Tyndall M.W., Spittal P.M., Li K., Hogg R.S., Montaner J.S., et al. Factors associated with persistent high-risk syringe sharing in the presence of an established needle exchange programme. AIDS 2002, 16(6):941-943.