Sexual and drug-related vulnerabilities for HIV infection among women engaged in survival sex work in Vancouver, Canada

Canadian Journal of Public Health

Volumn 98, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 465-469

  Shannon, Kate ^a,b   Bright, Vicki ^a   Gibson, Kate ^c   Tyndall, Mark W ^a,b  

^a BRITISH COLUMBIA CENTRE FOR EXCELLENCE IN HIV AIDS   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c WISH Drop In Centre Society   (Canada)

Author keywords

Harm reduction; HIV infections; Prostitution

Indexed keywords

EID: 37249067066     PISSN: 00084263     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/bf03405440     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Irwin K, Edlin BR, Wong L, Faruque S, McCoy HV, Word C, et al. Urban rape survivors: Characteristics and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections. Multicentre Crack Cocaine and HIV Infection Study Team. Obstet Gynecol 1995;85(3):330-36.
2. El-Bassel N, Witte SS, Wada T, Gilbert L, Wallace J. Correlates of partner violence among female street-based sex workers: Substance abuse, history of childhood abuse, and HIV risks. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2001;15(1):41-51.
3. Currie S, LaLiberte N, Bird S, Rosa N, Sprung S. Assessing the Violence Against Street-involved Women in the Downtown Eastside/Strathcona Community. Vancouver, BC: DEYAS, 1996.
4. Farley M, Lynne J, Cotton AJ. Prostitution in Vancouver: Violence and the colonization of First Nations women. Transcultural Psychiatry 2005;42(2):242-71.
5. Ratner M (Ed.). Crack Pipe as Pimp: An Ethnographic Investigation of Sex-for-crack Exchanges. New York, NY: Lexington Books, 1993.
6. Booth R, Kwiatkowski CF, Chitwood DD. Sex related HIV risk behaviours: Differential risks among injection drug users, crack smokers, and injection drug users who smoke crack. Drug Alcohol Dependence 2000; 58.
7. Edlin BR, Irwin KL, Faruque S, McCoy CB, Word C, Serrano Y, et al. Intersecting epidemics - Crack cocaine use and HIV infection among inner-city young adults. Multicenter Crack Cocaine and HIV Infection Study Team. N Engl J Med 1994;331(21):1422-27.
8. Baseman J, Ross MW, Williams ML. Sale of sex for drugs and drugs for sex: An economic context of sexual risk behaviour for STDs. Sex Transm Dis 1999;26:444-49.
9. Astemborski J, Vlahov D, Warren D, Soloman L, Nelson KE. The trading of sex for drugs or money and HIV seropositivity among female intravenous drug users. Am J Public Health 1994;84(3):382-87.
10. Braitstein P, Li K, Tyndall M, Spittal P, O'Shaughnessy MV, Schilder A, et al. Sexual violence among a cohort of injection drug users. Soc Sci Med 2003;57(3):561-69.
11. Potterat J, Brewer DD, Muth SQ, Rothenberg RB, Woodhouse DE, Muth JB, et al. Mortality in a long-term open cohort of prostitute women. Am J Epidemiol 2004;159:778-85.
12. Culhane D. Their spirits live within us: Aboriginal women in Downtown Eastside Vancouver emerging into visibility. Am Indian Q 2003;27(3&4):593-601.
13. CBC Online News. The missing women of Vancouver. Accessed August 2005.
14. Public Health Agency of Canada. HIV/AIDS Epi Update: HIV/AIDS Among Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: A Continuing Concern. Available online at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/epiu-aepi/epi_update_may_04/ 9_e.html (Accessed June 8, 2005).
15. Currie S. Assessing the Violence Against Street-involved Women in the Downtown Eastside/Strathcona Community: A Needs Assessment. Cited in the Federal/Provincial Territorial Working Group on Prostitution (1998). Vancouver: Canadian Federal/Provincial Working Group on Prostitution, 1994.
16. Lowman J. Reconvening the federal committee on prostitution law reform. CMAJ 2004;171(2):147.
17. PIVOT. Voices for dignity: A call to end the harms caused by Canada's sex trade laws. 1-37. Available online at: www.pivotlegal.org/ sex-tradereport/index.htm (Accessed May 10, 2005).
18. Spittal PM, Bruneau J, Craib KJ, Miller C, Lamothe F, Weber AE, et al. Surviving the sex trade: A comparison of HIV risk behaviours among street-involved women in two Canadian cities who inject drugs. AIDS Care 2003;15(2):187-95.
19. Strathdee S, Sherman SG. The role of sexual transmission of HIV infection among injection and non-injection drug users. J Urban Health 2003;80,Suppl 3(4):iii7-i4.
20. Craib KJ, Spittal PM, Wood E, LaLiberte N, Hogg RS, Li K, et al. Risk factors for elevated HIV incidence among Aboriginal injection drug users in Vancouver. CMAJ 2003;168(1):19-31.
21. Shannon K, Bright V, Duddy J, Tyndall MW. Access and utilization of HIV treatment and services among women sex workers in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside. J Urban Health 2005;82(3):488-97.
22. Weber A, Boivin J-F, Blais L, Haley N, Roy E. Predictors of initiation into prostitution among female street youths. J Urban Health 2004;81(4):584-95.
23. Greene J, Ennett ST, Ringwalt CL. Prevalence and correlates of survival sex among runaway and homeless youth. Am J Public Health 1999;89:1406-9.
24. Nadon S, Koverola C, Schludermann EH. Antecedents to prostitution: Childhood victimization. J Interpers Violence 1998;13:206-21.
25. Potterat J, Rothenburg RB, Muth SQ, Darrow WW, Phillips-Plummer L. Pathways to prostitution: The chronology of sexual and drug abuse milestones. J Sex Res 1998;35:333-40.
26. Seng M. Child sexual abuse and adolescent prostitution: A comparative analysis. Adolescence 1998;24:664-75.
27. Miller CL, Spittal PM, LaLiberte N, Li K, Tyndall MW, O'Shaughnessy MV, Schechter MT. Females experiencing sexual and drug vulnerabilities are at elevated risk for HIV infection among youth who use injection drugs. J AIDS 2002;30(3):1-10.
28. Statistics Canada. Population by Aboriginal Group. Available online at: hctp://www40.statcan.ca/101/cst01/demo26a.htm (Accessed June 8, 2005).
29. Public Health Agency of Canada. Situation analysis: A background paper on HIV/AIDS and Aboriginal people. Available online at: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/hiv_aids/pdf/ situtionalanalysis_e.pdf (Accessed June 6, 2005).
30. BC Aboriginal HIV/AIDS Task Force. The Red Road: Pathways to wholeness. An Aboriginal Strategy for HIV/AIDS in BC. Available online at: http://www.red-road.org/download/PathwaysWholeness.pdf (Accessed June 9, 2005).
31. Simoni JM, Schgal S, Walters KL. Triangle of risk: Urban American Indian women's sexual trauma, injection drug use, and HIV sexual risk behaviours. AIDS and Behavior 2004;8(1):33-44.
32. Evans-Campbell T, Walters K-L. Catching our breath: A decolonization framework for healing indigenous families. Unpublished manuscript, 2003.
33. Tyndall MW, Currie S, Spittal P, Li K Wood E, O'Shauglinessy W, et al. Intensive injection cocaine use as the primary risk factor in the Vancouver HTV-1 epidemic. AIDS 2003;17(6):887-93.
34. Logan T, Leukefeld C, Farabee D. Sexual and drug use behaviours among women crack users: Implications for prevention. AIDS Educ Prev 1998;10(4):327-40.
35. Estebanez P, Russell NK, Aguilar MD, Beland F, Zunzunegui MV. Women, drugs, and HIV/AIDS: Results of a multicentre European study. Int J Epidemiol 2000;29(4):734-43.
36. Spittal PM, Craib KJ, Wood E, Laliberte N, Li K, Tyndall MW, et al. Risk factors for elevated HIV incidence rates among female injection drug users in Vancouver. CMAJ 2002; 166(7):894-99.
37. De Irala J, Bigelow C, McCusker J, Hindin R, Zheng L. Reliability of self-reported human immunodeficiency virus risk behaviors in a residential drug treatment population. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143(7):725-32.