메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 454-462

Implications of Arctic industrial growth and strategies to mitigate future vessel and fishing gear impacts on bowhead whales

Author keywords

Arctic; Bowhead whale; Fishing gear entanglement; Ice retreat; Right whale; Vessel strike

Indexed keywords

COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY; FISHING; FISHING GEAR; HUNTING; ICE RETREAT; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; OPEN WATER; SEA ICE; SHIPPING; WHALE;

EID: 80052841205     PISSN: 0308597X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2011.08.005     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (60)

References (61)
  • 1
    • 81255151262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arctic marine shipping assessment 2009 report. Arctic Council
    • Ellis B, Brigham L. Arctic marine shipping assessment 2009 report. Arctic Council; 2009. 194 pp.
    • (2009) , pp. 194
    • Ellis, B.1    Brigham, L.2
  • 2
    • 74549194193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arctic shipping scenarios and coastal state challenges
    • Brigham L. Arctic shipping scenarios and coastal state challenges. WMU J Marit Aff 2008, 7:477-484.
    • (2008) WMU J Marit Aff , vol.7 , pp. 477-484
    • Brigham, L.1
  • 3
    • 0028160870 scopus 로고
    • Frequency of killer whale (Orcinus orca) attacks and ship collisions based on scarring on bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) of the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort seas stock
    • George J., Philo L., Hazard K., Withrow D., Carroll G., Suydam R. Frequency of killer whale (Orcinus orca) attacks and ship collisions based on scarring on bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) of the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort seas stock. Arctic 1994, 47:247-255.
    • (1994) Arctic , vol.47 , pp. 247-255
    • George, J.1    Philo, L.2    Hazard, K.3    Withrow, D.4    Carroll, G.5    Suydam, R.6
  • 4
    • 81255137833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unpublished data.
    • George JC. Unpublished data.
    • George, J.C.1
  • 5
    • 0006591779 scopus 로고
    • Rope entanglement of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus)
    • Philo L.M., George J.C., Albert T.F. Rope entanglement of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus). Mar Mamm Sci 1992, 8:306-311.
    • (1992) Mar Mamm Sci , vol.8 , pp. 306-311
    • Philo, L.M.1    George, J.C.2    Albert, T.F.3
  • 6
    • 81255129803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality of a bowhead whale in fishing gear in the Okhotsk Sea. Paper SC/51/AS27. Available from International Whaling Commission, Cambridge, UK. 1999.
    • Brownell RL. Mortality of a bowhead whale in fishing gear in the Okhotsk Sea. Paper SC/51/AS27. Available from International Whaling Commission, Cambridge, UK. 1999.
    • Brownell, R.L.1
  • 7
    • 0025595397 scopus 로고
    • Rates and potential causes of mortality in North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis)
    • Kraus S.D. Rates and potential causes of mortality in North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis). Mar Mamm Sci 1990, 6:278-291.
    • (1990) Mar Mamm Sci , vol.6 , pp. 278-291
    • Kraus, S.D.1
  • 8
    • 22744441709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphometry, gross morphology and available histopathology in North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) mortalities (1970 to 2002)
    • Moore M.J., Knowlton A.R., Kraus S.D., McLellan W.A., Bonde R.K. Morphometry, gross morphology and available histopathology in North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) mortalities (1970 to 2002). J Cetacean Res Manage 2004, 6:199-214.
    • (2004) J Cetacean Res Manage , vol.6 , pp. 199-214
    • Moore, M.J.1    Knowlton, A.R.2    Kraus, S.D.3    McLellan, W.A.4    Bonde, R.K.5
  • 9
    • 6344252928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abundance and population trend (1978-2001) of Western Arctic bowhead whales surveyed near Barrow, Alaska
    • George J.C., Zeh J., Suydam R., Clark C. Abundance and population trend (1978-2001) of Western Arctic bowhead whales surveyed near Barrow, Alaska. Mar Mamm Sci 2004, 20:755-773.
    • (2004) Mar Mamm Sci , vol.20 , pp. 755-773
    • George, J.C.1    Zeh, J.2    Suydam, R.3    Clark, C.4
  • 10
    • 81255151260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Editors). Right whales: worldwide status. J Cetacean Res Manage 2001 (Spl. 2):
    • Best PB, Bannister JL, Brownell Jr RL, Donovan GP (Editors). Right whales: worldwide status. J Cetacean Res Manage 2001 (Spl. 2):309 pp.
    • Best, P.B.1    Bannister, J.L.2    Brownell Jr, R.L.3    Donovan, G.P.4
  • 12
    • 42449158220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque whalers in the western North Atlantic
    • McLeod B.A., Brown M.W., Moore M.J., Stevens W., Barkham S.H., Barkham M., et al. Bowhead whales, and not right whales, were the primary target of 16th- to 17th-century Basque whalers in the western North Atlantic. Arctic 2008, 61:61-75.
    • (2008) Arctic , vol.61 , pp. 61-75
    • McLeod, B.A.1    Brown, M.W.2    Moore, M.J.3    Stevens, W.4    Barkham, S.H.5    Barkham, M.6
  • 13
    • 0006663516 scopus 로고
    • The bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus
    • Braham H.W. The bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus. Mar Fish Rev 1984, 46(4):45-53.
    • (1984) Mar Fish Rev , vol.46 , Issue.4 , pp. 45-53
    • Braham, H.W.1
  • 15
    • 0028993382 scopus 로고
    • Feeding, social and migration behavior of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, in Baffin Bay vs. the Beaufort Sea-regions with different amounts of human activity
    • Richardson W.J., Finley K.J., Miller G.W., Davis R.A., Koski W.R. Feeding, social and migration behavior of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, in Baffin Bay vs. the Beaufort Sea-regions with different amounts of human activity. Mar Mamm Sci 1995, 11:1-45.
    • (1995) Mar Mamm Sci , vol.11 , pp. 1-45
    • Richardson, W.J.1    Finley, K.J.2    Miller, G.W.3    Davis, R.A.4    Koski, W.R.5
  • 16
    • 0016050938 scopus 로고
    • Spatial variability of underwater ambient noise at the Arctic ice-water boundary
    • Diachok O.J., Winokur R.S. Spatial variability of underwater ambient noise at the Arctic ice-water boundary. J Acoust Soc Am 1974, 55:750-753.
    • (1974) J Acoust Soc Am , vol.55 , pp. 750-753
    • Diachok, O.J.1    Winokur, R.S.2
  • 17
    • 19444372524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concentrations of persistent organochlorine contaminants in bowhead whale tissues and other biota from northern Alaska: implications for human exposure from a subsistence diet
    • Hoekstra P.F., O'Hara T.M., Backus S.M., Hanns C., Muir D.C.G. Concentrations of persistent organochlorine contaminants in bowhead whale tissues and other biota from northern Alaska: implications for human exposure from a subsistence diet. Environ Res 2005, 98:329-340.
    • (2005) Environ Res , vol.98 , pp. 329-340
    • Hoekstra, P.F.1    O'Hara, T.M.2    Backus, S.M.3    Hanns, C.4    Muir, D.C.G.5
  • 20
    • 81255187114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North Atlantic right whale consortium 2010 annual report card; 2010. Accessed: June 28 2011.
    • Pettis H. North Atlantic right whale consortium 2010 annual report card; 2010. Accessed: June 28 2011. http://www.narwc.org/pdf/2010_report_card_addendum.pdf.
    • Pettis, H.1
  • 21
    • 37249058765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High investment, low return: the strange case of reproduction in Eubalaena glacialis
    • Harvard University Press, Cambridge, S.D. Kraus, R.M. Rolland (Eds.)
    • Kraus S.D., Pace R.M.III, Frasier T.R. High investment, low return: the strange case of reproduction in Eubalaena glacialis. The Urban Whale: North Atlantic Right Whale at the Crossroads 2007, 172-199. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. S.D. Kraus, R.M. Rolland (Eds.).
    • (2007) The Urban Whale: North Atlantic Right Whale at the Crossroads , pp. 172-199
    • Kraus, S.D.1    Pace, R.M.I.I.I.2    Frasier, T.R.3
  • 22
    • 0033828777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellite-monitored movements of radio-tagged bowhead whales in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas during the late-summer feeding season and fall migration
    • Mate B., Krutzikowsky G., Winsor M. Satellite-monitored movements of radio-tagged bowhead whales in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas during the late-summer feeding season and fall migration. Can J Zool 2000, 78:1168-1181.
    • (2000) Can J Zool , vol.78 , pp. 1168-1181
    • Mate, B.1    Krutzikowsky, G.2    Winsor, M.3
  • 23
    • 0037782518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality and serious injury of northern right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in the western North Atlantic Ocean
    • Knowlton A.R., Kraus S.D. Mortality and serious injury of northern right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in the western North Atlantic Ocean. J Cetacean Res Manage 2001, (Special Issue 2):193-208.
    • (2001) J Cetacean Res Manage , Issue.SPEC. ISSUE. 2 , pp. 193-208
    • Knowlton, A.R.1    Kraus, S.D.2
  • 25
    • 33846046954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vessel collisions with whales: the probability of lethal injury based on vessel speed
    • Vanderlaan A.S.M., Taggart C.T. Vessel collisions with whales: the probability of lethal injury based on vessel speed. Mar Mamm Sci 2007, 23:144-156.
    • (2007) Mar Mamm Sci , vol.23 , pp. 144-156
    • Vanderlaan, A.S.M.1    Taggart, C.T.2
  • 27
    • 41749098320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gross and histologic evidence of sharp and blunt trauma in North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) killed by ships
    • Campbell-Malone R., Barco S.G., Daoust P.Y., Knowlton A.R., McLellan W.A., Rotstein D.S., et al. Gross and histologic evidence of sharp and blunt trauma in North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) killed by ships. J Zoo Wildl Med 2008, 39:37-55.
    • (2008) J Zoo Wildl Med , vol.39 , pp. 37-55
    • Campbell-Malone, R.1    Barco, S.G.2    Daoust, P.Y.3    Knowlton, A.R.4    McLellan, W.A.5    Rotstein, D.S.6
  • 28
    • 65649146497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanics of the right whale mandible: full scale testing and finite element analysis
    • Tsukrov I., DeCew J., Baldwin K., Campbell-Malone R., Moore M. Mechanics of the right whale mandible: full scale testing and finite element analysis. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 2009, 374:93-103.
    • (2009) J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , vol.374 , pp. 93-103
    • Tsukrov, I.1    DeCew, J.2    Baldwin, K.3    Campbell-Malone, R.4    Moore, M.5
  • 30
    • 81255129799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on the United States' actions to reduce the threat of ship collisions with large whales. Paper IWC/61/CC14. Available from: International Whaling Commission, Cambridge, UK; 2009.
    • Bettridge S, Silber G. Update on the United States' actions to reduce the threat of ship collisions with large whales. Paper IWC/61/CC14. Available from: International Whaling Commission, Cambridge, UK; 2009. 4 pp.
    • Bettridge, S.1    Silber, G.2
  • 31
    • 43149118988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing the risk of lethal encounters: vessels and right whales in the Bay of Fundy and on the Scotian Shelf
    • Vanderlaan A.S.M., Taggart C.T., Serdynska A.R., Kenney R.D., Brown M.W. Reducing the risk of lethal encounters: vessels and right whales in the Bay of Fundy and on the Scotian Shelf. Endangered Species Res 2008, 4:283-297.
    • (2008) Endangered Species Res , vol.4 , pp. 283-297
    • Vanderlaan, A.S.M.1    Taggart, C.T.2    Serdynska, A.R.3    Kenney, R.D.4    Brown, M.W.5
  • 32
    • 81255187112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional time/space conflicts in vessel traffic with right whales in the Bay of Fundy. Habitat Stewardship Program for Species at Risk, Oceanography Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
    • Taggart CT, Vanderlaan A. Regional time/space conflicts in vessel traffic with right whales in the Bay of Fundy. Habitat Stewardship Program for Species at Risk, Oceanography Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; 2003. 16 pp.
    • (2003) , pp. 16
    • Taggart, C.T.1    Vanderlaan, A.2
  • 33
    • 70450255216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of a voluntary area to be avoided to reduce risk of lethal vessel strikes to endangered whales
    • Vanderlaan A.S.M., Taggart C.T. Efficacy of a voluntary area to be avoided to reduce risk of lethal vessel strikes to endangered whales. Conserv Biol 2009, 23:1467-1474.
    • (2009) Conserv Biol , vol.23 , pp. 1467-1474
    • Vanderlaan, A.S.M.1    Taggart, C.T.2
  • 34
    • 81255129797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report of a workshop to identify and assess technologies to reduce ship strikes of large whales, Providence, Rhode Island, 8-10 July 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-42; 2009. Available at: Accessed June 28, 2011.
    • Silber G, Bettridge S, Cottingham D. Report of a workshop to identify and assess technologies to reduce ship strikes of large whales, Providence, Rhode Island, 8-10 July 2008. p. 66. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-42; 2009. Available at: Accessed June 28, 2011. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/shipstrike/technology_workshop_report.pdf.
    • Silber, G.1    Bettridge, S.2    Cottingham, D.3
  • 35
    • 81255151257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IMO. Routing measures other than Traffic Separation Schemes Ref. T2.OSS/2.7.1 SN.1/Circ. 272 10 December 2008 International Maritime Organization, 4 Albert Embankment, London, SE1 7SR UK; 2008. Available at: Accessed June 28, 2011.
    • IMO. Routing measures other than Traffic Separation Schemes Ref. T2.OSS/2.7.1 SN.1/Circ. 272 10 December 2008 International Maritime Organization, 4 Albert Embankment, London, SE1 7SR UK; 2008. Available at: Accessed June 28, 2011. http://www.nero.noaa.gov/shipstrike/doc/GSC_ATBA_IMO_circular.pdf.
  • 36
    • 81255151258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IMO. New and amended existing Traffic Separation Schemes. Ref. TS-OSS/2.7.1 COLREG.2/Circ.58 11 December 2006 International Maritime Organization, 4 Albert Embankment, London, SE1 7SR UK; 2006. Available at: Accessed June 28, 2011.
    • IMO. New and amended existing Traffic Separation Schemes. Ref. TS-OSS/2.7.1 COLREG.2/Circ.58 11 December 2006 International Maritime Organization, 4 Albert Embankment, London, SE1 7SR UK; 2006. Available at: Accessed June 28, 2011. http://www.gc.noaa.gov/documents/imo-circular-58-2006.pdf.
  • 37
    • 81255187111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large whale ship strike database. US Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum. NMFS-OPR-25; 2003.
    • Jensen AS, Silber GK. Large whale ship strike database. US Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum. NMFS-OPR-25; 2003. 2537 pp.
    • Jensen, A.S.1    Silber, G.K.2
  • 38
    • 81255151256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cornell Laboratory for Ornithology. Right whale listening network bioacoustics research program, 2011. Accessed June 28, 2011.
    • Cornell Laboratory for Ornithology. Right whale listening network bioacoustics research program, 2011. Accessed June 28, 2011. http://www.listenforwhales.org.
  • 39
    • 77956828513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fall and winter movements of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in the Chukchi Sea and within a potential petroleum development area
    • Quakenbush L.T., Citta J.J., George J.C., Small R.J., Heide-Jørgensen M.P. Fall and winter movements of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in the Chukchi Sea and within a potential petroleum development area. Arctic 2010, 63:289-307.
    • (2010) Arctic , vol.63 , pp. 289-307
    • Quakenbush, L.T.1    Citta, J.J.2    George, J.C.3    Small, R.J.4    Heide-Jørgensen, M.P.5
  • 40
    • 81255137830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AEWC. Conflict avoidance agreement. Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission, Box 570, Barrow, AK 99723; 2010.
    • AEWC. Conflict avoidance agreement. Alaska Eskimo Whaling Commission, Box 570, Barrow, AK 99723; 2010.
  • 41
    • 81255129795 scopus 로고
    • editors. Gillnets and cetaceans. Report of the International Whaling Commission, Special Issue 15. Cambridge, UK: International Whaling Commission
    • Perrin WF, Donovan GP, Barlow J, editors. Gillnets and cetaceans. Report of the International Whaling Commission, Special Issue 15. Cambridge, UK: International Whaling Commission; 1994. 629 p.
    • (1943) , pp. 629
    • Perrin, W.F.1    Donovan, G.P.2    Barlow, J.3
  • 42
    • 81255187109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dolphins, whales and porpoises: 2002-2010 conservation action plan for the world's cetaceans. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
    • Reeves RR, Smith BD, Crespo EA, Notarbartolo di Sciara G. Dolphins, whales and porpoises: 2002-2010 conservation action plan for the world's cetaceans. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland; 2003. 139 pp.
    • (2003) , pp. 139
    • Reeves, R.R.1    Smith, B.D.2    Crespo, E.A.3    Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.4
  • 43
    • 45249124290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The looming crisis: interactions between marine mammals and fisheries
    • Read A.J. The looming crisis: interactions between marine mammals and fisheries. J Mammal 2008, 89:541-548.
    • (2008) J Mammal , vol.89 , pp. 541-548
    • Read, A.J.1
  • 44
    • 81255151255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Editors). The bowhead whale. Special Publication Number 2, Society for Marine Mammalogy, Lawrence, Kansas; 1993.
    • Burns JJ, Montague JJ, Cowles CJ (Editors). The bowhead whale. Special Publication Number 2, Society for Marine Mammalogy, Lawrence, Kansas; 1993.
    • Burns, J.J.1    Montague, J.J.2    Cowles, C.J.3
  • 45
    • 81255129796 scopus 로고
    • Epilogue. In: Burns JJ, Montague JJ, Cowles CJ, editors. The bowhead whale. Special Publication Number 2, Society for Marine Mammalogy. Lawrence, Kansas
    • Burns J. Epilogue. In: Burns JJ, Montague JJ, Cowles CJ, editors. The bowhead whale. Special Publication Number 2, Society for Marine Mammalogy. Lawrence, Kansas; 1993. p. 745-64.
    • (1993) , pp. 745-64
    • Burns, J.1
  • 46
    • 0007578116 scopus 로고
    • The right whale, Eubalaena glacialis, in the western North Atlantic
    • Reeves R.R., Mead J.G., Katona S. The right whale, Eubalaena glacialis, in the western North Atlantic. Rep Int Whaling Comm 1978, 28:303-312.
    • (1978) Rep Int Whaling Comm , vol.28 , pp. 303-312
    • Reeves, R.R.1    Mead, J.G.2    Katona, S.3
  • 47
    • 81255137831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of scarring on North Atlantic Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis). Monitoring rates of entanglement interaction 1980-2004. National Marine Fisheries Service Contract EA133F-03-SE-0323
    • Knowlton AR, Cooper LR, Hamilton PK, Marx MK, Pettis HM, Kraus SD. Analysis of scarring on North Atlantic Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis). Monitoring rates of entanglement interaction 1980-2004. National Marine Fisheries Service Contract EA133F-03-SE-0323, 2008. 25 pp.
    • (2008) , pp. 25
    • Knowlton, A.R.1    Cooper, L.R.2    Hamilton, P.K.3    Marx, M.K.4    Pettis, H.M.5    Kraus, S.D.6
  • 48
    • 81255187110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NOAA_2. Stock assessment report: North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis): Western Atlantic stock, Available at: Accessed June 28, 2011.
    • NOAA_2. Stock assessment report: North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis): Western Atlantic stock, 2009. p. 1-11. Available at: Accessed June 28, 2011. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/sars/ao2009whnr-w.pdf.
    • (2009) , pp. 1-11
  • 49
    • 81255151254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • editors. U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico marine mammal stock assessments 2011. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS NE. Available from: National Marine Fisheries Service, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1026, or
    • Waring GT, Josephson E, Maze-Foley K, Rosel, PE, editors. U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico marine mammal stock assessments 2011. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS NE 2011, p. 219. Available from: National Marine Fisheries Service, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543-1026, or http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/nefsc/publications/.
    • (2011) , pp. 219
    • Waring, G.T.1    Josephson, E.2    Maze-Foley, K.3    Rosel, P.E.4
  • 50
    • 76649107658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevations of lobster fishery groundlines in relation to their potential to entangle endangered North Atlantic right whales in the Bay of Fundy, Canada
    • Brillant S.W., Trippel E.A. Elevations of lobster fishery groundlines in relation to their potential to entangle endangered North Atlantic right whales in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. ICES J Mar Sci 2010, 67:355-364.
    • (2010) ICES J Mar Sci , vol.67 , pp. 355-364
    • Brillant, S.W.1    Trippel, E.A.2
  • 51
    • 81255129794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report of the North Atlantic right whale program review, 13-17 March 2006. Woods Hole, MA Bethesda, MD: Marine Mammal Commission
    • Reeves RR, Read AJ, Lowry L, Katona SK, Boness DJ. Report of the North Atlantic right whale program review, 13-17 March 2006. Woods Hole, MA Bethesda, MD: Marine Mammal Commission; 2007. 67 p.
    • (2007) , pp. 67
    • Reeves, R.R.1    Read, A.J.2    Lowry, L.3    Katona, S.K.4    Boness, D.J.5
  • 52
    • 81255129792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anon. Biological perspective on large whale-fishing gear conflicts in the Northwest Atlantic. Available from: New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110
    • Anon. Biological perspective on large whale-fishing gear conflicts in the Northwest Atlantic. Available from: New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110; 2008. 18 pp.
    • (2008) , pp. 18
  • 54
    • 81255187108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • et al. Fatally entangled right whales can die extremely slowly. Oceans'06 MTS/IEEE-Boston, Massachusetts; September 18-21, 2006. ISBN:1-4244-0115-1.
    • Moore MJ, Bogomolni A, Bowman R, Hamilton PK, Harry CT, Knowlton AR, et al. Fatally entangled right whales can die extremely slowly. Oceans'06 MTS/IEEE-Boston, Massachusetts; September 18-21, 2006. 3 pp. ISBN:1-4244-0115-1.
    • Moore, M.J.1    Bogomolni, A.2    Bowman, R.3    Hamilton, P.K.4    Harry, C.T.5    Knowlton, A.R.6
  • 55
    • 42449096751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling whale entanglement injuries: an experimental study of tissue compliance, line tension, and draw-length
    • Winn J.P., Woodward B., Moore M.J., Peterson M.L. Modeling whale entanglement injuries: an experimental study of tissue compliance, line tension, and draw-length. Mar Mamm Sci 2008, 24:326-340.
    • (2008) Mar Mamm Sci , vol.24 , pp. 326-340
    • Winn, J.P.1    Woodward, B.2    Moore, M.J.3    Peterson, M.L.4
  • 56
    • 81255151249 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary report of the dynamics of large whale entanglements in fishing gear workshop. Available from New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110, USA; 2011.
    • Werner T. Preliminary report of the dynamics of large whale entanglements in fishing gear workshop. Available from New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, MA 02110, USA; 2011.
    • Werner, T.1
  • 57
    • 34147102320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflections on the ballast water dispersal--harmful algal bloom paradigm
    • Smayda T.J. Reflections on the ballast water dispersal--harmful algal bloom paradigm. Harmful Algae 2007, 6:601-622.
    • (2007) Harmful Algae , vol.6 , pp. 601-622
    • Smayda, T.J.1
  • 58
    • 0027837378 scopus 로고
    • Ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms
    • Cariton J.T., Geller J.B. Ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms. Science 1993, 261:78-82.
    • (1993) Science , vol.261 , pp. 78-82
    • Cariton, J.T.1    Geller, J.B.2
  • 59
    • 33751342647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of recent vessel arrivals and ballast water discharge in Alaska: toward assessing ship-mediated invasion risk
    • McGee S., Piorkowski R., Ruiz G. Analysis of recent vessel arrivals and ballast water discharge in Alaska: toward assessing ship-mediated invasion risk. Mar Pollut Bull 2006, 52:1634-1645.
    • (2006) Mar Pollut Bull , vol.52 , pp. 1634-1645
    • McGee, S.1    Piorkowski, R.2    Ruiz, G.3
  • 60
    • 68149139737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loss of Arctic sea ice causing punctuated change in sightings of killer whales (Orcinus orca) over the past century
    • Higdon J.W., Ferguson S.H. Loss of Arctic sea ice causing punctuated change in sightings of killer whales (Orcinus orca) over the past century. Ecol Appl 2009, 19:1365-1375.
    • (2009) Ecol Appl , vol.19 , pp. 1365-1375
    • Higdon, J.W.1    Ferguson, S.H.2
  • 61
    • 45249107842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of climate change on Arctic marine mammal health
    • Burek K.A., Gulland F.M.D., O'Hara T.M. Effects of climate change on Arctic marine mammal health. Ecol Appl 2008, 18:S126-S134.
    • (2008) Ecol Appl , vol.18
    • Burek, K.A.1    Gulland, F.M.D.2    O'Hara, T.M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.