Canada: Psychosis in the immigrant caribbean population

International Journal of Social Psychiatry

Volumn 57, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 462-470

  Seeman, Mary V ^a  

^a CENTRE FOR ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH   (Canada)

Author keywords

cannabis; Caribbean; ethnicity; family; genetics; migration; schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

CANADA; CENTRAL AMERICA; ETHNOLOGY; GENETICS; HUMAN; MIGRATION; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

CANADA; CARIBBEAN REGION; EMIGRANTS AND IMMIGRANTS; HUMANS; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

EID: 80052604907     PISSN: 00207640     EISSN: 17412854     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0020764010365979     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Afuwape, S.A., Johnson, S., Craig, T.J.K., Miles, H., Leese, M., Mohan, R. & Thornicroft, G. (2006) Ethnic differences among a community cohort of individuals with dual diagnosis in South London. Journal of Mental Health, 15, 551-567. (Pubitemid 44521870)
2. Ali, J. (2000) Mental health of Canada's immigrants. Health Reports Supplement, 13, 1-12.
3. Allardyce, J. & Boydell, J. (2006) Review: The wider social environment and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 592-598.
4. Allardyce, J., Gilmour, H., Atkinson, J., Rapson, T., Bishop, J. & McCreadie, R.G. (2005) Social fragmentation, deprivation and urbanicity: Relation to first-admission rates for psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187, 401-406. (Pubitemid 41546567)
5. Apprey, M. (1999) Reinventing the self in the face of received transgenerational hatred in the African American community. Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 1, 131-143.
6. Archie, S., Akhtar-Danesh, N., Norman, R., Malla, A., Roy, P. & Zipursky, R.B. (2008) Ethnic diversity and pathways to care for a first episode of psychosis in Ontario. Schizophrenia Bulletin, doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn137.
7. Beiser, M. (2005) The health of immigrants and refugees in Canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 96 (Suppl 2). S30 - S44. (Pubitemid 40932655)
8. Beiser, M., Hou, F., Hyman, I. & Tousignant, M. (2002) Poverty, family process, and the mental health of immigrant children in Canada. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 220-227. (Pubitemid 34101431)
9. Bentall, R.P., Rowse, G., Shryane, N., Kinderman, P., Howard, R., Blackwood, N., Moore, R. & Corcoran, R. (2009) The cognitive and affective structure of paranoid delusions: A transdiagnostic investigation of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 236-247.
10. Bhugra, D., Hilwig, M. & Hossein, B. (1996) First-contact incidence rates of schizophrenia in Trinidad and one-year follow-up. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 587-592.
11. Bhugra, D., Hutchinson, G., Hilwig, M., Takei, N., Fahy, T.A., Neehall, J. & Murray, R.M. (2003) Pregnancy and birth complications in patients with schizophrenia in Trinidad and London. West Indian Medical Journal, 52, 124-126. (Pubitemid 37045590)
12. Bilbo, S.D. & Schwarz, J.M. (2009) Early-life programming of later-life brain and behavior: A critical role for the immune system. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 3 (14). 1-14.
13. Boekhout van Solinge, T. (1996) Ganja in Jamaica. Amsterdams Drug Tijdschrift, 2, 11-14. Accessed 5 March 2010, from http://www.cedro-uva.org/lib/ boekhout.ganja.en.html.
14. Boydell, J., van Os, J., McKenzie, K., Allardyce, J., Goel, R., McCreadie, R.G. & Murray, R.M. (2001) Incidence of schizophrenia in ethnic minorities in London: Ecological study into interactions with environment. British Medical Journal, 323, 1336-1338. (Pubitemid 33152211)
15. Brunod, R. & Cook-Darzens, S. (2002) Men's role and fatherhood in French Caribbean families: A multi-systemic 'resource' approach. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7, 559-569. (Pubitemid 36068534)
16. Callan, A.F. (1996) Schizophrenia in Afro-Caribbean immigrants. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 89, 253-256. (Pubitemid 26174500)
17. Cantor-Graae, E. (2007) The contribution of social factors to the development of schizophrenia: A review of recent findings. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 277-286. (Pubitemid 46743456)
18. Caribbean Child Support Initiative (2008) Caribbean Parents and Children: Findings from Jamaica. Policy Brief Two. June 2008. St Michael, Barbados: CCSI. Accessed 5 March 2010, from www.ccsi-info.com.
19. Chen, J., Wilkins, R. & Ng, E. (1996) Life expectancy of Canada's immigrants from 1986 to 1991. Health Reports, 8, 29-38.
20. Chen, Z.J. (2010) Molecular mechanisms of polyploidy and hybrid vigor. Trends in Plant Science, 2, 57-71.
21. Clarke, M.C., Tanskanen, A., Huttunen, M., Whittaker, J.C. & Cannon, M. (2009) Evidence for an interaction between familial liability and prenatal exposure to infection in the causation of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 1025-1030.
22. Collip, D., Myin-Germeys, I. & Van Os J. (2008) Does the concept of 'sensitization' provide a plausible mechanism for the putative link between the environment and schizophrenia ? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 220-225. (Pubitemid 351323342)
23. Comings, D.E. & MacMurray, J.P. (2000) Molecular heterosis: A review. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 71, 19-31.
24. Cooper, C., Morgan, C., Byrne, M., Dazzan, P., Morgan, K., Hutchinson, G., Doody, G.A., Harrison, G., Leff, J., Jones, P., Ismail, K., Murray, R., Bebbington, P. & Fearon, P. (2008) Perceptions of disadvantage, ethnicity and psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 185-190. (Pubitemid 351347376)
25. Dealberto, M.J. (2008) Catatonia is frequent in black immigrants admitted to psychiatry in Canada. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 12, 296-298.
26. Di Forti, M., Morgan, C., Dazzan, P., Pariante, C., Mondelli, V., Marques, T.R., Handley, R., Luzi, S., Russo, M., Paparelli, A., Butt, A., Stilo, S.A., Wiffen, B., Powell, J. & Murray, R.M. (2009) High-potency cannabis and the risk of psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195, 488-491.
27. Edmands, S. (2007) Between a rock and a hard place: Evaluating the relative risks of inbreeding and outbreeding for conservation and management. Molecular Ecology, 16, 463-475. (Pubitemid 46161073)
28. Fabrega, H. JR. (2001) Culture and history in psychiatric diagnosis and practice. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24, 391-405. (Pubitemid 32912060)
29. Fone, K.C. & Porkess, M.V. (2008) Behavioural and neurochemical effects of post-weaning social isolation in rodents - Relevance to developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 1087-1102.
30. Georgiades, K., Boyle, M.H. & Duku, E. (2007) Contextual influences on children's mental health and school performance: The moderating effects of family immigrant status. Child Development, 78, 1572-1591.
31. Gilvarry, C.M., Walsh, E., Samele, C., Hutchinson, G., Mallett, R., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Fahy, T., van Os, J. & Murray, R.M. (1999) Life events and perceptions of racism in a sample of community care patients with psychotic illnesses. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 24, 49-56.
32. Guzman, J.M., Rodriguez, J., Martinez, J., Contreras, J.M. & Gonzalez, D. (2006) The demography of Latin America and the Caribbean since 1950. Population, 61, 519-576. (Pubitemid 46758828)
33. Helgason, A., Palsson, S., Guthbjartsson, D.F., Kristjansson, T. & Stefansson, K. (2008) An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples. Science, 319 (5864). 813-816. (Pubitemid 351225871)
34. Hickling, F.W. (1991) Psychiatric hospital admission rates in Jamaica, 1971 and 1988. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 817-821.
35. Hickling, F.W., McKenzie. K., Mullen, R. & Murray, R. (1999) A Jamaican psychiatrist evaluates diagnoses at a London psychiatric hospital. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 283-285. (Pubitemid 29406600)
36. Hickling, F.W. & Rodgers-Johnson, P. (1995) The incidence of first-contact schizophrenia in Jamaica. British Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 193-196.
37. Hutchinson, G., Takei, N., Bhugra, D., Fahy, T.A., Gilvarry, C., Mallett, R., Moran, P., Leff, J. & Murray, R.M. (1997) Increased rate of psychosis among African-Caribbeans in Britain is not due to an excess of pregnancy and birth complications. British Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 145-147. (Pubitemid 27345147)
38. Hutchinson, G., Takei, N., Fahy, T.A., Bhugra, D., Gilvarry, C., Moran, P., Mallett, R., Sham, P., Leff, J. & Murray, R.M. (1996) Morbid risk of schizophrenia in first-degree relatives of white and African-Caribbean patients with psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 776-780.
39. Janssen, I., Hanssen, M., Bak, M., Bijl, R.V., de Graaf, R., Vollebergh, W., McKenzie, K. & van Os, J. (2003) Discrimination and delusional ideation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 71-76. (Pubitemid 36132423)
40. Janssen, I., Krabbendam, L., Bak, M., Hanssen, M., Vollebergh, W., De Graaf, R. & Van Os, J. (2004) Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109, 38-45. (Pubitemid 38161099)
41. Jarvis, G.E. (2007) The social causes of psychosis in North American psychiatry: A review of a disappearing literature. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 287-294. (Pubitemid 46743457)
42. Jarvis, G.E., Kirmayer, L.J., Jarvis, G.K. & Whitley, R. (2005) The role of Afro-Canadian status in police or ambulance referral to emergency psychiatric services. Psychiatric Services, 56, 705-710. (Pubitemid 40770965)
43. Johns, L.C., Nazroo, J.Y., Bebbington, P. & Kuipers, E. (2002) Occurrence of hallucinatory experiences in a community sample and ethnic variations. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 174-178. (Pubitemid 34142792)
44. Kim, E. (2008) Does traumatic brain injury predispose individuals to develop schizophrenia ? Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21, 286-289. (Pubitemid 351489350)
45. Kinderman, P. & Bentall, R.P. (1996) Self-discrepancies and persecutory delusions: Evidence for a model of paranoid ideation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 106-113. (Pubitemid 26039296)
46. Kirkbride, J.B., Boydell, J., Ploubidis, G.B., Morgan, C., Dazzan, P., McKenzie, K., Murray, R.M. & Jones, P.B. (2008) Testing the association between the incidence of schizophrenia and social capital in an urban area. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1083-1094. (Pubitemid 351950146)
47. Krabbendam, L. & van Os, J. (2005) Schizophrenia and urbanicity: A major environmental influence - Conditional on genetic risk. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31, 795-799. (Pubitemid 41437771)
48. Laroche, M. (2000) Health status and health services utilization of Canada's immigrant and non-immigrant populations. Canadian Public Policy, 26, 51-75. (Pubitemid 30369237)
49. Lashley, M. (2000) The unrecognized social stressors of migration and reunification in Caribbean families. Transcultural Psychiatry, 37, 203-217.
50. Lim, C., Chong, S.A. & Keefe, R.S. (2009) Psychosocial factors in the neurobiology of schizophrenia: A selective review. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 38, 402-406.
51. Logdberg, B., Nilsson, L.L., Levander, M.T. & Levander, S. (2004) Schizophrenia, neighbourhood, and crime. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110, 92-97. (Pubitemid 38969521)
52. Mahy, G.E., Mallett, R., Leff, J. & Bhugra, D. (1999) First-contact incidence rate of schizophrenia on Barbados. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 28-33. (Pubitemid 29307852)
53. Mäki, P., Riekki, T., Miettunen, J., Isohanni, M., Jones, P.B., Murray, G.K. & Veijola, J. (2010) Schizophrenia in the offspring of antenatally depressed mothers in the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort: Relationship to family history of psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 70-77.
54. Malenfant, E.C. (2004) Suicide in Canada's immigrant population. Health Reports, 15 (2). 9-17.
55. Malzberg, B. (1964) Mental disease among foreign-born in Canada, 1950-1952, in relation to period of immigration. American Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 971-973.
56. Mazzoncini, R., Donoghue, K., Hart, J., Morgan, C., Doody, G.A., Dazzan, P., Jones, P.B., Morgan, K., Murray, R.M. & Fearon P. (2009) Illicit substance use and its correlates in first-episode psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01483.x.
57. McGuire, P.K., Jones, P., Harvey, I., Bebbington, P., Toone, B., Lewis, S. & Murray, R.M. (1994) Cannabis and acute psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 13, 161-168.
58. Miner, D.C. (2003) Jamaican families. Extended matrifocal families can resourcefully respond to the child's needs for socialization. Holistic Nursing Practice, 17, 27-35.
59. Murphy, H.B. (1977) Migration, culture and mental health. Psychological Medicine, 7, 677-684. (Pubitemid 8233001)
60. Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P. & Van Os, J. (2005) Behavioural sensitization to daily life stress in psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 35, 733-741. (Pubitemid 40716437)
61. Office for National Statistics (2005) Ethnicity and Identity. London: Office for National Statistics.
62. Pinnock, K. (2009) Mixed race 'fastest growing minority'. BBC 1Xtra. Accessed 5 March 2010, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/the-p-word/newsid- 10000000/newsid-10000900/10000910.stm.
63. Reitz, J.S.K. (2004) Institutional change and emerging cohorts of the 'new' immigrant second generation: Implications for the integration of racial minorities. Journal of International Migration Integration, 5: 30.
64. Rousseau, C., Hassan, G., Measham, T., Moreau, N., Lashley, M., Castro, T., Blake, C. & McKenzie, G. (2009) From the family universe to the outside world: Family relations, school attitude, and perception of racism in Caribbean and Filipino adolescents. Health Place, 15, 721-730.
65. Rumbaut, R.G. (1997) Paradoxes (and orthodoxies) of assimilation. Sociological Perspectives, 40, 483-451.
66. Seeman, M.V. & Cohen, R. (1998) A service for women with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 49, 674-677. (Pubitemid 28208769)
67. Selten, J.P. & Cantor-Graae, E. (2007) Hypothesis: Social defeat is a risk factor for schizophrenia ? British Journal of Psychiatry Supplement, 51, s9 - s12. (Pubitemid 350273182)
68. Selten, J.P., Cantor-Graae, E. & Kahn, R.S. (2007) Migration and schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20, 111-115. (Pubitemid 46215415)
69. Sewell, R.A., Ranganathan, M. & D'Souza, D.C. (2009) Cannabinoids and psychosis. International Review of Psychiatry, 21, 152-162.
70. Sharpley, M., Hutchinson, G., McKenzie, K., & Murray, R.M. (2001) Understanding the excess of psychosis among the African-Caribbean population in England. Review of current hypotheses. British Journal of Psychiatry Supplement, 40, s60 - s68. (Pubitemid 32269771)
71. Silver, E., Mulvey, E.P. & Swanson, J.W. (2002) Neighborhood structural characteristics and mental disorder: Faris and Dunham revisited. Social Science and Medicine, 55, 1457-1470. (Pubitemid 35286648)
72. Simms, T.M., Rodriguez, C.E., Rodriguez, R. & Herrera R.J. (2009) The genetic structure of populations from Haiti and Jamaica reflect divergent demographic histories. American Journal of Physiology and Anthropology [Epub ahead of print].
73. Smith, D.E. & Mosby, G. (2003) Jamaican child-rearing practices: The role of corporal punishment. Adolescence, 38, 369-381. (Pubitemid 37469600)
74. Smith, G.N., Boydell, J., Murray, R.M., Flynn, S., McKay, K., Sherwood, M. & Honer, W.G. (2008) The incidence of schizophrenia in European immigrants to Canada. Schizophrenia Research, 87, 205-211.
75. Statistics Canada (2009) Ethnic Diversity and Immigration. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. Accessed 5 March 2010, from http://www.41.statcan.ca/2008/ 30000/ceb30000-000-e.htm.
76. Sugarman, P.A. & Craufurd, D. (1994) Schizophrenia in the Afro-Caribbean community. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 474-480. (Pubitemid 24141672)
77. Van Os, J., Driessen, G., Gunther, N. & Delespaul, P. (2000) Neighbourhood variation in incidence of schizophrenia. Evidence for person-environment interaction. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 243-248. (Pubitemid 30179843)
78. Van OS, J., Pedersen, C.B. & Mortensen, P.B. (2004) Confirmation of synergy between urbanicity and familial liability in the causation of psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 2312-2314. (Pubitemid 39587300)
79. Veling, W., Hoek, H.W. & Mackenbach, J.P. (2008 a) Perceived discrimination and the risk of schizophrenia in ethnic minorities: A case-control study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43, 953-959.
80. Veling, W., Selten, J.P., Susser, E., Laan, W., Mackenbach, J.P. & Hoek, H.W. (2007) Discrimination and the incidence of psychotic disorders among ethnic minorities in the Netherlands. International Journal of Epidemiology, 36, 761-768. (Pubitemid 47394141)
81. Veling, W., Susser, E., van Os, J., Mackenbach, J.P., Selten, J.P. & Hoek, H.W. (2008 b) Ethnic density of neighborhoods and incidence of psychotic disorders among immigrants. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 66-73. (Pubitemid 351704554)
82. Volpato, G., Godínez, D., Beyra, A. & Barreto, A. (2009) Uses of medicinal plants by Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagüey, Cuba. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 5, 1-9.
83. Weiser, M., Werbeloff, N., Vishna, T., Yoffe, R., Lubin, G.M., Shmushkevitch, M. & Davidson, M. (2008) Elaboration on immigration and risk for schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 38, 1113-1119. (Pubitemid 351950145)
84. Whaley, A.L. (2003) Ethnicity/race, ethics and epidemiology. Journal of the National Medical Association, 95, 736-742.