Antithrombotic management for transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke (other than Atrial Fibrillation)

Current Atherosclerosis Reports

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 314-320

  Easton, J Donald ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

ABCD2; ABCD2I; Antiplatelet drugs; Antithrombotic drugs; Cerebral infarction; Cilostazol; CLOSURE I trial; CSPS 2 trial; CSPS trial; CYP2C19; CYP2C19 genotype; Cytochrome P 450 polymorphisms; P2Y12 receptor; PLATO trial; Prasugrel; TIA; TIA risk; Ticagrelor; Transient ischemic attack; TRITON TIMI 38 trial

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; CILOSTAZOL; CLOPIDOGREL; CYTOCHROME P450 2C19; DIPYRIDAMOLE; PLACEBO; PRASUGREL; TICAGRELOR; TICLOPIDINE;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; BLEEDING; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; DIARRHEA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DIZZINESS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HEADACHE; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART INFARCTION; HEART PALPITATION; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; LOADING DRUG DOSE; MONOTHERAPY; PATENT FORAMEN OVALE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PREDICTION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SEPTAL OCCLUDER; STENT THROMBOSIS; STROKE; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE; TACHYCARDIA; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK;

ADENOSINE; ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASES; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS; FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; PIPERAZINES; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; STROKE; TETRAZOLES; THIOPHENES; TICLOPIDINE;

EID: 80052597621     PISSN: 15233804     EISSN: 15346242     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11883-011-0185-0     Document Type: Review

References (39)

1. Easton JD, Saver JL, Albers GW, et al. Definition and Evaluation of Transient Ischemic Attack. A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. Stroke 2009:STROKEAHA.108.192218.
2. Whisnant JP, Matsumoto N, Elveback LR. Transient cerebral ischemic attacks in a community: Rochester, Minnesota, 1955 through 1969. Mayo Clin Proc. 1973;48:194-8.
3. The Canadian Cooperative Study Group. A randomized trial of aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in threatened stroke. N Engl J Med. 1978;299:53-9.
4. Muuronen A, Kaste M. Outcome of 314 patients with transient ischemic attacks. Stroke. 1982;13:24-31.
5. Sorensen PS, Marquardsen J, Pedersen H, Heltberg A, Munck O. Long-term prognosis and quality of life after reversible cerebral ischemic attacks. Acta Neurol Scand. 1989;79:204-13.
6. Calandre L, Bermejo F, Balseiro J. Long-term outcome of TIAs. RINDs and infarctions with minimum residuum. A prospective study in Madrid. Acta Neurol Scand. 1990;82:104-8.
7. Hankey GJ, Slattery JM, Warlow CP. The prognosis of hospitalreferred transient ischaemic attacks. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54:793-802.
8. Hankey GJ, Slattery JM, Warlow CP. Transient ischaemic attacks: which patients are at high (and low) risk of serious vascular events? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1992;55:640-52.
9. Kernan WN, Horwitz RI, Brass LM, Viscoli CM, Taylor KJ. A prognostic system for transient ischemia or minor stroke. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:552-7.
10. The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group. A comparison of two doses of aspirin (30 mg vs. 283 mg a day) in patients after a transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1261-6.
11. Johnston SC, Gress DR, Browner WS, Sidney S. Short-term prognosis after emergency department diagnosis of TIA. JAMA. 2000;284:2901-6.
12. Rothwell PM, Warlow CP. Timing of TIAs preceding stroke: time window for prevention is very short. Neurology. 2005;64:817-20.
13. Johnston SC, Rothwell PM, Nguyen-Huynh MN, et al. Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2007;369:283-92.
14. GilesMF, AlbersGW, Amarenco P, et al. Addition of brain infarction to the ABCD2 Score (ABCD2I): a collaborative analysis of unpublished data on 4574 patients. Stroke. 2010;41:1907-13.
15. Merwick A, Albers GW, Amarenco P, et al. Addition of brain and carotid imaging to the ABCD(2) score to identify patients at early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack: a multicentre observational study. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:1060-9.
16. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:494-502.
17. Adams Jr HP, Woolson RF, Biller J, Clarke W. Studies of Org 10172 in patients with acute ischemic stroke. TOAST Study Group. Haemostasis. 1992;22:99-103.
18. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet. 1997;349:1569-81.
19. Kay R, Wong KS, Yu YL, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1588-93.
20. Kennedy J, Hill MD, Ryckborst KJ, Eliasziw M, Demchuk AM, Buchan AM. Fast assessment of stroke and transient ischaemic attack to prevent early recurrence (FASTER): a randomised controlled pilot trial. The Lancet Neurology 2007;6:961-9. The FASTER pilot trial suggests a cerebrovascular population that may benefit from dual antiplatelet treatment without unacceptable hemorrhage.
21. Poisson S, Johnston SC: Prevention of Stroke Following Transient Ischemic Attack. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011 (in press).
22. Clopidogrel in High-risk Patients With Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE). ClinicalTrialsgov Identifier: NCT00979589 2011.
23. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative metaanalysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324:71-86.
24. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomized, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996;348:1329-39.
25. Diener HC, Forbes C, Riekkinen PJ, Sivenius J, Smets P, Lowenthal A. european stroke prevention study 2: efficacy and safety data. J Neurol Sci. 1997;151(suppl):S1-S77.
26. The ESPRIT Study Group. Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin alone after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;367:1665-73.
27. Sacco RL, Diener HC, Yusuf S, et al. Aspirin and extendedrelease dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1238-51.
28. Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM, et al. Management of atherothrombosis with clopidogrel in high-risk patients with recent transient ischaemic attack or ischaemic stroke (MATCH): study design and baseline data. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;17:253-61.
29. Furie KL, Kasner SE, Adams RJ, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2011;42:227-76.
30. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2001-15.
31. Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1045-57.
32. Gotoh F, Tohgi H, Hirai S, et al. Cilostazol stroke prevention study: a placebo-controlled double-blind trial for secondary prevention of cerebral infarction. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;9:147-57.
33. Shinohara Y, Katayama Y, Uchiyama S, et al. Cilostazol for prevention of secondary stroke (CSPS 2): an aspirin-controlled, double-blind, randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet Neurol. 9:959-68.
34. Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes Trial (SPS3). ClinicalTrialsgov Identifier: NCT00059306 2011.
35. FDA Drug Safety Communication: reduced effectiveness of Plavix (clopidogrel) in patients who are poor metabolizers of the drug. 2010. (Accessed at http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ ucm203888.htm.)
36. Holmes Jr DR, Dehmer GJ, Kaul S, Leifer D, O'Gara PT, Stein CM. ACCF/AHA clopidogrel clinical alert: approaches to the FDA "boxed warning": a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;122:537-57.
37. Mega JL, Simon T, Collet JP, et al. Reduced-function CYP2C19 genotype and risk of adverse clinical outcomes among patients treated with clopidogrel predominantly for PCI: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2010;304:1821-30.
38. Charlot M, Ahlehoff O, Norgaard ML, et al. Proton-pump inhibitors are associated with increased cardiovascular risk independent of clopidogrel use: a nationwide cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153:378-86.
39. CLOSURE I: No overall benefit, no reduction in stroke or TIA with PFO closure. 2010. (Accessed January 1, 2011, at http:// www.theheart.org/article/ 1149945.do.)