New Zealand's forest and shrubland communities: A quantitative classification based on a nationally representative plot network

Applied Vegetation Science

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 506-523

  Wiser, Susan K ^a   Hurst, Jennifer M ^a   Wright, Elaine F ^b   Allen, Robert B ^a  

^a LANDCARE RESEARCH   (New Zealand)

^b DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Cluster analysis; Ecological indicator; Exotic; Nothofagus; OptimClass; Podocarpaceae; Stand structure; Vegetation maps; Woody vegetation

Indexed keywords

AGATHIS AUSTRALIS; NOTHOFAGUS; PODOCARPACEAE;

EID: 80052463867     PISSN: 14022001     EISSN: 1654109X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1654-109X.2011.01146.x     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Allen, R.B. & Lee, W.G. (eds.) 2006. Biological invasions in New Zealand, Ecological Studies 186, Springer, Berlin & Heidelberg, DE.
2. Allen, R.B., Payton, I.J. & Knowlton, J.E. 1984. Effects of ungulates on structure and species composition in the Urewera forests as shown by exclosures. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 7: 119-130.
3. Allen, R.B., Bellingham, P.J. & Wiser, S.K. 2003. Developing a forest biodiversity monitoring approach for New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 27: 207-220.
4. Bellingham, P.J. & Lee, W.G. 2006. Distinguishing natural processes from impacts of invasive mammalian herbivores. In: Allen, R.B. & Lee, W.G. (eds.) Biological invasions in New Zealand. pp. 323-338. Springer, Berlin & Heidelberg, DE.
5. Blaschke, P.M., Hunter, G.G., Eyles, G.O. & Van Berkel, P.R. 1981. Analysis of New Zealand's vegetation cover using land resource inventory data. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 4: 1-19.
6. Brockerhoff, E.G., Shaw, W.B., Hock, B., Kimberley, M., Paul, T., Quinn, J. & Pawson, S. 2008. Re-examination of recent loss of indigenous cover in New Zealand and the relative contributions of different land uses. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 32: 115-126.
7. Chytrý, M., Tichý, L., Holt, J. & Botta-Dukát, Z. 2002. Determination of diagnostic species with statistical fidelity measures. Journal of Vegetation Science 13: 79-90.
8. Cockayne, L. 1928. The vegetation of New Zealand. 2nd edn. Engelmann Press, Leipzig, DE.
9. Coomes, D.A., Allen, R.B., Scott, N.A., Goulding, C. & Beets, P. 2002. Designing systems to monitor carbon stocks in forests and shrublands. Forest Ecology and Management 164: 89-108.
10. Cooper, A., McCann, T. & Bunce, R.G.H. 2006. The influence of sampling intensity on vegetation classification and the implications for environmental management. Environmental Conservation 33: 118-127.
11. De Cáceres, M., Font, X., Vicente, P. & Oliva, F. 2009. Numerical reproduction of traditional classifications and automatic vegetation identification. Journal of Vegetation Science 20: 620-628.
12. De Cáceres, M., Font, X. & Oliva, F. 2010. The management of numerical vegetation classification with fuzzy clustering methods. Journal of Vegetation Science 21: 1138-1151.
13. Dymond, J.R. & Shepherd, J.D. 2004. The spatial distribution of indigenous forest and its composition in the Wellington region, New Zealand, from ETM+satellite imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment 90: 116-125.
14. Grabherr, G., Reiter, K. & Willner, W. 2003. Towards objectivity in vegetation classification: the example of the Austrian forests. Plant Ecology 169: 21-34.
15. Grossman, D.H., Faber-Langendoen, D., Weakley, A.S., Anderson, M., Bourgeron, P., Crawford, R., Goodin, K., Landaal, S., Metzler, K., Patterson, K.D., Pyne, M., Reid, M. & Sneddon, L. 1998. International classification of ecological communities: terrestrial vegetation of the United States. Volume I, The National Vegetation Classification System: development, status, and applications. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, US.
16. Haase, P. 1990. Environmental and floristic gradients in Westland, New Zealand, and the discontinuous distribution of Nothofagus. New Zealand Journal of Botany 28: 25-40.
17. Hall, G.M.J. & McGlone, M.S. 2006. Potential forest cover of New Zealand as determined by an ecosystem process model. New Zealand Journal of Botany 44: 211-232.
18. Holdaway, R.J., Mason, N.W.H., Carswell, F.E. & Allen, R.B. 2010. Reference level carbon stocks and predicted sequestration rates for New Zealand's indigenous forest and shrubland. Landcare Research Contract Report: LC0009 prepared for the Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry, Wellington, NZ.
19. Hurst, J.M. & Allen, R.B. 2007. A permanent plot method for monitoring indigenous forests - field protocols. Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln, NZ.
20. Lájer, K. 2007. Statistical tests as inappropriate tools for data analysis performed on non-random samples of plant communities. Folia Geobotanica 42: 115-122.
21. Leathwick, J.R. 1995. Climatic relationships of some New Zealand forest tree species. Journal of Vegetation Science 6: 237-248.
22. Leathwick, J.R. 2001. New Zealand's potential forest pattern as predicted from current species-environment relationships. New Zealand Journal of Botany 39: 447-464.
23. Leathwick, J., Morgan, F., Wilson, G., Rutledge, D., McLeod, M. & Johnston, K. 2002. Land environments of New Zealand - Nga taiao o Aotearoa: a technical guide. Ministry for the Environment, Auckland, NZ.
24. Lepš, J. & Šmilauer, P. 2007. Subjectively sampled vegetation data: don't throw out the baby with the bath water. Folia Geobotanica 42: 169-178.
25. Mason, N.W.H., Peltzer, D.A., Richardson, S.J., Bellingham, P.J. & Allen, R.B. 2010. Stand development moderates effects of ungulate exclusion on foliar traits in the forests of New Zealand. Journal of Ecology 98: 1422-1433.
26. Masters, S.E., Holloway, J.T. & McKelvey, P.J. 1957. The national forest survey of New Zealand, 1955. New Zealand Forest Service, Wellington, NZ.
27. McGlone, M.S., Richardson, S.J. & Jordon, G.J. 2010. Comparative biogeography of New Zealand trees: species richness, height, leaf traits and range sizes. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 34: 137-151.
28. McKelvey, P.J. 1995. Steepland forests. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch, NZ.
29. McKelvey, P.J. & Nicholls, J.L. 1957. A provisional classification of North Island forests. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 7: 8-101.
30. 2-fixers on vegetation succession in New Zealand. In: Allen, R.B. & Lee, W.G. (eds.) Biological invasions in New Zealand. pp. 295-306. Springer, Berlin & Heidelberg, DE.
31. Michel, P., Overton, J.M.C., Mason, N.W.H., Hurst, J.M. & Lee, W.G. 2011. Species-environment relationships of mosses in New Zealand indigenous forest and shrubland ecosystems. Plant Ecology 212: 353-367.
32. Ministry of Forestry and NZ Farm Forestry Association. 1998. Indigenous forestry: sustainable management. Ministry of Forestry, Wellington, NZ.
33. Newsome, P.F.J. 1987. The vegetative cover of New Zealand. Water & Soil Miscellaneous Publication 112. Water and Soil Directorate, Ministry of Works and Development, Wellington, NZ.
34. Ogden, J., Stewart, G.H., Enright, N.J. & Hill, R.S. 1995. Ecology of the southern conifers. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, AU.
35. Ogden, J., Stewart, G.H. & Allen, R.B. 1996. Ecology of New Zealand Nothofagus forests. In: Veblen, T.T., Hill, R.S. & Reid, J. (eds.) The ecology and biogeography of Nothofagus forest. pp. 25-82. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, US.
36. Økland, R.H. 2007. Wise use of statistical tools in ecological field studies. Folia Geobotanica 42: 123-140.
37. Payton, I.J., Newell, C.L. & Beets, P.N. 2004. New Zealand Carbon Monitoring System: Indigenous forest and shrubland data collection manual. Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research and Forest Research, NZ.
38. Peltzer, D.A. & Mason, N.W.H. 2010. CDRP Project 3 Milestone 5: Interpret change in indicator based on analyses of existing data. Investigation number 3497. Landcare Research Contract Report LC0013. Landcare Research, Lincoln, NZ.
39. Richardson, S.J., Peltzer, D.A., Hurst, J.M., Allen, R.B., Bellingham, P.J., Carswell, F.E., Clinton, P.W., Griffiths, A.D., Wiser, S.K. & Wright, E.F. 2009. Deadwood in New Zealand's indigenous forests. Forest Ecology and Management 258: 2456-2466.
40. Roleček, J., Chytrý, M., Hájek, M., Lvončík, S. & Tichý, L. 2007. Sampling design in large-scale vegetation studies: do not sacrifice ecological thinking to statistical purism!. Folia Geobotanica 42: 199-208.
41. Roleček, J., Tichý, L., Zelený, D. & Chytrý, M. 2009. Modified TWINSPAN classification in which the hierarchy respects cluster heterogeneity. Journal of Vegetation Science 20: 596-602.
42. Sokal, R.R. & Rohlf, F.J. 1995. Biometry. 3rd edn. Freeman, New York, NY, US.
43. Sullivan, J.J., Williams, P.A. & Timmins, S.M. 2007. Secondary forest succession differs through naturalised gorse and native kānuka near Wellington and Nelson. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 31: 22-38.
44. Thompson, S., Gruner, I. & Gapare, N. 2004. New Zealand land cover database version 2. Illustrated guide to target classes. Ministry for the Environment, Wellington, NZ.
45. Thomson, A.P. 1946. Design for a forest survey. New Zealand Journal of Forestry 5: 191-199.
46. Tichý, L. 2002. JUICE, software for vegetation classification. Journal of Vegetation Science 13: 451-453.
47. Tichý, L., Chytrý, M., Hájek, M., Talbot, S.S. & Botta-Dukát, Z. 2010. OptimClass: using species-to-cluster fidelity diagnostic species to determine the optimal partition in classification of ecological communities. Journal of Vegetation Science 21: 287-299.
48. van Tongeren, O., Gremmen, N. & Hennekens, S. 2008. Assignment of relevés to pre-defined classes by supervised clustering of plant communities using a new composite index. Journal of Vegetation Science 19: 525-536.
49. Walker, S., Price, R., Rutledge, D., Stephens, R.T.T. & Lee, W.G. 2006. Recent loss of indigenous cover in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 30: 169-177.
50. Wardle, D.A., Barker, G.M., Yeates, G.W., Bonner, K.I. & Ghani, A. 2001. Introduced browsing mammals in New Zealand natural forests: aboveground and belowground consequences. Ecological Monographs 71: 587-614.
51. Wardle, J.A. 1984. The New Zealand beeches: ecology, utilisation and management. New Zealand Forest Service, Christchurch, NZ.
52. Wardle, P. 1964. Facets of the distribution of forest vegetation in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 2: 352-366.
53. Wardle, P. 1991. Vegetation of New Zealand. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
54. Wilson, H.D. 1987. Vegetation of Stewart Island, New Zealand. DSIR, Wellington, NZ.
55. Wiser, S.K. & Allen, R.B. 2006. What controls invasion of indigenous forests by alien plants? In: Allen, R.B. & Lee, W.G. (eds.) Biological invasions in New Zealand. pp. 195-209. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, DE.
56. Wiser, S.K. & Hurst, J.M. 2010. Composition and structure of 24 New Zealand forest and shrubland vegetation communities. Landcare Research Contract Report LC0910-073. Prepared for the Department of Conservation and the Sustainable Management Fund of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Lincoln, NZ.
57. Wiser, S.K., Allen, R.B. & Platt, K.H. 1997. Mountain beech forest succession after a fire at Mount Thomas Forest, Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 505-515.
58. Wiser, S.K., Bellingham, P.J. & Burrows, L.E. 2001. Managing biodiversity information: development of New Zealand's National Vegetation Survey databank. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 25: 1-17.
59. Wiser, S.K., Drake, D.R., Burrows, L.E. & Sykes, W.R. 2002. The potential for long-term persistence of forest fragments on Tongatapu, a large island in western Polynesia. Journal of Biogeography 29: 767-787.