Endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection: The importance of viridans streptococci

Retina

Volumn 31, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 1525-1533

  Chen, Eric ^a   Lin, Michael Y ^b   Cox, Joel ^a   Brown, David M ^a  

^a HOUSTON METHODIST HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

alpha hemolytic streptococcus; bevacizumab; endophthalmitis; intravitreal injection; ranibizumab; triamcinolone acetonide; viridans streptococci

Indexed keywords

BEVACIZUMAB; DEXAMETHASONE; GATIFLOXACIN; MOXIFLOXACIN; PEGAPTANIB; RANIBIZUMAB; TOBRAMYCIN; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE;

ADULT; AGED; ALPHA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS; ANTERIOR EYE CHAMBER; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATION; CATARACT EXTRACTION; CENTRAL RETINA VEIN OCCLUSION; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; COAGULASE NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCUS; CONJUNCTIVA DISEASE; CONJUNCTIVAL ERYTHEMA; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA; ENDOPHTHALMITIS; EXUDATIVE MACULAR DEGENERATION; EYE DISEASE; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; HYPOPYON; INCIDENCE; INFECTION RISK; INJECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MICROBIOLOGY; MYOPIA; MYOPIC CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULAR MEMBRANE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PAIN; POSTINJECTION ENDOPHTHALMITIS; POSTINTRAVITREAL INJECTION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; RETINA DISEASE; RETINA MACULA AGE RELATED DEGENERATION; RETINA MACULA EDEMA; RETINA VEIN OCCLUSION; RETINAL ARTERIAL MACROANEURYSM; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS; STREPTOCOCCUS SALIVARIUS; STREPTOCOCCUS SANGUINIS; SUBRETINAL NEOVASCULARIZATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; UVEITIS; VISUAL ACUITY; VITRITIS;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL, HUMANIZED; APTAMERS, NUCLEOTIDE; ENDOPHTHALMITIS; EYE INFECTIONS, BACTERIAL; FEMALE; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INTRAVITREAL INJECTIONS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RETINAL DISEASES; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE; VIRIDANS STREPTOCOCCI; VISUAL ACUITY; VITREOUS BODY;

EID: 80052440649     PISSN: 0275004X     EISSN: 15392864     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e318221594a     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Peyman GA, Lad EM, Moshfeghi DM. Intravitreal injection of therapeutic agents. Retina 2009;29:875-912.
2. Sampat KM, Garg SJ. Complications of intravitreal injections. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2010;21:178-183.
3. Jager RD, Aiello LP, Patel SC, Cunningham ET Jr. Risks of intravitreous injection: A comprehensive review. Retina 2004; 24:676-698. (Pubitemid 39391758)
4. Cavalcante LL, Cavalcante ML, Murray TG, et al. Intravitreal injection analysis at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute: Evaluation of clinical indications for the treatment and incidence rates of endophthalmitis. Clin Ophthalmol 2010;4:519-524.
5. Moshfeghi DM, Kaiser PK, Scott IU, et al. Acute endophthalmitis following intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136:791-796. (Pubitemid 37330020)
6. Brown DM, Campochiaro PA, Singh RP, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema following central retinal vein occlusion: Sixmonth primary end point results of a phase III study. Ophthalmology 2010;117:1124-1133.e1.
7. Heier JS, Antoszyk AN, Pavan PR, et al. Ranibizumab for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: A phase I/II multicenter, controlled, multidose study. Ophthalmology 2006;113:633.e1-e4.
8. Speaker MG, Menikoff JA. Prophylaxis of endophthalmitis with topical povidone-iodine. Ophthalmology 1991;98:1769-1775.
9. Tibbetts MD, Shah CP, Young LH, et al. Treatment of acute retinal necrosis. Ophthalmology 2010;117:818-824.
10. Schulze-Bonsel K, Feltgen N, Burau H, et al. Visual acuities "hand motion'' and "counting fingers'' can be quantified with the Freiburg visual acuity test. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47:1236-1240. (Pubitemid 46768362)
11. Rosenfeld PJ, Brown DM, Heier JS, et al. Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1419-1431. (Pubitemid 44511557)
12. Bhavsar AR, Ip MS, Glassman AR. The risk of endophthalmitis following intravitreal triamcinolone injection in the DRCRnet and SCORE clinical trials. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 144:454-456. (Pubitemid 47336932)
13. Campochiaro PA, Heier JS, Feiner L, et al. Ranibizumab for macular edema following branch retinal vein occlusion: Sixmonth primary end point results of a phase III study. Ophthalmology 2010;117:1102-1112.e1.
14. Elman MJ, Aiello LP, Beck RW, et al. Randomized trial evaluating ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2010;117:1064-1077.e35.
15. Gragoudas ES, Adamis AP, Cunningham ER Jr, et al. Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2805-2816. (Pubitemid 40051904)
16. Schwartz SG, Flynn HW, Scott IU. Endophthalmitis after intravitreal injections. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009;10: 2119-2126.
17. Artunay O, Yuzbasioglu E, Rasier R, et al. Incidence and management of acute endophthalmitis after intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) injection. Eye (Lond) 2009;23:2187-2193.
18. Diago T, McCannel CA, Bakri SJ, et al. Infectious endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of antiangiogenic agents. Retina 2009;29:601-605.
19. Fintak DR, Shah GK, Blinder KJ, et al. Incidence of endophthalmitis related to intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and ranibizumab. Retina 2008;28:1395-1399.
20. Fung AE, Rosenfeld PJ, Reichel E. The International Intravitreal Bevacizumab Safety Survey: Using the Internet to assess drug safety worldwide. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:1344-1349. (Pubitemid 44702055)
21. Jonas JB, Spandau UH, Schlichtenbrede F. Short-term complications of intravitreal injections of triamcinolone and bevacizumab. Eye (Lond) 2008;22:590-591. (Pubitemid 351560425)
22. Klein KS, Walsh MK, Hassan TS, et al. Endophthalmitis after anti-VEGF injections. Ophthalmology 2009;116:1225.e1.
23. Konstantopoulos A, Williams CP, Newsom RS, Luff AJ. Ocular morbidity associated with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide. Eye (Lond) 2007;21:317-320. (Pubitemid 46358790)
24. Mason JO 3rd, White MF, Feist RM, et al. Incidence of acute onset endophthalmitis following intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) injection. Retina 2008;28:564-567. (Pubitemid 351589565)
25. Pilli S, Kotsolis A, Spaide RF, et al. Endophthalmitis associated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy injections in an office setting. Am J Ophthalmol 2008;145:879-882.
26. Westfall AC, Osborn A, Kuhl D, et al. Acute endophthalmitis incidence: Intravitreal triamcinolone. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123:1075-1077. (Pubitemid 41159300)
27. Wu L, Martinez-Castellanos MA, Quiroz-Mercado H, et al. Twelve-month safety of intravitreal injections of bevacizumab (Avastin): Results of the Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study Group (PACORES). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008;246:81-87. (Pubitemid 350167096)
28. Miller JJ, Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr, et al. Acute-onset endophthalmitis after cataract surgery (2000-2004): Incidence, clinical settings, and visual acuity outcomes after treatment. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;139:983-987.
29. Nelson ML, Tennant MT, Sivalingam A, et al. Infectious and presumed noninfectious endophthalmitis after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection. Retina 2003;23:686-691. (Pubitemid 37315056)
30. Roth DB, Chieh J, Spirn MJ, et al. Noninfectious endophthalmitis associated with intravitreal triamcinolone injection. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:1279-1282. (Pubitemid 37128405)
31. Yoon SJ, Rhee DY, Marx JL, et al. Anatomic and visual outcomes of noninfectious endophthalmitis after intravitreal triamcinolone. Am J Ophthalmol 2009;147:1031-1036.
32. Wickremasinghe SS, Michalova K, Gilhotra J, et al. Acute intraocular inflammation after intravitreous injections of bevacizumab for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2008;115:1911-1915.
33. Georgopoulos M, Polak K, Prager F, et al. Characteristics of severe intraocular inflammation following intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (Avastin). Br J Ophthalmol 2009;93:457-462.
34. Mino de Kaspar H, Shriver EM, Nguyen EV, et al. Risk factors for antibiotic-resistant conjunctival bacterial flora in patients undergoing intraocular surgery. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2003;241:730-733. (Pubitemid 37265815)
35. Kernt M, Kampik A. Endophthalmitis: Pathogenesis, clinical presentation, management, and perspectives. Clin Ophthalmol 2010;4:121-135.
36. McClellan KA. Mucosal defense of the outer eye. Surv Ophthalmol 1997;42:233-246.
37. Locatcher-Khorazo D, Seegal BC. Microbiology of the Eye. Saint Louis, MO: Mosby; 1972:xiv, 361 p.
38. Allansmith MR, Anderson RP, Butterworth M. The meaning of preoperative cultures in ophthalmology. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1969;73:683-690.
39. Moss JM, Sanislo SR, Ta CN. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of ocular bacterial flora in patients undergoing intravitreal injections. Ophthalmology 2010;117:2141-2145.
40. Kim SJ, Toma HS, Midha NK, et al. Antibiotic resistance of conjunctiva and nasopharynx evaluation study: A prospective study of patients undergoing intravitreal injections. Ophthalmology 2010;117:2372-2378.
41. Coykendall AL. Classification and identification of the viridans streptococci. Clin Microbiol Rev 1989;2:315-328. (Pubitemid 19181597)
42. Frandsen EV, Pedrazzoli V, Kilian M. Ecology of viridans streptococci in the oral cavity and pharynx. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1991;6:129-133.
43. Facklam R. What happened to the streptococci: Overview of taxonomic and nomenclature changes. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002;15:613-630. (Pubitemid 41184081)
44. Verhagen DW, Vedder AC, Speelman P, van der Meer JT. Antimicrobial treatment of infective endocarditis caused by viridans streptococci highly susceptible to penicillin: Historic overview and future considerations. J Antimicrob Chemother, 2006;57:819-824.
45. Alestig K, Hogevik H, Olaison L. Infective endocarditis: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the new millennium. Scand J Infect Dis 2000;32:343-356. (Pubitemid 30612148)
46. Mao LK, Flynn HW Jr, Miller D, Pflugfelder SC. Endophthalmitis caused by streptococcal species. Arch Ophthalmol 1992;110:798-801.
47. Harrison SA, Bateman JB. Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Streptococcus mitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;123: 260-261. (Pubitemid 27066787)
48. Blum-Hareuveni T, Rehany U, Rumelt S. Devastating endophthalmitis following penetrating ocular injury during night sleep from orthodontic headgear: Case report and literature review. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 244:253-258.
49. Chen E, Ho AC, Garg SJ, et al. Streptococcus mitis endophthalmitis presenting as frosted branch angiitis after intravitreal pegaptanib sodium injection. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:192-194.
50. Stack RR, Elder MJ. Surgical masks may reduce serious postoperative cataract complications. ANZ J Surg 2006;76:279.
51. Bhavsar AR, Googe JM Jr, Stockdale CR, et al. Risk of endophthalmitis after intravitreal drug injection when topical antibiotics are not required: The diabetic retinopathy clinical research network laser-ranibizumab-triamcinolone clinical trials. Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127:1581-1583.
52. Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr. The role of topical antibiotic prophylaxis for intravitreal injections. Arch Ophthalmol 2007;125:974-976. (Pubitemid 47076442)
53. Meyer CH, Mennel S, Eter N. [Incidence of endophthalmitis after intravitreal Avastin injection with and without postoperative topical antibiotic application.] Ophthalmologe 2007; 104:952-957.
54. Leyland M, Bacon A, Watson SL. Risk factors for endophthalmitis: Does non-wearing of face-masks increase relative risk? Eye (Lond) 2007;21:1441; author reply 1441-1442.
55. Kamalarajah S, Ling R, Silvestri G, et al. Presumed infectious endophthalmitis following cataract surgery in the UK: A casecontrol study of risk factors. Eye (Lond), 2007. 21(5): P. 580-586. (Pubitemid 46730703)
56. Alwitry A, Jackson E, Chen H, Holden R. The use of surgical facemasks during cataract surgery: Is it necessary? Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86:975-977. (Pubitemid 34953607)
57. de Caro JJ, Ta CN, Ho HK, et al. Bacterial contamination of ocular surface and needles in patients undergoing intravitreal injections. Retina 2008;28:877-883.
58. Nentwich M, Yactayo-Miranda Y, Weimann S, et al. Bacterial contamination of needle points after intravitreal injection. Eur J Ophthalmol 2009;19:268-272.
59. McCannel CA. Meta-analysis of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents: Causative organisms and possible prevention strategies. Retina 2011;31:654-661.