Friction of Rock at Earthquake Slip Rates

Treatise on Geophysics

Volumn 4, Issue , 2007, Pages 131-152

  Tullis, T E ^a  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Acoustic fluidization; Bi material; Coseismic friction; Dynamic friction; Dynamic weakening; Elastohydrodynamic lubrication; Flash heating; Flash melting; Flash weakening; Frictional melting; High speed friction; In situ stress; Interface vibrations; Pseudotachylite; Silica gel; Stress drop; Stress orientations; Thermal pressurization

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052438984     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-044452748-6.00064-X     Document Type: Chapter

References (199)

1. Adams G.G. Self-excited oscillations of two elastic half-spaces sliding with constant coefficient of friction. Journal of Applied Mechanics 1995, 62:867-872.
2. Adams G.G. Steady sliding of two elastic half-spaces with friction reduction due to interface stick-slip. Journal of Applied Mechanics 1998, 65:470-475.
3. Adams G.G. An intersonic slip pulse at a frictional interface between dissimilar solids. Journal of Applied Mechanics 2001, 68:81-86.
4. Andrews D.J. Rupture velocity of plane strain shear cracks. Journal of Geophysical Research 1976, 81:5679-5687.
5. Andrews D.J. A fault constitutive relation accounting for thermal pressurization of pore fluid. Journal of Geophysical Research 2002, 107:12.
6. Andrews D.J., Ben-Zion Y. Wrinkle-like slip pulse on a fault between different materials. Journal of Geophysical Research 1997, 102:553-571.
7. Andrews D.J., Harris R.A. The wrinkle-like slip pulse is not important in earthquake dynamics. Geophysical Research Letter 2005, 32:L23303. 10.1029/2005GL023996.
8. Andrews D.J., Harris R.A. Reply to comment by Y. Ben-Zion on 'The wrinkle-like slip pulse is not important in earthquake dynamics'. Geophysical Research Letters 2006, 33(6):L06311.
9. Anooshehpoor A., Brune J.N. Dynamics and frictional heat generation in a foam rubber model of earthquake stick-slip. USGS Red Book NEHRP Open-File Report 94-228, Proceedings of Workshop LXIII The Mechanical InVol.vement of Fluids in Faulting 1994, 443-459.
10. Anooshehpoor A., Brune J.N. Frictional heat generation and seismic radiation in a foam rubber model of earthquakes. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1994, 142:735-747.
11. Anooshehpoor A., Brune J.N. Wrinkle-like Weertman pulse at the interface between two blocks of foam rubber with different velocities. Geophysical Research Letters 1999, 26(13):2025-2028.
12. Archard J.F. The temperature of rubbing surfaces. Wear 1958, 2:438-455.
13. Baker D.R. Granitic melt viscosity and dike formation. Journal of Structural Geology 1998, 20(9-10):1395-1404.
14. Beeler NM, Tullis TE, and Goldsby DL (2007). Constitutive relationships and physical basis of fault strength due to flash-heating. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, (in press), paper 2007JB004988R.
15. Beeler N.M., Tullis T.E. The roles of time and displacement in velocity-dependent volumetric strain of faults. Journal of Geophysical Research 1997, 102:22595-22609.
16. Beeler N., Tullis T. Constitutive relationships for fault strength due to flash-heating. 2003 SCEC Annual Meeting Proceedings and Abstracts 2003, Southern California Earthquake Center, Palm Springs, CA, 66.
17. Beeler N.M., Tullis T.E., Blanpied M.L., Weeks J.D. Frictional behavior of large displacement experimental faults. Journal of Geophysical Research 1996, 101:8697-8715.
18. Ben-Zion Y. Dynamic ruptures in recent models of earthquake faults. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 2001, 49(9):2209-2244.
19. Ben-Zion Y. Comment on "The wrinkle-like slip pulse is not important in earthquake dynamics" by D. J. Andrews and R. A. Harris. Geophysical Research Letter 2006, 33:L06310. 10.1029/2005GL025372.
20. Ben-Zion Y., Andrews D.J. Properties and implication of dynamic rupture along a material interface. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 1998, 88:1085-1094.
21. Ben-Zion Y., Huang Y. Dynamic rupture on an interface between a compliant fault zone layer and a stiffer surrounding solid. Journal of Geophysical Research 2002, 107(B2):2042. 10.1029/2001JB000254.
22. Ben-Zion Y., Shi Z. Dynamic rupture on a material interface with spontaneous generation of plastic strain in the bulk. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2005, 236:486-496. 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.03.025.
23. Bjornerud A., Magloughlin J.F. Pressure-related feedback processes in the generation of pseudotachylytes. Journal of Structural Geology 2004, 26(12):2317-2323.
24. Blok H. Measurement of temperature flashes on gear teeth under extreme pressure conditions. Proc. general discussion on lubrication and lubricants 1937, vol. 2. Institute of Mechanical Engineers, London, 14-20.
25. Bowden F.B., Persson P.A. Deformation heating and meltingof solids in high speed friction. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A 1960, 260:433-458.
26. Bowden F.P., Ridler K.E.W. Physical properties of surfaces. Part III: The surface temperature of sliding metals; The temperature of lubricated surfaces. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A 1936, 154:640-656.
27. Bowden F.P., Stone M.A., Tudor G.K. Hot spots on rubbing surfaces and the detonation of explosives by friction. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A 1947, 188:329-349.
28. Bowden F.P., Thomas P.H. The surface temperature of sliding solids. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A 1954, 223:29-40.
29. Brodsky E.E., Kanamori H. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication of faults. Journal of Geophysical Research 2001, 106:16357-16374.
30. Brown S.R., Olsson W.A., Brune J.N. Experimental observation of interface separation waves during stick-slip. EOS Transactions 1991, 72:326.
31. Brune J.N. Seismic source dynamics, radiation and stress. Reviews of Geophysics, Supplement 1991, 688-699.
32. Brune J.N. Particle motions in a physical model of shallow angle thrust faulting. The Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 1996, 105(2):L197-L206.
33. Brune J. Fault-normal dynamic loading and unloading: An explanation for 'nongouge' rock powder and lack of fault-parallel shear bands along the San Andreas Fault. EOS Transactions 2001, 82(47).
34. Brune J.N., Brown S., Johnson P.A. Rupture mechanism and interface separation in foam rubber models of earthquakes: A possible solution to the heat flow paradox and the paradox of large overthrusts. Tectonophysics 1993, 218:59-67.
35. Brune J.N., Johnson P.A., Slater C. Nucleation, predictability, and rupture mechanism in foam rubber models of earthquakes. Journal of Himalayan Geology 1990, 1:155-166.
36. Brune J.N., Thatcher W. Strength and energetics of active fault zones. International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology 2002, 81A:569-588.
37. Burnham C.W. The importance of volatile constituents. The Evloution of Ignesus rocks: Fiftieth Anniversary Perspectives 1979, 439-482. Princeton University Press, Princeton. H.S. Yoder (Ed.).
38. Byerlee J.D. Friction of rocks. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1978, 116:615-626.
39. Caskey S.J., Wesnousky S.G., Zhang P., Slemmons D.B. Surface faulting of the 1954 Fairview Peak (MS 7.2) and Dixie Valley (MS 6.8) earthquakes, central Nevada. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 1996, 86(3):761-787.
40. Castro R.R., Anderson J.G., Brune J.N. Origin of high P/S spectral ratios from the Guerrero accelerograph array. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 1991, 81(6):2268-2288.
41. Chester F.M., Chester J.S. Ultracataclasite structure and friction processes of the Punchbowl fault, San Andreas system, California. Tectonophysics 1998, 295:199-221.
42. Chester F.M., Chester J.S., Kirschner D.L., Schulz S.E., Evans J.P. Structure of large-displacement strike-slip fault zones in the brittle continental crust. Rheology and Deformation in the Lithosphere at Continental Margins 2004, 223-260. Columbia University Press, New York. G.D. Karner, B. Taylor, N.W. Driscoll, D.L. Kohlstedt (Eds.).
43. Chester F.M., Evans J.P., Biegel R.L. Internal structure and weakening mechanisms of the San Andreas Fault. Journal of Geophysical Research 1993, 98(B1):771-786.
44. Chung W.Y., Gao H. The Greenland earthquake of 11 July 1987 and postglacial fault reactivation along a passive margin. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 1997, 87(4):1058-1068.
45. Cochard A., Rice J. Fault rupture between dissimilar materials: ll-posedness, regularization, and slip-pulse response. Journal of Geophysical Research 2000, 105:25891-25907.
46. Collins G.S., Melosh H.J. Acoustic fluidization and the extraordinary mobility of sturzstroms. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 2003, 108(B10).
47. Cottrell A.H. Dislocations and Plastic Flow in Crystals 1965, Oxford University Press, London, 223.
48. Dewberry S.R., Crosson R.S. The M(D) 5.0 earthquake of 29 January 1995 in the Puget lowland of western Washington: An event on the Seattle fault?. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 1996, 86(4):1167-1172.
49. Di Toro G., Goldsby D.L., Tullis T.E. Friction falls toward zero in quartz rock as slip velocity approaches seismic rates. Nature 2004, 427:436-439.
50. Di Toro G., Hirose T., Nielsen S., Pennacchioni G., Shimamoto T. Natural and experimental evidence of melt lubrication of faults during earthquakes. Science 2006, 311(5761):647-649.
51. Di Toro G., Nielsen S., Pennacchioni G. Earthquake rupture dynamics frozen in exhumed ancient faults. Nature 2005, 436(7053):1009-1012.
52. Di Toro G., Pennacchioni G. Superheated friction-induced melts in zoned pseudotachylytes within the Adamello tonalites (Italian Southern Alps). Journal of Structural Geology 2004, 26(10):1783-1801.
53. Di Toro G., Pennacchioni G. Fault plane processes and mesoscopic structure of a strong-type seismogenic fault in tonalites (Adamello batholith, Southern Alps). Tectonophysics 2005, 402(1-4):55-80.
54. Di Toro G., Pennacchioni G., Teza G. Can pseudotachylytes be used to infer earthquake source parameters? An example of limitations in the study of exhumed faults. Tectonophysics 2005, 402(1-4):3-20.
55. Dieterich J.H. Time-dependent friction in rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research 1972, 77:3690-3697.
56. Dieterich J.H. Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stick slip. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1978, 116:790-806.
57. Dieterich J.H. Modeling of rock friction, Part 1: Experimental results and constitutive equations. Journal of Geophysical Research 1979, 84:2161-2168.
58. Dieterich J.H., Kilgore B.D. Direct observation of frictional contacts: new insights for state-dependent properties. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1994, 143:283-302.
59. Dieterich J.H., Kilgore B.D. Imaging surface contacts: power law contact distributions and contact stresses in quartz, calcite, glass, and acrylic plastic. Tectonophysics 1996, 256:219-239.
60. Dor O., Ben-Zion Y., Rockwell T.K., Brune J.N. Pulverized rocks in the Mojave section of the San Andreas fault zone. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2006, 245:642-654. 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.034.
61. Dor O., Rockwell T.K., Ben-Zion Y. Geologic observations of damage asymmetry in the structure of the San Jacinto, San Andreas and Punchbowl faults in southern California: A possible indicator for preferred rupture propagation direction. Pure and Applied Geophysics 2006, 163. 10.1007/s00024-005-0023-9.
62. Doser D.I. Source parameters of earthquakes in the Nevada Seismic Zone, 1915-1943. Journal of Geophysical Research 1988, 93(B12):15001-15015.
63. Ettles C.M.M. The thermal control of friction at high sliding speeds. Journal of Tribology-Transactions of the Asme 1986, 108(1):98-104.
64. Ferguson J., Kemblowski Z. Applied Fluid Rheology 1991, Elsevier, New York, 323.
65. Ferre E.C., Allen J.L., Lin A.M. Pseudotachylytes and seismogenic friction: an introduction to current research. Tectonophysics 2005, 402(1-4):1-2.
66. Fialko Y. Temperature fields generated by the elastodynamic propagation of shear cracks in the Earth. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 2004, 109(B1).
67. Fialko Y., Khazan Y. Fusion by earthquake fault friction: Stick or slip?. Journal of Geophysical Research 2005, 110(B12,407). 10.1029/2005JB003869.
68. Fukuyama E., Kinoshita S., Yamamizu F. Unusual High-Stress Drop Subevent During the M5.5 Earthquake, the Largest Event of the 1989 Ito-Oki Swarm Activity. Geophysical Research Letters 1991, 18(4):641-644.
69. Goldsby D.L., Tullis T.E. Shear heating induced pressurization of pore fluid as a dynamic fault weakening mechanism. Eos Transactions 1997, 78:472.
70. Goldsby D., Tullis T.E. Experimental observations of frictional weakening during large and rapid slip. Eos Transactions 1998, 97:F610.
71. Goldsby D., Tullis T.E. Low frictional strength of quartz rocks at subseismic slip rates. Geophysical Research Letters 2002, 29(17):1844. 10.1029/2002GL015240.
72. Goldsby D.L., Tullis T. Flash heating/melting phenomena for crustal rocks at (nearly) seismic slip rates. 2003 SCEC Annual Meeting Proceedings and Abstracts 2003, Southern California Earthquake Center, Palm Springs, CA, 98-190.
73. Goldsby D.L., Tullis T.E. Flash weakening in high speed rock friction experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, in preparation.
74. Goldsby D.L., Tullis T.E. The role of thixotropic silica gel as a lubricating layer during rapid fault slip. Journal of Geophysical Research 2007, in preparation.
75. Goldschmidt V.M. Om friksjonsglass (pseudo-tachylitt) i fjellkjeden. GFF 1943, 65:83-84.
76. Graetsch H. Structural characteristics of opaline and microcrystalline silica minerals. Silica, Physical Behavior, Geochemistry, and Materials Applications, Reviews in Mineralogy, 29 1994, 209-232. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC. P.J. Heaney, C.T. Prewitt, G.V. Gibbs (Eds.).
77. Hamrock B.J. Fundamentals of Fluid Film Lubrication 1994, McGraw-Hill, New York.
78. Harris R.A., Day S.M. Effects of a low-velocity zone on a dynamic rupture. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 1997, 87(5):1267-1280.
79. Harris R.A., Day S.M. Material contrast does not predict earthquake rupture propagation direction. Geophysical Research Letters 2005, 32:L23301.
80. Heaton T.H. Evidence for and implications of self-healing pulses of slip in earthquake rupture. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 1990, 64:1-20.
81. Hickman S.H. Stress in the lithosphere and the strength of active faults, U.S. Nat. Rep. Int. Union of Geod. and Geophys. 1987-1990. Reviews of Geophysics 1991, 29:759-775.
82. Hirose T (2002). Experimental and Field Studies on the Frictional Melting along Faults and Implications to the Earthquake Generation Processes. PhD thesis, Kyoto University. Kyoto: Japan.
83. Hirose T., Shimamoto T. Fractal dimension of molten surfaces as a possible parameter to infer the slip-weakening distance of faults from natural pseudotachylites. Journal of Structural Geology 2003, 25:1569-1574.
84. Hirose T., Shimamoto T. Growth of a molten zone as a mechanism of slip weakening of simulated faults in gabbro during frictional melting. Journal of Geophysical Research 2005, 110:B05202. 10.1029/2004JB003207.
85. Hirose T., Tsutsumi A., Shimamoto T. High-velocity slip weakening on gabbro during frictional melting. EOS Transactions 2000, 81(48). Abstract T12B-09.
86. Huang W.G., Yeh Y.T. Characteristics of seismic source spectra from the Chia-Yi and Tai-Nan area of Taiwan. Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 1999, 10(2):415-446.
87. Hull D. Introduction to Dislocations 1965, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 259.
88. Ide S., Takeo M. The dynamic rupture process of the 1993 Kushiro-oki earthquake. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 1996, 101(B3):5661-5675.
89. Iler R.K. The Chemistry of Silica 1979, Wiley, New York, 720.
90. Jaegar J.C. Moving sources of heat and temperature at a sliding contact. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 1942, 76:203-224.
91. Jeffreys H. On the mechanics of faulting. Geological Magazine 1942, 79:291-295.
92. Johnson K.L. Contact Mechanics 1985, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 452.
93. Junger J.A., Tullis T.E. Fault roughness and matedness suggest significant fault-interface dilatancy with slip. EOS Transactions 2003, 84(46). Fall Meeting Suppl., Abstract S51B-03.
94. Kalinin D.V., Serdobintseva V.V., Kuznetsova Y.V. Thixotropy in supramolecular crystallization and genesis of macrostructures of precious opal. Geologiya I Geofizika 2002, 43(11):1002-1008.
95. Kanamori H., Allen C.R. Earthquake repeat times and average stress drop. Geophysical Monograph 37 1986, 227-235. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. S. Das, J. Boatwright, C.H. Scholz (Eds.).
96. Kanamori H., Anderson D.L. Theoretical basis of some emperical relations in seismology. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 1975, 65(5):1073-1095.
97. Kanamori H., Heaton T.H. Microscopic and Macroscopic Physics of Earthquakes. Geocomplexity and the Physics of Earthquakes 2000, 147-163. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. J. Rundle, D.L. Turcotte, W. Klein (Eds.).
98. Kanamori H., Thio H.K., Dreger D., Hauksson E., Heaton T. Initial Investigation of the Landers, California, Earthquake of 28 June 1992 Using Terrascope. Geophysical Research Letters 1992, 19(22):2267-2270.
99. Khavryuchenko V.D., Sheka E.F. Computational Modeling of Amorphous Silica 3. Modeling the Initial Structures - Silica-Gel. Journal of Structural Chemistry 1994, 35(3):299-304.
100. Lachenbruch A.H. Frictional heating, fluid pressure, and the resistance to fault motion. Journal of Geophysical Research 1980, 85:6249-6272.
101. Lapusta N., Rice J.R. Earthquake sequences on rate and state faults with strong dynamic weakening. EOS Transactions 2004, 85(47):T22A. 05.
102. Lee T.C., Delaney P.T. Frictional Heating and Pore Pressure Rise Due to a Fault Slip. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 1987, 88(3):569-591.
103. Lim S.C., Ashby M.F. Wear mechanism maps. Acta Metall 1987, 35:1-24.
104. Lim S.C., Ashby M.F., Brunton J.H. The Effects of Sliding Conditions on the Dry Friction of Metals. Acta Metallurgica 1989, 37(3):767-772.
105. Lin A., Shimamoto T. Selective melting processes as inferred from experimentally generated pseudotachylytes. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 1998, 16:533-545.
106. Lockner D., Naka H., Tanaka H., Ito H., Ikeda R. Permeability and strength of core samples from the Nojima fault of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Nojima Fault Core and Borehole Data Analysis 2000, 147-152. U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rep., 00-129. H. Ito (Ed.).
107. Ma K.F., Kanamori H. Broad-Band Wave-Form Observation of the 28 June 1991 Sierra-Madre Earthquake Sequence (M(L)=5.8). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 1994, 84(6):1725-1738.
108. Maddock R. Frictional melting in landslide-generated frictionites (hyalomylonites) and fault-generated pseudotachylytes - discussion. Tectonophysics 1986, 128:151-153.
109. Magloughlin J.F. The Nature and Significance of Pseudotachylite from the Nason Terrane, North Cascade Mountains, Washington. Journal of Structural Geology 1989, 11(7):907-917.
110. Magloughlin J.F. Microstructural and chemical-changes associated with cataclasis and frictional melting at shallow crustal levels - the Cataclasite pseudotachylyte connection. Tectonophysics 1992, 204(3-4):243-260.
111. Magloughlin J.F., Spray J.G. Frictional melting processes and products in geological-materials - Introduction and discussion. Tectonophysics 1992, 204(3-4):197-206.
112. Major J.J., Pierson T.C. Debris flow rheology - Experimental-analysis of fine-grained slurries. Water Resources Research 1992, 28(3):841-857.
113. Marone C.J. Laboratory-derived friction constitutive laws and their application to seismic faulting. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 1998, 26:643-696.
114. Marone C., Raleigh C.B., Scholz C.H. Frictional behavior and constitutive modeling of simulated fault gouge. Journal of Geophysical Research 1990, 95:7007-7025.
115. Mase C.W., Smith L. Pore-fluid pressures and frictional heating on a fault surface. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1985, 122:583-607.
116. Mase C.W., Smith L. Effects of frictional heating on the thermal hydrologic and mechanical response of a fault. Journal of Geophysical Research 1987, 92:6249-6272.
117. McKenzie D.P., Brune J.N. Melting of fault planes during large earthquakes. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 1972, 29:65-78.
118. Melosh H.J. Acoustic fluidization: A new geologic process?. Journal of Geophysical Research 1979, 84:7513-7520.
119. Melosh H.J. Dynamic weakening of faults by acoustic fluidization. Nature 1996, 379:601-606.
120. Melosh H.J., Girdner K.K. Rheology of vibrated granular materials: Application to long runout landslides. EOS Transactions 1995, 76(46):F270.
121. Melosh H.J., Ivanov B.A. Impact crater collapse. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 1999, 27:385-415.
122. Molinari A., Estrin Y., Mercier S. Dependence of the coefficient of friction on the sliding conditions in the high velocity range. Journal of Tribology-Transactions of the Asme 1999, 121(1):35-41.
123. Mori J. Rupture directivity and slip distribution of the M 4.3 foreshock to the 1992 Joshua Tree earthquake, Southern California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 1996, 86(3):805-810.
124. Morrow C.A., Lockner D.A. Permeability and porosity of the Illinois UPH 3 drillhole granite and a comparison with other deep drillhole rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 1997, 102(B2):3067-3075.
125. Morrow C.A., Moore D.E., Lockner D.A. Permeability reduction in granite under hydrothermal conditions. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 2001, 106(B12):30551-30560.
126. Morrow C.A., Shi L.Q., Byerlee J.D. Permeability of fault gouge under confining pressure and shear stress. Journal of Geophysical Research 1984, 99:3193-3200.
127. Mount V.S., Suppe J. State of stress near the San Andreas fault: Implications for wrench tectonics. Geology 1987, 15:1143-1146.
128. Noda H., Shimamoto T. Thermal pressurization and slip-weakening distance of a fault: An example of the Hanaore fault, southwest Japan. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2005, 95(4):1224-1233.
129. Philpotts A.R. Origin of pseudotachylites. American Journal of Science 1964, 262:1008-1035.
130. Power W., Tullis T. The contact between opposing fault surfaces at Dixie Valley, Nevada, and implications for fault mechanics. Journal of Geophysical Research 1992, 97:15425-15435.
131. Power W.L., Tullis T.E. The relationship between slickenside surfaces in fine-grained quartz and the seismic cycle. Journal of Structural Geology 1989, 11:879-893.
132. Prakash V., Clifton R.J. Time resolved dynamic friction measurements in pressure-shear. Experimental Techniques in the Dynamics of Deformable Bodies 1993, 33-47. ASME, New York. K.T. Ramesh (Ed.).
133. Prakash V., Yuan F. Results of a pilot study to investigate the feasibility of using new experimental techniques to measure sliding resistance at seismic slip rates. EOS Transactions 2004, 85(47). Abstract T21D-02.
134. Rajagopalan S., Prakash V. A modified Kolsky bar for investigating dynamic friction. Experimental Mechanics 1999, 39(4):295-303.
135. Ranjith K., Rice J. Slip dynamics at an interface between dissimilar materials. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 2001, 49:341-361.
136. Rempel A.W., Rice J.R. Thermal pressurization and onset of melting in fault zones. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 2006, 111(B9):B09314. 10.1029/2006JB004314.
137. Rice J.R. Fault stress states, pore pressure distributions and the weakness of the San Andreas Fault. Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rocks 1992, 475-503. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. B. Evans, T. Wong (Eds.).
138. Rice J.R. Flash heating at asperity contacts and rate-dependent friction. EOS Transactions 1999, 80:F681.
139. Rice J.R. Heating and weakening of faults during earthquake slip. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 2006, 111(B5). 10.1029/2005JB004006.
140. Rice J.R., Cocco M. Seismic fault rheology and earthquake dynamics. The Dynamics of Fault Zones 2007, 99-137. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. M.R. Handy (Ed.).
141. Roig Silva C., Goldsby D.L., Di Toro G., Tullis T.E. The role of silica content in dynamic fault weakening due to gel lubrication. 2004 SCEC Annual Meeting Proceedings and Abstracts 2004, Southern California Earthquake Center, Palm Springs, CA, 150.
142. Roig Silva C., Goldsby D.L., Toro G.D., Tullis T.E. The role of silica content in dynamic fault weakening due to gel lubrication. EOS Transactions 2004, 85(47):T21D. 07.
143. Rosakis A.J. Intersonic shear cracks and fault ruptures. Advances in Physics 2002, 51(4):1189-1257.
144. Rudnicki J.W., Rice J.R. Effective normal stress alteration due to pore pressure changes induced by dynamic slip propagation on a plane between dissimilar materials. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth 2006, 111(B10).
145. Ruina A.L. Slip instability and state variable friction laws. Journal of Geophysical Research 1983, 88:10359-10370.
146. Scruggs V.J., Tullis T.E. Correlation between velocity dependence of friction and strain localization in large displacement experiments on feldspar, muscovite and biotite gouge. Tectonophysics 1998, 295:15-40.
147. Segall P., Rice J.R. Dilatancy, compaction, and slip instability of a fluid infiltrated fault. Journal of Geophysical Research 1995, 100:22155-22173.
148. Sengers J.V., Watson J.T.R. Improved International Formulations for the viscosity and thermal-conductivity of water substance. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 1986, 15(4):1291-1314.
149. Serdobintseva V.V., Kalinin D.V. Mechanism of reversible thixotropic transformation in concentrated suspensions of monodisprses spherical silica particles: analysis in terms of collodial crystal formation and growth. Collodial Journal 2001, 63(5):626-629.
150. Serdobintseva V.V., Kalinin D.V., Vosel S.V. The forms of colloid silica participating in the formation of noble opal and the mechanism of silicification of its gel crystals. Geologiya I Geofizika 1998, 39(8):1116-1120.
151. Seront B., Wong T.F., Caine J.S., Forster C.B., Bruhn R.L., Fredrich J.T. Laboratory characterization of hydromechanical properties of a seismogenic normal fault system. Journal of Structural Geology 1998, 20(7):865-881.
152. Shaw D.J. Introduction to Colloid and Surface Chemistry 1980, Butterworths, London, 273.
153. Shaw H.R. Viscosities of magmatic silicate liquids: An empirical method of prediction. American Journal of Science 1972, 272(870-889).
154. Shi Z., Ben-Zion Y. Dynamic rupture on a bimaterial interface governed by slip-weakening friction. Geophysical Journal International 2006, 165. 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02853.x.
155. Shimamoto T., Lin A. Is frictional melting equilibrium melting or non-equilibrium melting? (in Japanese with English abstract). Structrual Geology 1994, 39:79-84.
156. Shimamoto T., Tsutsumi A. A new rotary-shear high-velocity frictional testing machine: Its basic design and scope of research (in Japanese with English abstract). Structural Geology 1994, 39:65-78.
157. Sibson R.H. Interactions between temperature and fluid pressuer during earthquake faulting - A mechanism for partial or total stress relief. Nature 1973, 243:66-68.
158. Sibson R.H. Generation of pseudotachylyte by ancient seismic faulting. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 1975, 43:775-794.
159. Sibson R.H. Thickness of the seismic slip zone. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2003, 93:1169-1178.
160. Sibson R.H., Toy V. The habitat of fault-generated pseudotachylyte: Presence vs. absence of friction melt. Geophysical Monograph Series: Radiated Energy and the Physics of Earthquake Faulting 2006, 153-166. AGU, Washington, DC. R. Abercrombe, A. McGarr, H. Kanamori, G. DiToro (Eds.).
161. Spray J.G. Artificial generation of pseudotachylite using friction welding apparatus: simulation of melting on a fault plane. Journal of Structural Geology 1987, 9:49-60.
162. Spray J.G. Generation and crystallization of an amphibolite shear melt - An investigation using radial friction welding apparatus. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1988, 99(4):464-475.
163. Spray J.G. Slickenside formation by surface melting during the mechanical excavation of rock. Journal of Structural Geology 1989, 11(7):895-905.
164. Spray J.G. Special Issue - Friction Phenomena in Rock - An Introduction. Journal of Structural Geology 1989, 11(7):783-785.
165. Spray J.G. A physical basis for the frictional melting of some rock forming minerals. Tectonophysics 1992, 204:205-221.
166. Spray J.G. Viscosity determinations of some frictionally generated silicate melts - implications for fault zone rheology at high-strain rates. Journal of Geophysical Research 1993, 98:8053-8068.
167. Spray J.G. Pseudotachylyte controversy - Fact or friction. Geology 1995, 23(12):1119-1122.
168. Spray J.G. Evidence for melt lubrication during large earthquakes. Geophysical Research Letter 2005, 32. 293, Art. No. L07,301. 10.1029/2004GL022.
169. Spray J.G., Thompson L.M. Friction melt distribution in a multiring impact basin. Nature 1995, 373(6510):130-132.
170. Sulem J., Vardoulakis I., Ouffroukh H., Boulon M., Hans J. Experimental characterization of the thermo-poro-mechanical properties of the Aegion Fault gouge. Comptes rendus Geoscience 2004, 336(4-5):455-466.
171. Swanson M.T. Pseudotachylyte-bearing strike-slip duplex structures in the Fort Foster brittle zone, S Maine. Journal of Structural Geology 1988, 10(8):813-828.
172. Swanson M.T. Extensional duplexing in the York Cliffs strike-slip-fault system, Southern Coastal Maine. Journal of Structural Geology 1990, 12(4):499-512.
173. Swanson M.T. Fault structure, wear mechanisms and rupture processes in pseudotachylyte generation. Tectonophysics 1992, 204:223-242.
174. Takeo M., Ide S., Yoshida Y. The 1993 Kushiro-Oki, Japan, earthquake - a High stress-drop event in a subducting slab. Geophysical Research Letters 1993, 20(23):2607-2610.
175. Titone B., Sayre K., Di Toro G., Goldsby D.L., Tullis T.E. The role of water in the extraordinary frictional weakening of quartz rocks during rapid sustained slip. EOS Transactions 2001, 82:T31B. 0841.
176. Tsutsumi A., Shimamoto T. An attempt to measure the temperature of frictional melts of rocks produced during rapid fault motion (in Japanese with English abstract). Structural Geology 1994, 39:103-114.
177. Tsutsumi A., Shimamoto T. Frictional properties of monzodioriteand gabbro during seismogenic fault motion. Journal of the Geological Society of Japan 1996, 102:240-248.
178. Tsutsumi A., Shimamoto T. High-velocity frictional properties of gabbro. Geophysical Research Letters 1997, 24:699-702.
179. Tsutsumi A., Shimamoto T. Temperature measurements along simulated faults during seismogenic fault motion. Contemporary Lithospheric Motion Seismic Geology, Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress, vol. 5 1997, 223-232. VSP, Leiden. Y. Hong (Ed.).
180. Tullis T.E. Rock friction constitutive behavior from laboratory experiments and its implications for an earthquake prediction field monitoring program. Pure and Applied Geophysics 1988, 126:555-588.
181. Tullis T.E. Rock friction and its implications for earthquake prediction examined via models of Parkfield earthquakes. Earthquake Prediction: The Scientific Challenge, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, United States of America 1996, 3803-3810. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. L. Knopoff (Ed.).
182. Tullis T.E. Low strength of major faults may control the orientation of stresses. Nature 2007, in preparation.
183. Tullis T.E., Burgmann R., Cocco M., et al. Group Report: Rheology of fault rocks and their surroundings. Tectonic Faults: Agents of Change on a Dynamic Earth 2007, 183-204. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, (Dahlem Workshop Report 95, Berlin, January 2005, on The Dynamics of Fault Zones). M.R. Handy, G. Hirth, N. Hovius (Eds.).
184. Tullis T.E., Goldsby D.L. Flash melting of crustal rocks at almost seismic slip rates. EOS Transactions 2003, 84(46). Abstract S51B-05.
185. Tullis T.E., Weeks J.D. Constitutive behavior and stability of frictional sliding of granite. Pure Applied Geophys 1986, 124:10-42.
186. Weertman J. Dislocations moving uniformly on the interface between isotropic media of different elastic properties. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 1963, 11:197-204.
187. Weertman J. Unstable slippage across a fault that separates elastic media of different elastic constants. Journal of Geophysical Research 1980, 85:1455-1461.
188. Weertman J. Subsonic type earthquake dislocation moving at approximately square root 2×shear wave velocity on interface between half spaces of slightly different elastic constants. Geophysical Research Letter 2002, 29(10). 10.1029/2001GL013916.
189. Wenk H.R. Are pseudotachylites products of fracture or fusion?. Geology 1978, 6(8):507-511.
190. Wenk H.R. Are pseudotachylites products of fracture or fusion - Reply. Geology 1979, 7(4):162-163.
191. Wenk H.R., Johnson L.R., Ratschbacher L. Pseudotachylites in the eastern peninsular ranges of California. Tectonophysics 2000, 321(2):253-277.
192. Wibberley C.A.J. Hydraulic diffusivity of fault gouge zones and implications for thermal pressurization during seismic slip. Earth Planets Space 2002, 54:1153-1171.
193. Wibberley C.A.J., Shimamoto T. Internal structure and permeability of major strike slip fault zones: The median tectonic line in mid prefecture, southwest Japan. Journal of Structural Geology 2003, 25:59-78.
194. Wibberley C.A.J., Shimamoto T. Earthquake slip weakening and asperities explained by thermal pressurization. Nature 2005, 436:689-692.
195. Xia K., Rosakis A.J., Kanamori H., Rice J.R. Laboratory earthquakes along inhomogeneous faults: directionality and supershear. Science 2005, 308:681-684.
196. Zhang S., Tullis T., Scruggs V. Permeability anisotropy and pressure dependency of permeability in experimentally sheared gouge materials. Journal of Structural Geology 1999, 21:795-806.
197. Zhang S., Tullis T.E. The effect of fault slip on permeability and its anisotropy in an artificial quartz gouge. Tectonophysics 1998, 295:41-52.
198. Zhang S., Tullis T.E., Scruggs V.J. Implications of permeability and its anisotropy in a mica gouge for pore pressures in fault zones. Tectonophysics 2001, 335:37-50.
199. Zoback M.D., Zoback M.L., Mount J., et al. New evidence on the state of stress of the San Andreas fault system. Science 1987, 238:1105-1111.