Geological observations of damage asymmetry in the structure of the San Jacinto, San Andreas and Punchbowl faults in Southern California: A possible indicator for preferred rupture propagation direction

Pure and Applied Geophysics

Volumn 163, Issue 2-3, 2006, Pages 301-349

  Dor, Ory ^a   Rockwell, Thomas K ^b   Ben Zion, Yehuda ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dynamic rupture; Earthquake physics; Fault zone structure; Geologic mapping; Material interfaces; Rock damage

Indexed keywords

EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE; SAN ANDREAS FAULT;

CALIFORNIA; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 33645324439     PISSN: 00334553     EISSN: 14209136     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00024-005-0023-9     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Adams, G.G. (1995), Self-excited oscillations of two elastic half spaces sliding with constant coefficient of friction, J. Appl. Mech. 62, 867-872.
2. Agar, S.M., Prior, D.J., and Behrmann, J.H. (1989), Back-scattered electron imagery of the tectonic fabrics of some fine-grained sediments: Implications for fabric nomenclature and deformation processes. Geology 17, 901-904.
3. Agnew, D.C. and Sieh, K.E. (1978), A documentary study of the felt effects of the great California earthquake of 1857. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 68, 6, 1717-1729.
4. Allen C.R., Amand, P.St., Richter, C.F., and Nordquist, J.M. (1965), Relationship between seismicity and geological structure in the Southern California region, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 55, 753-797.
5. Anderson, J.L., Osbourne, R.H., and Palmer, D.F. (1983), Cataclastic rocks of the San Gabriel fault: An expression of deformation at deeper level in the San Andreas fault zone, Tectonophysics 98, 209-251.
6. Andrews, D.J. (2005), Rupture dynamics with energy loss outside the slip zone, J. Geophys. Res. 110, B01307, doi:10.1029/2004JB003191.
7. Andrews, D.J. and Ben-Zion, Y. (1997), Wrinkle-like slip pulse on a fault between different materials, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 553-571.
8. Anooshehpoor A. and Brune, J.N. (1999), Wrinkle-like Weertman pulse at the interface between two blocks of foam rubber with different velocities, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 2025-2028.
9. Barrows, A.G., Kahle, J.E., and Beeby, D.J. (1985), Earthquake hazard and tectonic history of the San Andreas fault zone, Los Angeles County, California, Open File Report 85-10 LA., California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology.
10. Ben-Zion, Y. (2001), Dynamic rupture in recent models of earthquake faults, J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 49, 2209-2244.
11. Ben-Zion, Y. and Andrews, D.J. (1998), Properties and implications of dynamic rupture along a material interface, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 88, 1085-1094.
12. Ben-Zion, Y. and Huang, Y. (2002), Dynamic rupture on an interface between a compliant fault zone layer and a stiffer surrounding solid, J. Geophys. Res. 107, 2042, doi: 10.1029/2001JB000254.
13. Ben-Zion, Y., Katz, S., and Leary, P. (1992), Joint inversion of fault zone head waves and direct P arrivals for crustal structure near major faults, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 1943-1951.
14. Ben-Zion, Y, and Malin, P. (1991), San Andreas fault zone head waves near Parkfield, California, Science 251, 1592-1594.
15. Ben-Zion Y., Peng, Z., Okaya, D., Seeber, L., Armbruster, J.G., Ozer, N., Michael, A.J., Baris, S., and Aktar, M. (2003), A shallow fault zone structure illuminated by trapped waves in the Karadere-Dusce branch of the north Anatolian fault, Western Turkey, Geophys. J. Int. 152, 699-717.
16. Ben-Zion, Y. and Sammis, C.G. (2003), Characterization of fault zones, Pure Appl. Geophys. 160, 677-715.
17. Ben-Zion, Y. and Shi, Z. (2005), Dynamic rupture on a material interface with spontaneous generation of plastic strain in the bulk, Earth. Plan. Sci. Lett. 236, 486-496, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.03.025.
18. Biegel, R.L., Sammis, C.G., and Dieterich, J.H. (1989), The frictional properties of a simulated gouge having a fractal particle distribution, J. Structural Geol. 11, 827-846.
19. Brietzke, G.B. and Ben-Zion, Y. (2005), Examining tendencies of in-plane rupture to migrate to material interfaces, submitted to Geophys. J. Int.
20. Brune, J.N., Anooshehpoor, R., and Zeng, Y. (1999), Ground motions for shallow angle thrust faults. Final technical report, University of Nevada at Reno, Seismological Laboratory, United States.
21. Brune, J.N. (1968), Seismic moment, seismicity, and rate of slip along major fault zones, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 777-784.
22. Brune, J.N. (2001), Fault normal dynamic loading and unloading: An explanation for "non-gouge" rock powder and lack of fault-parallel shear bands along the San Andreas fault, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 82, Abstract.
23. Chester, F.M. (1995), unpublished mapping.
24. Chester, F.M. and Logan, J.M. (1986), Implications for mechanical properties of brittle faults from observation of the Punchbowl fault zone. California, Pure. Appl. Geophys. 124, 79-106.
25. Chester, F.M. and Chester, J.S. (1998), Ultracataclasite structure and friction processes of the Punchbowl fault, San Andreas system, California, Tectonophysics 295, 199-221.
26. Chester, F.M., Evans J.P., and Biegel, R.L. (1993), Internal structure and weakening mechanisms of the San Andreas fault, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 771-786.
27. Chester, F.M., Chester, J.S., Kirschner, D.L., Schulz, S.E., and Evans, J.P. (2004), Structure of large-displacement strike-slip fault zones in the brittle continental crust. In (Karner, Gary D., Taylor, Brian, Driscoll, Neal W., Kohlstedt, David L., eds.), Rheology and Deformation in the Lithosphere at Continental Margins, (Columbia University Press, New York, MARGINS Theoretical and Experimental Earth Science Series 1, 223-260).
28. Cochard, A. and Rice, J.R. (2000), Fault rupture between dissimilar materials: Ill-posedness, regularization, and slip-pulse response, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 25,321-25,336.
29. Crowell J.C. (1962), Displacement along the San Andreas fault, California, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am. 71, 61 pp.
30. Dalguer, L.A., Irikura, K., and Riera, J. (2003), Simulation of tensile crack generation by 3-D dynamic shear rupture propagation during an earthquake, J. Geophys. Res. 108(B3), 2144, doi:10.1029/2001JB001738.
31. Dershowitz, W.S. and Herda, H.H. (1992), Interpretation of fracture spacing and intensity, Proc. U.S. Symp. Rock Mech., 33rd, 757-766.
32. Dibblee, T.W. Jr. (1967), Displacements on the San Andreas fault system in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto Mountains, southern California. (in Conference on geologic problems of San Andreas fault system, Stanford, Calif., Proc. Stanford Univ. Pubs. Geol. Sci. v. 11, p. 260-276, illus).
33. Dibblee, T.W. (1968), Displacement on the San Andreas fault system in the San Gabriel, San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains, Southern California. In (Dickinson, W.R. and A. Grantz, eds.), Proc. Conf. Geologic Problems of San Andreas fault system, Geological Science, 11 (Stanford University Publications, 1968), 260-278.
34. Dibblee, T.W., Jr. (1987), Geology of the Devil's Punchbowl, Los Angeles County, California, Geological Soc. Am. Centennial Field Guide Cordilleran Section, 207-210.
35. Dibblee, T.W., Jr. (1989), The San Andreas Fault and major rock terranes of California displaced by it and its tectonics. In (Baldwin, E. Joan, et al.), Annual Field Trip Guidebook. South Coast Geological Society, Vol. 17, Vol. 1, 223-275.
36. Dibblee, T.W. and Minch, J.A. (2002), Geologic map of the Valyermo quadrangle, Los Angeles County, California: Dibblee Geological Foundation, Map DF-80, scale 1:24000.
37. Di Toro, G., Nielson, S., and Pennacchionil, G. (2005), Earthquake rupture dynamics frozen in exhumed ancient fault, submitted to Nature.
38. Di Toro, G. and Pennacchioni, G. (2004), Superheated friction-induced melts in zoned pseudotachylytes within the Adamello tonalites (Italian Southern Alps), J. Struct. Geol. 26, 1783-1801.
39. Dor, O., Reches, Z., van Aswegen, G., and Bosman, K. (2001), Earthquake Rupture at the Focal Depth of M = 5.1 and M = 3.7 Earthquakes in Gold Mines, South Africa, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union. 81, Abstract.
40. Dor, O., Ben-Zion, Y., Rockwell, T.K., and Brune J.N. (2006), Pulverized rocks in the Mojave section of the San Andreas Fault Zone, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., in Review.
41. Eberhart-Phillips, D. and Michael, A.J. (1993), Three-dimensional velocity structure, seismicity and fault structure in Parkfield region, central California. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 9, 15,737-15,758.
42. Eidelman, A. and Reches, Z. (1992), Fratured pebbles: A new stress indicator. Geology., 20, 4, 307-310.
43. Engelder, J.T. (1974), Cataclasis and the generation of fault gouge, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 85, 10, 1515-1522.
44. Evans, J.P. and Chester, F.M. (1995), Fluid-rock interaction in faults of the San Andreas system - inferences from San-Gabriel fault rock geochemistry and microstructures. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 13007-13020
45. Fialko, Y. (2004), Probing the mechanical properties of seismically active crust with space geodesy: Study of the co-seismic deformation due to the 1992 Mw7.3 Landers (southern California) earthquake, J. Geophys. Res. 109, doi:10.1029/2003JB002756.
46. Fuis, G.S., Ryberg, T., Godfrey, N., Okaya, D.A., and Murphy, J.M. (2001), Crustal structure and tectonics from the Los Angeles basin to the Mojave Desert, southern CA, Geology 29, 15-18.
47. Fuis, G.S., Clayton, R.W., Davis, P.M., Ryberg, T., Lutter, W.J., Okaya, D.A., Hauksson, E., Prodehl, C.,Murphy, J.M., Benthien, M.L., Baher, S.A., Kohler, M.D., Thygesen, K., Simila, G., and Keller, G.R. (2003), Fault systems of the 1971 San Fernando and 1994 Northridge earthquakes, southern California: Relocated aftershocks and seismic images from LARSE II, Geology 31, 171-174.
48. Fumal, T.E., Pezzopane, S.K., Weldon, R.J.II, and Schwartz, D.P. (1993), A 100-year average recurrence interval for the San Andreas fault at Wrightwood, California, Science 259, 199-203.
49. Goodwin, L.B. and Tikoff, B. (2002), Competency contrast, kinematics, and the development of foliations and liniations in the crust, J. Struc. Geol. 24, 1065-1085.
50. Henry, C. and Das, S. (2001), Aftershock zones of large shallow earthquakes: Fault dimensions, aftershock area expansion, and scaling relations, Geophys. J. Int. 147, 272-293.
51. Johnson, A.V., Fleming, R.W., Cruikshank, K.M., Martosudarmo, S.Y., Johnson, N.A., Johnson, K.M., and Wei, W. (1997) Analecta of structures formed during the 28 June 1992 Landers, Big Bear, California earthquake sequence, USGS Open File Report 97-94.
52. Le Pichon, X., Kreemer, C., and Chamot-Rooke, N. (2005), Asymmetry in elastic properties and the evolution of large continental strike-slip faults, J. Geophys Res. 110, xB03405 MAR 19.
53. Lewis, M., Peng, Z., Ben-Zion, Y., and Vernon, F. (2005), Shallow seismic trapping structure in the San Jacinto fault zone near Anza, California, Geophys. J. Int. 162, 867-881, doi:10.1111/ j.1365-246x.2005.02684.x.
54. Lindvall, S.C., Rockwell, T.K., Dawson, T.E., Helms, J.G., and Bowman, K.W. (2002), Evidence for two surface ruptures in the past 500 years on the San Andreas fault at Frazier Mountain, California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 92, 7, 2689-2703.
55. Lockner, D., Naka, H., Tanaka, H., Ito, H., and Ikeda, R. (1999), Permeability and strength of core samples from the Nojima fault of the 1995 Kobe Earthquake, In Proc. of Internat. Wrkshp on the Nojima fault Core and Borehole Data Analysis, Tsukuba, Japan, Nov. 22-23, USGS Open File Report 00-129 (H. Ito, K. Fujimoto, H. Tanaka, and D. Lockner, eds.) pp. 147-152.
56. Lutter, W.J., Fuis, G.S., Ryberg, T., Okaya, D.A., Clayton R.W., Davis, P.M., Prodehl, C., Murphy, J.M., Langenheim, V.E., Benthien, M.L., Godfrey, N.J., Christensen, N.I., Thygesen K., Thurber, C.H., Simila, G., and Keller, G.R. (2004), Upper crustal structure from the Santa Monica Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, Southern California: Tomographic results from the Los Angeles Regional Seismic Experiment, Phase II (LARSE), Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 94, 619-632.
57. Matthews, V. (1976), Correlation of the Pinnacles and Neenach volcanic formations and their bearing on the San Andreas fault problem, Am. Assoc. Petro. Geol. Bull. 60, 2128-2141.
58. McGuire, J. and Ben-Zion, Y. (2005), High-resolution imaging of the Bear Valley section of the San Andreas fault at seismogenic depths with fault-zone head waves and relocated seismicity, Geophys. J. Int. 163, 152-164, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02703.x.
59. McGuire, J.J., Zhao, L., and Jordan T.H. (2002), Predominance of unilateral rupture for a global catalog of large earthquakes, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 92, 3309-3317.
60. Magistrale, H. and Sanders, C. (1995), P wave image of the Peninsular Ranges batholith, southern California, Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 2549-2552.
61. Merifield, P.M., Rockwell, T.K., and Loughman, C.C. (1991), A slip rate based on trenching studies, San Jacinto fault zone near Anza, California. In Engineering Geology and Geotechnical Engineering 27 (James McCalpin, ed.), pp. 28-1-28-21.
62. Mizoguchi, K., Hirose, T., and Shimamoto, T. (2000), Internal and permeability structures of Nojima fault zone: Data correlation from surface and core samples, journal data.
63. Mizuno, K., Hattori, H., Sangawa, A., and Takahashi, Y. (1990), Geology of the Akashi district, quadrangle-series (in Japanese with English abstract), scale 1:50,000, 90 pp., Geol. Surv. Jpn., Tsukuba, Japan.
64. Morton, D.M. and Matti J.C. (1987), The Cucamonga fault zone, geologic setting and Quaternary history, USGS Professional Paper, 1339
65. Noble, L.F. (1954), Geology of the Valyermo Quadrangle and vicinity, Map GQ-50, USGS.
66. Oakeshoftt (1971)
67. Ohtani, T., Fijimoto, K., Ito, H., Tanaka, H., Tomida, N., and Higuchi, T. (2000) Fault rocks and past to recent fluid characteristics from the borehole survey of the Nojima rupture in the 1995 Kobe earthquake, southwest Japan, J. Geophys. Res. 105, B7, 16,161-16,171.
68. Peng, Z., Ben-Zion, Y.,Michael, A. J., and Zhu, L. (2003), Quantitative analysis of seismic trapped waves in the rupture zone of the 1992 Landers, California earthquake: Evidence for a shallow trapping structure, Geophys. J. Int. 155, 1021-1041.
69. Peng, Z. and Ben-Zion, Y. (2004), Systematic analysis of crustal anisotropy along the Karadere-Düzce branch of the north Anatolian fault, Geophys. J. Int. 159, 253-274, doi: 10.1111/ j.1365-246X.2004.02379.x.
70. Poliakov, A.N., Dmowska, B.R., and Rice, J.R. (2002), Dynamic shear rupture interactions with fault bends and off-axis secondary faulting, J. Geophys. Res. 107.
71. Powell, R.E. and Weldon, R.J. (1992), Evolution of the San Andreas Fault. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 20, 431-468.
72. Priest, S.D., Discontinuity Analysis for Rock Engineering (Chapman and Hall, New York 1993) 473 pp.
73. Ranjith, K. and Rice, J.R. (2001), Slip dynamics at an interface between dissimilar materials., J. Mech. Phys. Solids. 49(2), 341-361.
74. Reches, Z. and Dewers, T.A. (2004), Gouge formation by dynamic pulverization during earthquakes. Submitted to EPSL.
75. Reches, Z. and Lockner, D.A. (1994), The nucleation and growth of faults in brittle rocks, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 18,159-18,173.
76. Rice, J.R., Sammis, C.G., and Parsons, R. (2005), Off-fault secondary failure induced by a dynamic slip pulse, Seismol. Soc. Am. Bull. 95, 109-134.
77. Rockwell, T.K., Loughman, C., and Merifield, P. (1990), Late Quaternary rate of slip along the San Jacinto fault zone, Southern California, J. Geophys. Res. 95, 6, 8593-8605.
78. Rockwell, T., Seitz, G., Ragona, D., Dawson, T., Faneros, G., Verdugo, D., and Altangerel, O. (2005), Investigation of segment controls on the rupture history of the southern San Jacinto fault, Seismol. Res. Lett. 76, 254.
79. Rubin, A. (2002), Aftershocks of microearthquakes as probes of the mechanics of rupture, J. Geophys. Res. 107, 10.1029/2001JB0000496.
80. Rubin, A. and Gillard, D. (2000), Aftershock asymmetry/rupture directivity along central San Andreas fault microearthquakes, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 19,095-19,109.
81. Sanders, C.O. and Kanamori, H. (1984), A seismotectonic analysis of the Anza seismic gap, San Jacinto fault zone, Southern California, J. Geophys. Res. 89, 5873-5890.
82. Scholz, C.H. The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting (New York, Cambridge University Press, 2002) 2nd ed. 471 pp.
83. Schulz, S.E. and Evans, J.P. (1998), Spatial variability in microscopic deformation and composition of the Punchbowl fault, Southern California: Implications for mechanisms, fluid-rock interaction, and fault morphology. Tectonophysics 295, 223-244.
84. Schulz, S.E. and Evans, J.P. (2000), Mesoscopic structure of the punchbowl fault, Southern California and the geologic and geophysical structure of active strike-slip faults, J. Struct. Geol. 22, 913-930.
85. Schwartz, D.P. and Weldon, R.J. (1986), Late Holocene slip rate on the Mojave segment of the San Andreas fault zone, Littlerock, CA; Preliminary results, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 67, Abstract.
86. Scott, J.S., Masters, T.G., and Vernon, F.L. (1994), 3-D velocity structure of the San Jacinto fault zone near Anza, California - I. P waves, Geophys. J. Int. 119, 611-626.
87. Sengor, A.M.C., Tuysuz, O., Imren, C., Saklnc, M., Eyidogan, H., Gorur, N., Le Pichon, X., and Rangin, C. (2005), The North Anatolian fault: A new look, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 33, 37-112.
88. Sharp, R. (1967), The San Jacinto fault in southern California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 78, 705-730.
89. Shapiro, N.M., Campillo, M., Stehly, L., and Ritzwoller, M.H. (2005), High-resolution surface-wave tomography from ambient seismic noise, Science 307, 1615-1618.
90. Shi, Z. and Ben-Zion, Y. (2006), Dynamic rupture on a bimaterial interface governed by slip-weakening friction, Geophys. J. Int., 165, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246x.2006.02853.x.
91. Sibson, R.H. (1977), Fault rocks and fault mechanisms, J. Geol. Soc. London 133, 191-213.
92. Sibson, R.H. (1989), Earthquake faulting as a structural process, J. Struct. Geol. 11, 1-14.
93. Sibson, R.H. (2003), Thickness of the seismic slip zone, Seismol. Soc. Am. Bull. 93, 1169-1178.
94. Sieh, K.H. (1978a), Slip along the San Andreas fault associated with the great 1857 earthquake, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 68, 5, 1421-1447.
95. Sieh, K.H. (1978b), Central California foreshocks of the great 1857 earthquake, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 68, 6, 1731-1749.
96. Steck, A. and Hunziker, J. (1994), The Tertiary structural and thermal evolution of the Central Alps; Compressional and extensional structures in an orogenic belt, Tectonophysics 238, 1-4, 229-254.
97. Stein, R.S., Barka, A.A., and Dieterich, J.H. (1997), Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since 1939 by earthquake stress triggering, Geophys. J. Int. 128, 594-604.
98. Tanaka, H., Fujimoto, K., Ohtani, T., and Ito, H. (2001), Structural and chemical characteristics of shear zones in the freshly activated Nojima Fault, Awaji Island, southwest Japan, J. Geophys. Res. 106, B5, 8789-8810.
99. van der Pluijm, B.A., Hall, C.M., Vrolijk, P.J., Pevear, D.R., and Covey, M.C. (2001), The dating of shallow faults in the Earth's crust, Nature 412, 6843, 172-175.
100. Vermilye, J.M. and Schulz, C.H. (1998), The Process zone: A microstructural view of fault growth, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 6, 12,223-12,237.
101. Vermilye, J.M. and Schulz, C.H. (1999), Fault propagation and segmentation: Insight from the microstructural examination of a small fault, J. Struc. Geol. 21, 1623-1636.
102. Weertman, J. (1980), Unstable slippage across a fault that separates elastic media of different elastic constants, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 1455-1461.
103. Weldon, R.J. and Fumal, T.E. (2005) Slip rate of the San Andreas fault near Littlerock, California, 2005 SCEC Annual Meeting, Proc. and Abstracts, XV.
104. Weldon, R.J., Meisling, K.E., and Alexander, J. (1993), A speculative history of the San Andreas fault in the central Transverse ranges, California. In (Powell, R.E., Weldon, R.J. and J.C. Matti, Eds), The San Andreas Fault System: Displacement, Palinspastic Reconstruction, and Geologic Evolution. Geol. Soc. Am. Memoir 178, 161-198.
105. Weldon, R.J., II, Fumal, T.E., Powers, T.J., Pezzopane, S.K., Scharer, K.M., Hamilton, J.C. (2002), Structure and Earthquake Offsets on the San Andreas Fault at the Wrightwood, California, Paleoseismicity Site. Bull. Seis. Soc. Am., 92, 2704-2725.
106. Wilson, B., Dewers, T., Reches, Z., and Brune, J. (2005), Particle size and energetics of gouge from earthquake rupture zones, Nature 434, 749-752.
107. Wilson, J.E., Chester, J.S., and Chester, F.M. (2003), Microfracture analysis of fault growth and wear processes, Punchbowl Fault, San Andreas system, California, J. Struc. Geol. 25, 11, 1855-1873.
108. Woodburne, M.O. (1975), Cenozoic stratigraphy of the transverse ranges and adjacent areas, Southern California, GSA, Special Paper.
109. Yamashita, T. (2000), Generation of microcracks by dynamic shear rupture and its effects on rupture growth and elastic wave radiation, Geophys. J. Int. 143, 395-406.