The Challenges and Benefits of Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Clinical Practice

Canadian Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 481-487

  Grover, Steven A ^a,b   Lowensteyn, Ilka ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; CLINICAL PRACTICE; HUMAN; LIFE EXPECTANCY; REVIEW; REYNOLDS RISK SCORE; RISK ASSESSMENT; STATISTICAL MODEL; SYSTEMATIC CORONARY RISK EVALUATION MODEL;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS INDICATORS; HUMANS; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, CARDIOVASCULAR; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 80052397485     PISSN: 0828282X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.04.008     Document Type: Review

References (37)

1. Grover S., Coupal L., Lowensteyn I. Preventing cardiovascular disease among Canadians: is the treatment of hypertension or dyslipidemia cost-effective?. Can J Cardiol 2008, 24:891-898.
2. Grover S.A., Coupal L., Kaouache M., Lowensteyn I. Preventing cardiovascular disease among Canadians: What are the potential benefits of treating hypertension or dyslipidemia. Can J Cardiol 2007, 23:467-473.
3. Canadian Diabetes Association 2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes in Canada. Can J Diabetes 2008, 32(suppl 1):S1-S201. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee.
4. Genest J., McPherson R., Frohlich J., et al. 2009 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult - 2009 recommendations. Can J Cardiol 2009, 25:567-579.
5. Padwal R.S., Hemmelgarn B.R., Khan N.A., et al. The 2009 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part 1-blood pressure measurement, diagnosis and assessment of risk. Can J Cardiol 2009, 25:279-286.
6. Khan N.A., Hemmelgarn B., Herman R.J., et al. The 2009 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: Part 2-therapy. Can J Cardiol 2009, 25:287-298.
7. Grover S.A. Gambling with cardiovascular disease: picking the winners and losers. Lancet 1999, 353:254-255.
8. Grover S.A., Coupal L., Paquet S., Zowall H. Cost-effectiveness of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: forecasting the incremental benefits of preventing coronary and cerebrovascular events. Arch Intern Med 1999, 159:593-600.
9. Hanley J.A., McNeil B.J. A method of comparing the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves derived from the same cases. Radiology 1983, 148:839-843.
10. Hosmer D.W., Lemeshow S. Goodness of Fit Tests for the Multiple Logistic Regression-Model. Communications in Statistics Part A-Theory and Methods 1980, 9:1043-1069.
11. Pencina M.J., D'Agostino R.B., D'Agostino R.B., Vasan R.S. Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: from area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond. Stat Med 2008, 27:157-172.
12. Wilson P.W., D'Agostino R.B., Levy D., et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1998, 97:1837-1847.
13. Grover S.A., Paquet S., Levinton C., Coupal L., Zowall H. Estimating the benefits of modifying risk factors of cardiovascular disease. A comparison of primary vs secondary prevention. Arch Int Med 1998, 158:655-662.
14. Conroy R.M., Pyorala K., Fitzgerald A.P., et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003, 24:987-1003.
15. Ridker P.M., Buring J.E., Rifai N., Cook N.R. Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score. JAMA 2007, 297:611-619.
16. Ridker P.M., Paynter N.P., Rifai N., Gaziano J.M., Cook N.R. C-reactive protein and parental history improve global cardiovascular risk prediction: the Reynolds Risk Score for men. Circulation 2008, 118:2243-2251.
17. Anderson K.M., Odell P.M., Wilson P.W., Kannel W.B. Cardiovascular disease risk profiles. Am Heart J 1991, 121:293-298.
18. D'Agostino R.B., Vasan R.S., Pencina M.J., et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2008, 117:743-753.
19. D'Agostino R.B., Russell M.W., Huse D.M., et al. Primary and subsequent coronary risk appraisal: New results from The Framingham Study. Am Heart J 2000, 139:272-281.
20. D'Agostino R.B., Grundy S.M., Sullivan L.M., Wilson P. Validation of the Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Prediction Scores. Results of a multiple ethnic groups investigation. JAMA 2001, 286:180-187. CHD Risk Prediction Group.
21. Cooney M.T., Dudina A.L., Graham I.M. Value and limitations of existing scores for the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a review for clinicians. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 54:1209-1227.
22. Brindle P., Beswick A., Fahey T., Ebrahim S. Accuracy and impact of risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Heart 2006, 92:1752-1759.
23. Grover S.A., Hemmelgarn B., Joseph L., Milot A., Tremblay G. The role of global risk assessment in hypertension therapy. Can J Cardiol 2006, 22:606-613.
24. Grover S.A., Coupal L., Zowall H., Dorais M. Cost-effectiveness of treating hyperlipidemia in the presence of diabetes: who should be treated?. Circulation 2000, 102:722-727.
25. Grover S.A., Coupal L., Zowall H., et al. How cost-effective is the treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes but without cardiovascular disease?. Diabetes Care 2001, 24:45-50.
26. Grover S.A., Coupal L., Gilmore N., Mukherjee J. Impact of dyslipidemia associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on cardiovascular risk and life expectancy. Am J Cardiol 2005, 95:586-591.
27. Lloyd-Jones D.M., Nam B.H., D'Agostino R.B., et al. Parental cardiovascular disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults: a prospective study of parents and offspring. JAMA 2004, 291:2204-2211.
28. Wilson P.W., Nam B.H., Pencina M., et al. C-reactive protein and risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women from the Framingham Heart Study. Arch Intern Med 2005, 165:2473-2478.
29. Wang T.J., Kathiresan S., Lloyd-Jones D.M. Algorithms for assessing cardiovascular risk in women. JAMA 2007, 298:176-178.
30. Waldron C.A., van der Weijden T., Ludt S., Gallacher J., Elwyn G. What are effective strategies to communicate cardiovascular risk information to patients?. A systematic review. Patient Educ Couns 2011, 82:169-181.
31. Grover S.A., Lowensteyn I., Esrey K., et al. How accurately do Canadian physicians assess the coronary risk of their patients?. The preliminary results of the Coronary Health Assessment Study (CHAS). BMJ 1995, 310:975-978.
32. Frankel D.S., Meigs J.B., Massaro J.M., et al. Von Willebrand factor, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Offspring study. Circulation 2008, 118:2533-2539.
33. Goldman R.E., Parker D.R., Eaton C.B., et al. Patients' perceptions of cholesterol, cardiovascular disease risk, and risk communication strategies. Ann Fam Med 2006, 4:205-212.
34. Grover S.A., Lowensteyn I., Joseph L., et al. Patient knowledge of coronary risk profile improves the effectiveness of dyslipidemia therapy: the CHECK-UP study: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2007, 167:2296-2303.
35. Grover S.A., Lowensteyn I., Joseph L., et al. Discussing coronary risk with patients to improve blood pressure treatment: secondary results from the CHECK-UP study. J Gen Intern Med 2009, 24:33-39.
36. Lalonde L., O'Connor A.M., Duguay P., et al. Evaluation of a decision aid and a personal risk profile in community pharmacy for patients considering options to improve cardiovascular health: The OPTIONS pilot study. Int J Pharm Pract 2006, 14:51-62.
37. Soureti A., Hurling R., Murray P., van M.W., Cobain M. Evaluation of a cardiovascular disease risk assessment tool for the promotion of healthier lifestyles. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2010, 17:519-523.