Travelogues of difference: IR theory and travel literature

Alternatives

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 136-154

  Guillaume, Xavier ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Alterity; Herodotus; Identity; Todorov; Travel writing

Indexed keywords

EID: 80052376612     PISSN: 03043754     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0304375411409016     Document Type: Article

References (192)

1. See Xavier Guillaume, International Relations and Identity. A Dialogical Approach (London: Routledge, 2011).
2. See, for instance, Stephen Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1991)
3. Anthony Pagden, European Encounters with the New World: From Renaissance to Romanticism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993);
4. Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Routledge, 1992)
5. Tzvetan Todorov, La conquête de l'Amérique : la question de l'autre (Paris: Seuil, 1982
6. Translated by Richard Howard as The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other (New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1984).
7. This centrality is still reflected in contemporary attempts by IR scholars to not only make sense of the identity/alterity nexus per se but other issues such as global politics or security studies; see, respectively, Debbie Lisle, The Global Politics of Contemporary Travel Writing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006)
8. and Lene Hansen, Security as Practice. Discourse Analysis and the Bosnian War (London: Routledge, 2006).
9. See William E. Connolly, "Identity and Difference in Global Politics," in International/Intertextual Relations. Postmodern Readings of World Politics, ed. James Der Derian and Michael J. Shapiro (New York, NY: Lexington Books, 1989), 323-42
10. William E. Connolly, Identity\Difference: Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), chapter 2
11. David Campbell, Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1992), chapter 5
12. David L. Blaney and Naeem Inayatullah, "Prelude to a Conversation of Cultures in International Society-Todorov and Nandy on the Possibility of Dialogue," Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 19, no. 1 (1994): 23-51
13. Naeem Inayatullah and David L. Blaney, "Knowing Encounters: Beyond Parochialism in International Relations Theory," in The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory, ed. Yosef Lapid and Friedrich V. Kratochwil (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1996), 65-84
14. Naeem Inayatullah and David L. Blaney, International Relations and the Problem of Difference (London: Routledge, 2004)
15. Iver B. Neumann, Uses of the Other: "The East" in European Identity Formation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999)
16. Richard Shapcott, Justice, Community, and Dialogue in International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001)
17. Michael J. Shapiro, "Moral Geographies and the Ethics of Post-Sovereignty," Public Culture 6, no. 3 (1994): 479-502.
18. Todorov, La conquête de l'Amérique, note 2.
19. 5 Connolly, Identity/Difference, note 3.
20. Todorov, La conquête de l'Amérique, note 2, 13.
21. Campbell, Writing Security, note 4, 111, my emphasis.
22. Todorov, La conquête de l'Amérique, note 2, 58, 67-68, 308-9.
23. Connolly, Identity/Difference, note 3, 1991, 8.
24. A more thorough discussion of othering and structural temptation and their place in IR theory can be found in Guillaume, International Relations and Identity, note 1, chapter 2.
25. Campbell, Writing Security, note 4, 105.
26. See Blaney and Inayatullah, "Prelude to a Conversation of Cultures in International Society," note 3.
27. See Inayatullah and Blaney, "Prelude to a Conversation of Cultures in International Society," and note 3, 2004.
28. Inayatullah and Blaney, "Knowing Encounters," note 3, 1996, 75.
29. Inayatullah and Blaney, "Prelude to a Conversation of Cultures in International Society," note 3, 11, 15.
30. Blaney and Inayatullah, "Prelude to a Conversation of Cultures in International Society," note 3, 45;
31. Inayatullah and Blaney, International Relations and the Problem of Difference, note 3, 2004, 9-16.
32. Shapcott, Justice, Community, and Dialogue in International Relations, note 3, 13.
33. Campbell, Writing Security, note 4, chapter 5; Connolly, note 4, 1989; 1991, chapter 2
34. Shapcott, Justice, Community, and Dialogue in International Relations, note 3, chapter 1.
35. Inayatullah and Blaney, International Relations and the Problem of Difference, note 3, 2004.
36. I come back to this notion when I discuss Herodotus' writings.
37. James Der Derian, "Post-Theory: The Eternal Return of Ethics in International Relations," in New Thinking in International Relations Theory, ed. Michael W. Doyle and G. John Ikenberry (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), 58.
38. David Damrosch, "The Semiotics of Conquest," American Literary History 8, no. X (1996): 516-32
39. Gesa Mackenthun, Metaphors of Dispossession, American Beginnings and the Translation of Empire, 1492-1637 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 89-100
40. José Piedra, "The Game of Critical Arrival," Diacritics 19, no. 1 (1989): 34-61
41. Deborah Root, "The Imperial Signifier: Todorov and the Conquest of Mexico," Cultural Critique 9 (1988): 197-219.
42. Mackenthun, Metaphors of Dispossession, note 29, 90;
43. Root, "The Imperial Signifier," note 29, 206-7.
44. See, for instance, Campbell, Writing Security, note 3
45. Inayatullah and Blaney, International Relations and the Problem of Difference, note 3
46. Shapcott, Justice, Community, and Dialogue in International Relations, note 3
47. Neumann, Uses of the Other, note 3.
48. Cf., however, Xavier Guillaume, "From Process to Politics," International Political Sociology 3, no. 1 (2009): 71-86.
49. Inayatullah and Blaney, International Relations and the Problem of Difference, note 4, 262.
50. Mackenthun, Metaphors of Dispossession, note 29, 90.
51. See also Ivo Kamps and Jyotsna G. Singh, "Introduction," in Travel Knowledge: European "Discoveries" In the Early Modern Period, ed. Ivo Kamps and Jyotsna G. Singh (New York, NY: Palgrave, 2001), 4.
52. Pratt, Imperial Eyes, note 2.
53. See Inayatullah and Blaney, International Relations and the Problem of Difference, note 3, 9-11.
54. Kamps and Singh, Travel Knowledge, note 34, 2.
55. Mackenthun, Metaphors of Dispossession, note 29, 16.
56. Kamps and Singh, Travel Knowledge, note 34, 6.
57. Mary B. Campbell, The Witness and the Other World. Exotic European Travel Writing, 400-1600 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988), 6.
58. François Hartog, Le miroir d'Hérodote: éssai sur la représentation de l'autre. Paris: Gallimard, 1991 [1980], 249.
59. Translated by Janet Lloyd as The Mirror of Herodotus: The Representation of the Other in the Writing of History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).
60. Friedrich Wolfzettel, Le discours du voyageur: pour une histoire littéraire du récit de voyage en France, du Moyen Âge au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1996), 5.
61. Campbell, The Witness and the Other World, note 41, 249-53
62. Alexandre Cioranescu, "La découverte de l'Amérique et l'art de la description," Revue des sciences humaines 106 (1962): 161-8.
63. See Greenblatt, Marvellous Possessions, note 2
64. Todorov, La conquête de l'Amérique, note 2.
65. See, for instance, Xavier Guillaume, "Foreign Policy and the Politics of Alterity: A Dialogical Understanding of International Relations," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 31, no. 1 (2002): 1-26 (Pubitemid 44966899)
66. Guillaume, "Unveiling The 'International': Process, Identity, Alterity," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 35, no. 3 (2007): 741-59.
67. Hartog, Le miroir d'Hérodote, note 43, 227.
68. See Greenblatt, Marvellous Possessions, note 2
69. Pagden, European Encounters with the New World, note 2
70. Todorov, La conquête de l'Amérique, note 2.
71. See, for instance, the contributions in Travel Knowledge, ed. Kamps and Singh.
72. Wolfzettel, Le discours du voyageur, note 44, 36-7, see also 231.
73. Campbell, The Witness and the Other World, note 41, 220
74. Wolfzettel, Le discours du voyageur, note 44.
75. Neumann, Uses of the Other, note 3, chapter 2
76. see also Mustapha Kamal Pasha, "Fractured Worlds: Islam, Identity, and International Relations," Global Society 17, no. 2 (2003): 111-20. (Pubitemid 36639964)
77. Barbara Fuchs, Mimesis and Empire. The New World, Islam, and European Empires (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001)
78. Albert H. Hourani, Islam in European Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
79. See, for instance, Henry Kamen, "The Mediterranean and the Expulsion of Spanish Jews in 1492," Past and Present 119, no. 1 (1988): 30-55
80. "Toleration and Dissent in Sixteenth-Century Spain: The Alternative Tradition," The Sixteenth Century Journal 19, no. 1 (1988): 3-23
81. Deborah Root, "Speaking Christian: Orthodoxy and Difference in Sixteenth-Century Spain," Representations 23 (1988):118-34.
82. Israel Burshatin, "The Moor in the Text: Metaphor, Emblem, and Silence," Critical Inquiry 12, no. 1 (1985): 98-118
83. Isabel de Sena, "Moors or Indians? Stereotype and the Crisis of (National) Identity in Ignacio Altamirano and Manuel de Jesús Galván," in National Identities and Sociopolitical Changes in Latin America, ed. Mercedes F. Durán-Cogan and Antonion Gómez-Moriana (London: Routlege, 2001), 202-3.
84. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1979).
85. Burshatin, "The Moor in the Text," note 58.
86. José Rabasa, "Dialogue as Conquest: Mapping Spaces for Counter-Discourse," Cultural Critique 6 (1987): 131-59.
87. de Sena, "Moors or Indians?" note 58, 202.
88. See Campbell, The Witness and the Other World, note 41
89. Wolfzettel, Le discours du voyageur, note 44.
90. See, for instance, Robert O. Keohane, "Realism, Neorealism and the Study of World Politics," in Neorealism and Its Critics, ed. Robert O. Keohane (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1986), 1-26.
91. See Brian C. Schmidt, "On the History and Historiography of International Relations," in Handbook of International Relations, ed.Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth A. Simmons (London: Sage, 2002), 3-22.
92. If these categories actually make sense for ancient thinkers, see Laurie M. Johnson Bagby, "The Use and Abuse of Thucydides in International Relations," International Organization 48, no. 1 (1994): 131-53
93. Hayward H. Alker, Rediscoveries and Reformulations: Humanistic Methodologies for International Studies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 23-63
94. Richard Ned Lebow, "Thucydides the Constructivist," American Political Science Review 95, no. 3 (2001): 547-60.
95. Richard Ned Lebow, "Play It Again Pericles: Agents, Structures and the Peloponnesian War," European Journal of International Relations 2, no. 2 (1996): 231-58; note 67.
96. Thucydides, Histoire de la guerre du Péloponnèse, trans. Jean Voilquin (Paris: Gallimard, 1966): 5.84-96.
97. See, for instance, Histoire de la guerre du Péloponnèse ibid., 2.62-65
98. Histoire de la guerre du Péloponnèse, 3.82-85
99. Histoire de la guerre du Péloponnèse, 6.9
100. Histoire de la guerre du Péloponnèse, 8.2.
101. Xavier Guillaume, "Reflexivity and Subjectivity: A Dialogical Perspective for and on International Relations Theory," Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research 3, no. 3 (2002): 41 paragraphs; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0203133.
102. Yale H. Ferguson and Richard W. Mansbach, Polities: Authority, Identities, and Change (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996).
103. Victoria Tin-Bor Hui, War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
104. Bruce Routledge, "The Antiquity of the Nation? Critical Reflections from the Ancient near East," Nations and Nationalism 9, no. 2 (2003): 213-33. (Pubitemid 36624165)
105. Qing Cao, "Selling Culture: Ancient Chinese Conceptions of 'the Other' in Legends," in The Zen of International Relations. IR Theory from East to West, ed. Stephen Chan, Peter G. Mandaville, and Roland Bleiker (London: Palgrave, 2001), 202-21.
106. Richard Ned Lebow, "Power, Persuasion and Justice," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 33, no. 3 (2005): 551-81.
107. Irad Malkin, "Postcolonial Concepts and Ancient Greek Colonization," Modern Language Quarterly 65, no. 3 (2004): 341-64
108. Donald J. Puchala, "Colonisation and Cultural Resistance: Egypt and Iran after Alexander," Global Society 16, no. 1 (2002): 7-30. (Pubitemid 34152884)
109. Stephen Chan, "A Story Beyond Telos: Redeeming the Shield of Achilles for a Realism of Rights in IR," in The Zen of International Relations. IR Theory from East to West, ed. Stephen Chan, Peter G. Mandaville, and Roland Bleiker (London: Palgrave, 2001), 79-98
110. Costas M. Constantinou, "Hippopolis/Cynopolis," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 30, no. 3 (2001): 785-804.
111. Andreas Osiander, "Religion and Politics in Western Civilisation: The Ancient World asMatrix and Mirror of the Modern," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 29, no. 3 (2000): 761-90.
112. Claude Calame, Le récit en Grève ancienne (Paris: Berlin, 2000), 124-5.
113. Hartog, Le miroir d'Hérodote, note 43, 19, 249, 363-372.
114. Irad Malkin, The Returns of Odysseus: Colonization and Ethnicity (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998), 16-20.
115. Jean-Pierre Vernant, La mort dans les yeux: figures de l'autre en Grèce ancienne Artémis, Gorgô, revised and augmented edition (Paris: Hachette littératures, 1998), 84-86.
116. Malkin, The Returns of Odysseus, note 81, 17.
117. Irad Malkin, "Introduction," in Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity, ed. Irad Malkin (Cambridge, MA: Center for Hellenic Studies Trustees for Harvard University; Distributed by Harvard University Press, 2001),3
118. see also Jonathan M. Hall, Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)
119. and the contributions in Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity, ed. Irad Malkin, (Cambridge, MA: Center for Hellenic Studies Trustees for Harvard University; Distributed by Harvard University Press, 2001).
120. Malkin, The Returns of Odysseus, note 81, 19.
121. Hartog, Le miroir d'Hérodote, note 43, 236.
122. Marco Dorati, Le Storie di Erodoto: Etnografia e Racconto (Pisa: Istituti editoriali e poligrafici internazionali, 2000), 120.
123. Aldo Corcella, Erodoto e l'analogia (Palermo: Sellerio, 1984), 84-91
124. Irad Malkin rightly notes the absence of an idea of centeredness among Hellenes during the archaic period (see Malkin, The Returns of Odysseus, note 81; note 85, 2001). In the specific case, however, while Connolly's argument might be seen as "theological," Herodotus is "historical" (see Corcella, this note).
125. Virginia Hunter, Past and Process in Herodotus and Thucydides (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982), 69-75.
126. Corcella, Erodoto e l'analogia, note 90
127. Hartog, Le miroir d'Hérodote, note 43, 42, 237.
128. Guillaume, International Relations and Identity, note 1.
129. Carolyn Dewald and John Marincola, "Introduction," in The Cambridge Companion to Herodotus, ed. Carolyn Dewald and John Marincolas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 1-7.
130. Paul Cartledge, "Taking Herodotus Personnally," Classical World 102, no. 4 (2009): 378.
131. Dewald and Marincola, "Introduction," note 95, 4-6
132. Christopher Pelling, "East is East and West is West-Or are They? National stereotypes in Herodotus," HISTOS (1997). http://www.dur.ac.uk/ Classics/histos/1997/pelling.html.
133. Cartledge, "Taking Herodotus Personnally," note 96, 375.
134. Pelling, "East is East and West is West-Or are They?" note 97.
135. Hartog, Le miroir d'Hérodote, note 43, 19.
136. Calame, Le récit en Grève ancienne, note 79, 124-5.
137. François Hartog, Mémoire d'Ulysse: récits sur la frontière en Grèce ancienne (Paris: Gallimard, 1996), 87.
138. Hunter, Past and Process in Herodotus and Thucydides, note 91, 11.
139. John Percival, "Review," Greece & Rome 37, no. 1 (1990): 98.
140. Carolyn Dewald, "Book reviews," Classical Philology 85, no. 3 (1990): 217-24
141. Pelling, "East is East and West is West-Or are They?" note 97.
142. On the critical enquiry and Herodotus relation to facts, contrast Hartog, Le miroir d'Hérodote, note 43
143. and the more convincing account of Hunter, Past and Process in Herodotus and Thucydides, note 91.
144. Rosaria Vignolo Munson, Telling Wonders. Ethnographic and Political Discourse in the Work of Herodotus (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2001)
145. Pelling, "East is East and West is West-Or are They?" note 97.
146. Pelling, "East is East and West is West-Or are They?" note 97.
147. Munson, Telling Wonders, note 107, 133.
148. See Geoffrey E. R. Lloyd, Polarity and Analogy: Two Types of Argumentation in Early Greek Thought (Indianapolis, IN: Hacket Publishing Company, 1992 [1966]).
149. See Paul Carledge, The Greeks: A Portrait of Self and Others (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994)
150. "Historiography and ancient Greek self-definition," in Companion to Historiography, ed. Michael Bentley (London: Routledge, 1997), 20-37
151. Edith Hall, Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-definition through Tragedy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989)
152. Hartog, Le miroir d'Hérodote, note 43.
153. Herodotus, The Histories, trans. Robin Waterfield (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 8.144.
154. Phiroze Vasunia, The Gift of the Nile: Hellenizing Egypt from Aeschylus to Alexander (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
155. John Gould, Myth, Ritual, Memory, and Exchange: Essays in Greek Literature and Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 359-77.
156. Herodotus, The Histories, note 113, 2.35, emphasis added.
157. Hartog, Le miroir d'Hérodote, note 44, 226.
158. Herodotus, The Histories, note 133, 2.35-36.
159. Hunter, Past and Process in Herodotus and Thucydides, note 91, 50-92.
160. Herodotus, The Histories, note 113, 2.115-120.
161. Hunter, Past and Process in Herodotus and Thucydides, note 91, 57-61.
162. Thucydides, Histoire de la guerre du Péloponnèse, note 69, 1.3.
163. Herodotus, The Histories, note 113, 2.116.
164. Rosalind Thomas, "Ethnicity, Genealogy, and Hellenism in Herodotus," in Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity, ed. Irad Malkin (Cambridge, MA: Center for Hellenic Studies Trustees for Harvard University; Distributed by Harvard University Press, 2001), 216
165. see Herodotus, The Histories, ibid., 2.43-53.
166. Herodotus, The Histories, ibid., 2.50;
167. see also Hunter, Past and Process in Herodotus and Thucydides, note 91, 50-115.
168. Herodotus, The Histories, ibid., 2.109.
169. Thomas, "Ethnicity, Genealogy, and Hellenism in Herodotus," note 127, 215, 218.
170. See Cioranescu, "La découverte de l'Amérique et l'art de la description," note 45.
171. Hartog, Le miroir d'Hérodote, note 44, 237-42
172. see also the subtle development in Munson, Telling Wonders, note 107, chapter 2.
173. Guillaume, International Relations and Identity, note 1, chapter 3.
174. Lloyd, Polarity and Analogy, note 110.
175. Hartog, Le miroir d'Hérodote, note 43.
176. Herodotus, The Histories, note 113, 2.64, emphasis added.
177. The Histories Ibid., 2.48.
178. The Histories Ibid., 2.59, 79-80
179. The Histories, 144, 153.
180. The Histories Ibid., 2.158.
181. Hartog, Le miroir d'Hérodote, note 44, 239.
182. Herodotus, The Histories, note 113, 4.99.
183. Hartog, Le miroir d'Hérodote, note 43, 240.
184. Herodotus, The Histories, ibid.
185. See, for instance, Inayatullah and Blaney, International Relations and the Problem of Difference, note 3, 53, 65-73.
186. Herodotus, The Histories, note 113, 4.26, emphasis added.
187. Pelling, "East is East and West is West-Or are They?" note 97.
188. See, for instance, Jonathan Mercer, "Anarchy and identity," International Organization 49, no. 2 (1995): 229-52
189. Bahar Rumelili, "Constructing identity and relating to difference: Understanding the EU's Mode of Differentiation," Review of International Studies 30, no. 1 (2004): 27-47
190. Jennifer Sterling-Folker, "Realism and the Constructivist Challenge: Rejecting, Reconstructing, or Rereading," International Studies Review 4, no. 1 (2002): 73-97.
191. See, however, Guillaume, International Relations and Identity, note 1.
192. See Branwen Gruffydd Jones, ed., Decolonizing International Relations (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003).