Postcolonial concepts and ancient Greek colonization

Modern Language Quarterly

Volumn 65, Issue PART 3, 2004, Pages 341-364

  Malkin, Irad ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 33749020106     PISSN: 00267929     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/00267929-65-3-341     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. For example, "In Classical Greece and Rome geographers, historians, public figures like Caesar, orators, and poets added to the fund of taxonomic lore separating races, regions, nations, and minds from each other; much of that was self-serving, and existed to prove that Romans and Greeks were superior to other kinds of people" (Edward W. Said, Orientalism [Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1995], 57).
2. Cf. D. Porter, "Orientalism and Its Problems," in The Politics of Theory: Proceedings of the Kssex Conference on the Sociology of Literature, July 1982, ed. Francis Barker et al. (Colchester: University of Essex, 1983), 179-93.
3. See also Bart Moore-Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Practices, Politics (London: Verso, 1997), 40-53.
4. See John E. Coleman and Clark A. Walz, eds., Greeks and Barbarians: Essays on the Interactions between Greeks and Non-Greeks in Antiquity and the Consequences for Eurocentrism (Bethesda, MD: CDL, 1997);
5. and François Hartog, The Mirror of Herodotus: The Representation of the Other in the Writing of History, trans. Janet Lloyd (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988). The latter book, dealing with binary ethnographic approaches to the Scythians in Herodotus, is mainly historiographical in purpose and should not be taken as a "reflection" of general Greek views.
6. See also Peter van Dommelen, "Colonial Constructs: Colonialism and Archaeology in the Mediterranean," World Archaeology 28 (1997): 305-23;
7. and Claire L. Lyons and John K. Papadopoulos, eds., The Archaeology of Colonialism (Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2002).
8. Emil Ludwig, The Mediterranean: Saga of the Sea, trans. Barrows Mussey (London: Whittlesey House, 1942).
9. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin, eds., The Post-colonial Studies Reader (London: Routledge, 1995), 8.
10. On the dangers of reproducing binarism by exposing it (yet insisting on its underlying colonial realities) see Abdul R. JanMohamed, "The Economy of Manichean Allegory: The Function of Racial Difference in Colonial Literature," Critical Inquiry 12 (1985): 59-87.
11. See Regina M. Schwartz, The Curse of Cain: The Violent Legacy of Monotheism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997);
12. Johannes C. De Moor, The Rise of Yahwism: The Roots of Israelite Monotheism, 2nd ed. (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1997);
13. Rodney Stark, One True God: Historical Consequences of Monotheism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001);
14. and Jacob Neusner, Bruce Chilton, and William Graham, Three Faiths, One God: The Formative Faith and Practice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (Boston: Brill, 2002).
15. The point is made often. See Ronald Sanders, Lost Tribes and Promised Lands: The Origins of American Racism (New York: HarperPerennial, 1992).
16. See Paul Cartledge, The Greeks: A Portrait of Self and Others, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002);
17. and G. E. R. Lloyd, Polarity and Analogy: Two Types of Argumentation in Early Greek Thought (Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1987).
18. See Jonathan M. Hall, Ethnic Identity in Creek Antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
19. Martin Bernal, The Fabrication of Ancient Greece, 1785 - 1985, vol. 1 of Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization (London: Free Association, 1987).
20. Bernai believes that this conceptual framework also supports a positivistic reconstruction of prehistory, which is a matter for debate. Cf. Edith Hall, "When Is a Myth Not a Myth? Bernal's 'Ancient Model,'" Arethusa 25 (1992): 181 - 201.
21. For Persia "in Greece" see Margaret C. Miller, Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
22. A fuller discussion of these points may be found in Irad Malkin, The Returns of Odysseus: Colonization and Ethnicity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 14-24.
23. See Marc Ferro, Histoire des colonisations (Paris: Seuil, 1994);
24. and Stephen Greenblatt, Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
25. See Lyle N. McAlister, Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492 -1700 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984).
26. See John Boardman, The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colonies and Trade, 4th ed. (London: Thames and Hudson, 1999);
27. and Maria Eugenia Aubet, The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies, and Trade, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 144-59.
28. See Irad Malkin, "Categories of Early Greek Colonization," in Il dinamismo della colonizzazione greca, ed. Claudia Antonetti (Naples: Loffredo, 1997), 25-38.
29. For the modern era see Peter Hulme, Colonial Encounters: Europe and the Native Caribbean, 1492-1797 (London: Methuen, 1986), 2-3. Hulme rightly distinguishes between colonial discursive practices that "relate to occupied territory where the native population had been, or is to be, dispossessed of its land by whatever means" and those "pertaining to territory where the colonial form is based primarily on the control of trade" (e.g., America and India). There were exceptions, of course. Greek colonizers to Heraclea on the Black Sea subjugated the native Maryandinoi. In contrast, other Greek colonies had to pay tribute to Scythian kings.
30. See Jonathan M. Hall, Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).
31. See Moses I. Finley, The World of Odysseus, 2nd ed. (London: Chatto and Windus, 1977);
32. and Gabriel Herman, Ritualised Friendship and the Greek City (Cambridge: Cambridge, University Press, 1987).
33. See Walter Burkert, Greek Religion, trans. John Raffan (Oxford: Blackwell, 1985);
34. and Marcel Detienne, Comparer l'incomparable (Paris: Seuil, 2000), 81 - 104.
35. See Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica, 2.1271-74.
36. See Roland Martin and Henri Metzger, La religion grecque (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1976).
37. Barbara Fuchs shifts the postmodern-postcolonial emphasis on "difference" to investigation of "the political and rhetorical valence of sameness" (Mimesis and Empire: The New World, Islam, and European Identities [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001], 3-4).
38. See Anthony D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).
39. Cf. Rosalind Thomas, "Ethnicity, Genealogy, and Hellenism in Herodotus," in Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity, ed. Irad Malkin (Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies, Trustees for Harvard University, 2001), 213-33.
40. Isocrates, Panegyricus 50.
41. See Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity,"
42. and Suzanne Saīd, "The Discourse of Identity in Greek Rhetoric from Isocrates to Aristides," in Malkin, Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity, 159-86, 275-99.
43. See Frank W. Walbank, The Hellenistic World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 60-62;
44. cf. Walbank, "The Problem of Greek Nationality," Phoenix 5 (1951): 41-60
45. rpt. in Selected Papers: Studies in Greek and Roman History and Historiography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 1 - 19
46. and in Greeks and Barbarians, ed. Thomas Harrison (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000, 234-56.
47. See Dorothy Thompson, "Hellenistic Hellenes: The Case of Ptolemaic Egypt," in Malkin, Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity, 301-22.
48. I have dealt with various aspects of such identifications in three books: Irad Malkin, Religion and Colonization in Ancient Greece (Leiden: Brill, 1987);
49. Malkin, Myth and Territory in the Spartan Mediterranean (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994);
50. Malkin, Returns of Odysseus.
51. Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). Note esp. the introduction (ix-xvi).
52. For the origin of the term contact zone see Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London: Koutledge, 1992). Pratt's emphasis on "transculturation," the process of intercultural negotiation and selection, is important; White's analysis adds another dimension to our understanding of this process.
53. Robert Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization, and Cultural Change, 950 - 1350 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993);
54. Solange Alberro, Les Espagnols dans le Mexique colonial: Histoire d'une acculturation (Paris: Colin, 1992);
55. Norman Etherington, The Great Treks: The Transformation of Southern Africa, 1815 - 1854 (Harlow: Longman, 2001).
56. See Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin, 183-84, with reference especially to the work of Homi K. Bhabha; and Pratt.
57. This phrase is of ten repeated in various forms in Braudel's seminal work The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, trans. Siân Reynolds, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (Glasgow: Collins, 1972-73).
58. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 6-7.
59. See Irad Malkin, "Networks and the Emergence of Greek Identity," in Mediterranean Paradigms and Classical Antiquity, ed. Irad Malkin (London: Routledge, forthcoming).
60. The final section of this essay is developed in much greater detail in Irad Malkin, "Herakles and Melqart in the Western Mediterranean," in Ethnic Approprialions and Cultural Borrowings, ed. Erich Gruen (forthcoming).
61. See Corinne Bonnet, Melqart: Cultes et mythes de l'Héraclès tyrien en Méditerranée (Namnr: Presses Universitaires de Namur, 1988).