Power, persuasion and justice

Millennium: Journal of International Studies

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 551-581

  Lebow, Richard Ned ^a  

^a DARTMOUTH COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 22444450886     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298050330031501     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Robert A. Dahl, 'Power', in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, ed. David L. Sills (New York: Free Press, 1968), 12, 405-15;
2. Steven Lukes, Power: A Radical View (New York: Macmillan, 1974), and its recent revision (London: Palgrave, 2004);
3. Stefano Guzzini, 'Structural Power: The Limits of Neorealist Power Analysis', International Organization 47, no. 3 (1993): 443-78,
4. and 'The Enduring Dilemmas of Realism in International Relations', European Journal of International Relations 10, no. 4 (2004): 533-568.
5. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (New York: Knopf, 1948), 14ff., 270-74,
6. Hans J. Morgenthau, In Defense of the National Interest: A Critical Examination of American Foreign Policy (Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 1982), 48, 52-54.
7. Guzzini, 'Enduring Dilemmas of Realism'.
8. Dahl, 'Power'.
9. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 2004),
10. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., 'The Decline of America's Soft Power', Foreign Affairs 83 (May/ June 2004): 16-21.
11. For a critique of Nye see Christian Reus-Smith, American Power and World Order (London: Polity, 2004), 64-65.
12. Thomas Risse, '"Let's Argue!": Communicative Action in World Politics', International Organization 54, no. 4 (2000): 1-40;
13. Neta C. Crawford, Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, and Humanitarian Intervention (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
14. Reus-Smith, American Power.
15. Martha Finnemore and Stephen J. Toope make this argument in the context of compliance with international law. See Finnemore and Troope, 'Alternatives to "Legalization": Richer Views of Law and Politics', International Organization 55, no. 3 (2001): 743-58.
16. For an elaboration of this theme see Richard Ned Lebow, The Tragic Vision of Politics: Ethics, Interests and Orders (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
17. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, ed. and trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), bk. 1.
18. Gorgias, Plato's Socrates maintains that rhetoric, as practiced by sophists, treats others as mean, to an end, but dialogue treats them as ends in themselves and appeals to what is best for them. See also the Republic, 509d-511d, 531d-534c.
19. David C. Kang, 'Getting Asia Wrong: the Need for New Analytic Frameworks', International Security 27, no. 4 (2003): 57-85.
20. Thucydides, 2.4
21. Ibid., 2.63.
22. On the Samian revolt see Russell Meiggs, The Athenian Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), 188-92.
23. Thucydides, 2.65.7.
24. Meiggs, Athenian Empire, 205-54.
25. Thucydides, 5.89.
26. Ibid., 5.91-99.
27. Ibid., 5.95.
28. A.F.K. Organski, World Politics, 2nd ed. (New York: Knopf, 1967), 202-03;
29. A.F.K. Organski and Jacek Kugler, The War Ledger (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980);
30. and Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 200-01.
31. James Boyd White, When Words Lose Their Meaning: Constitutions and Reconstitutions of Language, Character, and Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984);
32. and Lebow, Tragic Vision of Politics, chs. 2, 3 and 7.
33. Raymond L. Garthoff, The Great Transition: American Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War (Washington, DC: Brookings, 1994);
34. Archie Brown, The Gorbachev Factor (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996);
35. Jacques Lévesque, The Enigma of 1989: The USSR and the Liberation of Eastern Europe, trans. Keith Martin (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997);
36. Robert D. English, Russia and the Idea of the West: Gorbachev, Intellectuals, and the End of the Cold War (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).
37. Alexander Erlich, The Soviet Industrialization Debate 1924-1928 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967);
38. Alec Nove, 'Was Stalin Really Necessary?, Problems of Communism 25, no. 4 (1976): 49-62,
39. Alec Nove, An Economic History of the Soviet Union, rev. ed. (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982).
40. Lévesque, Enigma of 1989.
41. Joseph Kahn, 'For the Chinese Masses, an Increasingly Short Fuse, International Herald Tribune, 31 December 2004, 1-2.
42. Maurice Meisner, Mao's China and After: A History of The People's Republic, 3rd ed. (New York: Free Press, 1999);
43. and Bruce Dickson, 'Who does the Party Represent? From '"Three Revolutionary Classes" to "Three Represents"', in State and Society in 21st-Century China, eds. Peter Hays Gries and Stanley Rosen (New York: Routledge 2004), 141-158.
44. Aeschylus, Euminides, lines 958-74. Aeschylus' Prometheus also explores different kinds of persuasion and shows how they can fail.
45. Bernard Knox, The Heroic Temper: Studies in Sophoclean Tragedy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982), ch. 5;
46. James Boyd White, Heracles' Bow: Essays on the Rhetoric and Poetics of the Law (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), 3-27;
47. and Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue, rev. 2nd ed. (Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press, 1984), 134.
48. Gorgias, DK, frg. 82, BII, pp. 8, 13-14 in Hermann Diels and Walther Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 7th ed. (Berlin: Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1956).
49. Lebow, Tragic Vision of Politics, ch. 4
50. Lebow, 'Thucydides the Constructivist', American Political Science Review 95, no. 3 (2001): 547-60,
51. Lebow, Tragic Vision of Politics, ch.4.
52. Lebow, Tragic Vision of Politics, 154-59.
53. Thucydides, 3.82.
54. Ibid., 2.34.5.
55. See T. J. Hooker, '4 and ɧ in Thucydides', Hermes 102, no. 1 (1974): 164-69.
56. Thucydides, 2.40.4.
57. Ibid., 3.36-49.
58. See Clifford Orwin, The Humanity of Thucydides (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 161.
59. John M. Cooper, 'Socrates and Plato in Plato's Gorgias, in M. Cooper, Reason and Emotion: Essays on Ancient Moral Psychology and Ethical Theory (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 28-75.
60. Mikhail Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984);
61. Michael Holquist and Katerina Clark, Mikhail Bakhtin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984);
62. and James Wertsch, Voices of the Mind (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991).
63. Jürgen Habermas, The Theory of Communicative Action, 2 vols., trans. Thomas McCarthy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984-87), 2
64. Jürgen Habermas, Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action, trans. Christian Lenhardt and Shierry Weber Nicholsen (Cambridge: M. L. T. Press, 1990).
65. Hans-Georg Gadamer, 'Reflections on My Philosophical Journey', in The Philosophy of Hans-George Gadamer, ed. Lewis Edwin Hahn (Chicago: Open Court, 1997), 3-63, 33;
66. and Johannes Fabian, 'Ethnographic Objectivity Revisited: From Rigor to Vigor', in Rethinking Objectivity, ed. Allan Megill (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994), 81-108
67. Hans-George Gadamer, Truth and Method, 2nd ed., trans. Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall (New York: Crossroad, 1989),
68. Hans-George Gadamer, 'Plato and the Poets', in Dialogue and Dialectic, trans. P. Christopher Smith (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 39-72,
69. Hans-George Gadamer, 'Reflections on My Philosophical Journey', in The Philosophy of Hans-George Gadamer, ed. Lewis Edwin Hahn (Chicago: Open Court, 1997), 17, 27.
70. Fanny Benedetti and John L. Washburn, 'Drafting the International Criminal Court Treaty: Two Years to Rome and an Afterword on the Rome Diplomatic Conference', Global Governance 5, no. 1 (1999);
71. Marlies Glasius,'How Activists Shaped the Court', Crimes of War Project Magazine (2003) [http://www.crimesofwar.org/icc_magazine/ icc-glasius.html#top] (28 February 2005).
72. David Hume, A Treatise of Himan Nature, eds., David Fate Norton and Mary Norton (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 2.3.3.4,
73. David Hume, An Inquiry Concerning the Priciples of Morals, ed. Tom L. Beauchamp (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), Appendix I, 163.
74. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, 3rd ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960), 5.
75. Harold Lasswell is one of the few social scientists who addressed this problem. He posited a plurality of motives, each of which could serve as an end in itself or a means toward achieving other ends. See Lasswell, Politics: Who Gets What, When, How (Cleveland: Meridian Books, 1958), Postscript, 202-03.
76. Thucydides uses polypragmosyne only once in his text, to characterise Athenians as 'hyperactive' (6.87.3), but it is widely used by other authors to describe Athens. See Victor Ehrenberg, ' Polypragmosyne: A Study in Greek Politics', Journal of Hellenic Studies 67 (1947): 46-67;
77. John H. Finley, 'Euripides and Thucydides', Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 49 (1938): 23-68;
78. and June W. Allison, 'Thucydides and Polypragmosyne', American Journal of Ancient History 4 (1979): 10-22.
79. Ibid., 1.80-85, 86-88, for the two speeches. The war developed as Archidamus predicted, and Sparta was forced to sue for peace after a sizeable number of its hoplites, were taken prisoner on the island of Sphacteria in 426. Athens subsequently broke the truce and was defeated in 404, but Sparta's victory left it weak and unable to maintain its primacy in Greece.
80. Plato, Republic, 439b3-5, c2-3, 553c4-7, 558d11-e3, 559a3-6 and 580d11-581a7
81. Plato's conceptions of the thumos are developed in Books V, VIII and IX of the Republic.
82. Homer, Iliad, Book 20, 1-37;
83. and Plato, Republic, 439c1-440b.
84. Plato, Republic, 441c1-2, 441e4, 442c5-6, 580d7-8, 8505d11-e1.
85. Interviews conducted and quote provided by Prof. Shawn Rosenberg.
86. Thucydides, 2.37.1 and 2.65.9-10.
87. G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), esp. 248, 257-73.
88. Sophocles, Antigone, 267-69.
89. Lebow, Tragic Vision, 314-15.
90. Bernard Knox, Oedipus at Thebes (New York: Norton, 1970), 99;
91. and J. Peter Euben, The Tragedy of Political Theor: The Road Not Taken (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 40-41.