Social class rank, threat vigilance, and hostile reactivity

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 37, Issue 10, 2011, Pages 1376-1388

  Kraus, Michael W ^a   Horberg, E J J ^b   Goetz, Jennifer L ^c   Keltner, Dacher ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

emotion; social class; socioeconomic status; threat

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; AWARENESS; EMOTION; FEMALE; HOSTILITY; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; QUESTIONNAIRE; SOCIAL CLASS; UNITED STATES;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AWARENESS; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; HOSTILITY; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; QUESTIONNAIRES; SOCIAL CLASS; UNITED STATES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 80052289320     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167211410987     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Adler N.E.,Boyce W.T.,Chesney M.,Cohen S.,Folkman S.,Kahn R.,Syme S.L.Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient.American Psychologist.1994;49:15-24.
2. Adler N.E.,Epel E.S.,Castellazzo G.,Ickovics J.R.Relationship of subjective and objective social class with psychological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy white women.Health Psychology.2000;19:586-592.
3. Anderson C.,Keltner D.,John O.P.Emotional convergence between people over time.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.2003;84:1054-1068.
4. Anderson C.,Thompson L.H.Affect from the top down: How powerful individuals' positive affect shapes negotiations.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.2004;95:125-139.
5. Ayalon L.Subjective socioeconomic status as a predictor of long-term care staff burnout and positive caregiving experiences.International Journal of Psychogeriatrics.2008;20:521-537.
6. Ayduk O.,Downey G.,Testa A.,Yen Y.,Shoda Y.Does rejection elicit hostility in high rejection sensitive women?.Social Cognition.1999;17:245-271.
7. Barsade S.G.The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior.Administrative Science Quarterly.2002;47:644-675.
8. Belzung C.,Anderson J.Social rank and responses to feeding competition in rhesus monkey.Behavioural Processes.1986;12:307-316.
9. Berkowitz L.Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control.Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press; 1993:.
10. Blanchard D.,Sakai R.,McEwen B.,Weiss S.,Blanchard R.Subordination stress: Behavioural, brain, and neuroendocrine correlates.Behavioural Brain Research.1993;58:113-121.
11. Blascovich J.,Mendes W.B.Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in social cognition.Forgas J., ed.Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2000:59-82.
12. Bourdieu P.The social space and the genesis of groups.Theory and Society.1985;14:723-744.
13. Bushman B.J.,Anderson C.A.Violent video games and hostile expectations: A test of the general aggression model.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.2002;28:1679-1689.
14. Chen E.,Matthews K.A.Cognitive appraisal biases: An approach to understanding the relation between socioeconomic status and cardiovascular reactivity in children.Annals of Behavioral Medicine.2001;23:101-111.
15. Chen S.,Lee-Chai A.Y.,Bargh J.A.Relationship orientation as a moderator of the effects of social power.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.2001;80:173-187.
16. Chow R.M.,Tiedens L.Z.,Govan C.Excluded feelings: Emotional responses to social ostracism predict aggressive reactions.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.2008;44:896-903.
17. Cohen S.,Alper C.M.,Doyle W.J.,Adler N.,Treanor J.J.,Turner R.B.Objective and subjective socioeconomic status and susceptibility to the common cold.Health Psychology.2008;27:268-274.
18. Croizet J.,Claire T.Extending the concept of stereotype threat to social class: The intellectual underperformance of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.1998;24:588-594.
19. Doherty R.W.The emotion contagion scale: A measure of individual differences.Journal of Nonverbal Behavior.1997;21:131-154.
20. Drentea P.Age, debt, and anxiety.Journal of Health and Social Behavior.2000;41:437-450.
21. Ekman P.,Levenson R.W.,Friesen W.V.Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes among emotions.Science.1983;221:1208-1210.
22. Evans K.C.,Wright C.I.,Wedig M.M.,Gold A.L.,Pollack M.H.,Rauch S.L.A functional MRI study of amygdale responses to angry schematic faces in social anxiety disorder.Depression and Anxiety.2008;25:496-505.
23. Fletcher G.J.O.,Kerr P.S.G.Through the eyes of love: Reality and illusion in intimate relations.Psychological Bulletin.2010;136:627-658.
24. Fowler J.H.,Christakis N.A.The dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: Longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study.British Medical Journal.2008;A2338:337.
25. Gallo L.C.,Matthews K.A.Understanding the association between socioeconomic status and physical health: Do negative emotions play a role?.Psychological Bulletin.2003;129:10-51.
26. Gallo L.C.,Smith T.W.,Cox C.M.Socioeconomic status, psychosocial processes, and perceived health: An interpersonal perspective.Annals of Behavioral Medicine.2006;31:109-119.
27. Goetz J.L.,Keltner D.,Simon-Thomas E.Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review.Psychological Bulletin.2010;136:351-374.
28. Griskevicius V.,Delton A.W.,Robertson T.E.,Tybur J.M.Environmental contingency in life history strategies: The influence of mortality and socioeconomic status on reproductive timing.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.:.
29. Guinote A.Power and affordances: When the situation has more power over powerful than powerless individuals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.2008;95:237-252.
30. Hall J.A.,Rosip J.C.,Smith Lebeau L.,Horgan T.G.,Carter J.D.Attributing the source of accuracy in unequal-power dyadic communication: Who is better and why?.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.2006;42:18-27.
31. Hatfield E.,Cacioppo J.,Rapson R.L.Emotional contagion.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1994:.
32. Johnson S.E.,Richeson J.A.,Finkel E.J.Middle class and marginal? The influence of socioeconomic status on the self-regulatory resources of students at an elite university.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.2011;100:838-852.
33. Johnson W.,Krueger R.F.Higher perceived life control decreases genetic variance in physical health: Evidence from a national twin study.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.2005;88:165-173.
34. Johnson W.,Krueger R.F.How money buys happiness: Genetic and environmental processes linking finances and life satisfaction.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.2006;90:680-691.
35. Kaplan J.,Manuck S.Status, stress, and artherosclerosis.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.1999;896:145-161.
36. Kelly J.R.,Barsade S.G.Mood and emotions in small groups and work teams.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.2001;86:99-130.
37. Keltner D.,Gruenfeld D.H.,Anderson C.Power, approach, and inhibition.Psychological Review.2003;110:265-284.
38. Keltner D.,Young R.C.,Heerey E.A.,Oemig C.,Monarch N.D.Teasing in hierarchical and intimate relations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.1998;75:1231-1247.
39. Kenny D.A.,Kashy D.A.,Cook W.L.Dyadic data analysis.New York, NY: Guilford; 2006:.
40. King L.A.,Emmons R.A.Conflict over emotional expression: Psychological and physical correlates.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.1990;58:864-877.
41. Kluegel J.R.,Smith E.R.Beliefs about inequality: Americans' views of what is and what ought to be.Hawthorne, NY: Aldine; 1986:.
42. Kraus M.W.,Côté S.,Keltner D.Social class, contextualism, and empathic accuracy.Psychological Science.2010;21:1716-1723.
43. Kraus M.W.,Keltner D.Signs of socioeconomic status: A thin-slicing approach.Psychological Science.2009;20:99-106.
44. Kraus M.W.,Piff P.K.,Keltner D.Social class, the sense of control, and social explanation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.2009;97:992-1004.
45. Lachman M.E.,Weaver S.L.The sense of control as a moderator of social class differences in health and well-being.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.1998;74:763-773.
46. Lehman B.J.,Taylor S.E.,Kiefe C.I.,Seeman T.E.Relation of childhood socioeconomic status and family environment to adult metabolic functioning in the CARDIA study.Psychosomatic Medicine.2005;67:846-854.
47. Link B.G.,Lennon M.C.,Dohrenwend B.P.Sociometric status and depression: The role of occupations involving direction, control, and planning.American Journal of Sociology.1993;98:1351-1387.
48. MacDonald G.,Leary M.R.Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain.Psychological Bulletin.2005;131:202-223.
49. Martini T.S.,Root C.A.,Jenkins J.M.Low and middle income mothers' regulation of negative emotion: Effects of children's temperament and situational emotional responses.Social Development.2004;13:515-530.
50. Mcleod J.D.,Kessler R.C.Socioeconomic status differences in vulnerability to undesirable life events.Journal of Health and Social Behavior.1990;31:162-172.
51. Mendes W.B.,Major B.,McCoy S.,Blascovich J.How attributional ambiguity shapes physiological and emotional responses to social rejection and acceptance.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.2008;94:278-291.
52. Mendoza-Denton R.,Downey G.,Purdie V.,Davis A.,Pietrzak J.Sensitivity to status-based rejection: Implications for African-American students' college experience.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.2002;83:896-918.
53. Miller T.Q.,Smith T.W.,Turner C.W.,Guijarro M.L.,Hallet A.J.A meta-analytic review of research on hostility and physical health.Psychological Bulletin.1996;119:322-348.
54. Oakes J.M.,Rossi P.H.The measurement of SES in health research: Current practice and steps toward a new approach.Social Science & Medicine.2003;56:796-784.
55. Ohman A.Face the beast and fear the face: Animal and social fears as prototypes for evolutionary analyses of emotion.Psychophysiology.1986;23:123-145.
56. Page-Gould E.,Mendoza-Denton R.,Tropp L.With a little help from my cross-group friends: Reducing intergroup anxiety through cross-group friendship.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.2008;95:1080-1094.
57. Panksepp J.,Herman B.H.,Conner R.,Bishop P.,Scott J.P.The biology of social attachments: Opiates alleviate separation distress.Biological Psychiatry.1978;13:607-618.
58. Pickett C.L.,Gardner W.L.The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying.Williams K.D.Forgas J.P.von Hippel W., ed.New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2005:213-226.
59. Piff P.K.,Kraus M.W.,Côté S.,Cheng B.H.,Keltner D.Having less, giving more: The influence of social class on prosocial behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.2010;99:771-784.
60. Provine R.R.Contagious laughter: Laughter is a sufficient stimulus for laughs and smiles.Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society.1992;30:1-4.
61. Radloff L.S.The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population.Applied Psychological Measurement.1977;1:385-401.
62. Robins R.W.,John O.P.Handbook of personality psychology.Horgan R.Johnson J.J.Briggs S.R., ed.San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1997:649-679.
63. Sapolsky R.M.The endocrine stress-response and social status in the wild baboon.Hormones and Behavior.1982;16:279-292.
64. Sapolsky R.M.,Alberts S.C.,Altmann J.Hypercortisolism associated with social subordinance or social isolation among wild baboons.Archives of General Psychiatry.1997;54:1137-1143.
65. Sapolsky R.M.,Ray J.C.Styles of dominance and their endocrine correlates among wild olive baboons (Papio anubis).American Journal of Primatology.1989;18:1-13.
66. Singh-Manoux A.,Adler N.E.,Marmot M.G.Subjective social status: Its determinants and its association with measures of ill-health in the Whitehall II Study.Social Science & Medicine.2003;56:1321-1333.
67. Snibbe A.C.,Markus H.R.You can't always get what you want: Educational attainment, agency, and choice.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.2005;88:703-720.
68. Southwick C.H.An experimental study of intragroup agonistic behavior in rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta).Behaviour.1967;28:182-209.
69. Stephens N.M.,Markus H.R.,Townsend S.M.Choice as an act of meaning: The case of social class.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.2007;93:814-830.
70. Stinson L.,Ickes W.Empathic accuracy in the interactions of male friends versus male strangers.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.1992;62:787-797.
71. Taylor S.E.Tend and befriend: Biobehavioral bases of affiliation under stress.Current Directions in Psychological Science.2006;15:273-277.
72. Taylor S.E.,Lerner J.S.,Sage R.M.,Lehman B.J.,Seeman T.E.Early environment, emotions, responses to stress, and health.Journal of Personality.2004;72:1365-1393.
73. Tracy J.L.,Robins R.W.The prototypical pride expression: Development of a nonverbal behavior coding system.Emotion.2007;7:789-801.
74. West T.V.,Popp D.,Kenny D.A.A guide for the estimation of gender and sexual orientation effects in dyadic data: An actor-partner interdependence model approach.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.2008;34:321-336.
75. Williams K.D.Ostracism.Annual Review of Psychology.2007;58:425-452.
76. The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying.Williams K.D.Forgas J.P.von Hippel W., ed.New York, NY: Psychology Press; 2005:.