Diel vertical distribution of early marine phase juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and behaviour when exposed to salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)

Canadian Journal of Zoology

Volumn 89, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 796-807

  Tang, S ^a,b   Lewis, A G ^a   Sackville, M ^a   Nendick, L ^a   DiBacco, C ^c   Brauner, C J ^a   Farrell, A P ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b Fisheries and Oceans Canada   (Canada)

^c BEDFORD INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCLIMATION; DIEL MIGRATION; ECTOPARASITE; HYPOTHESIS TESTING; ISOPOD; JUVENILE; LIGHT AVAILABILITY; SALINITY; SALMONID; SEAWATER; VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION; VERTICAL MIGRATION; WATER COLUMN;

LEPEOPHTHEIRUS SALMONIS; ONCORHYNCHUS; ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA; PHTHIRAPTERA;

EID: 80052278212     PISSN: 00084301     EISSN: 14803283     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/z11-049     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Bailey, R.J.E., Birkett, M.A., Ingvarsdóttir, A., Mordue (Luntz), A.J., Mordue, W., O'Shea, B., Pickett, J.A., and Wadhams, L.J. 2006. The role of semiochemicals in host location and non-host avoidance by salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) copepodids. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63(2): 448-456. doi:10.1139/f05-231.
2. Bakke, T.A., and Harris, P.D. 1998. Diseases and parasites in wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55(Suppl. 1): 247-266. doi:10.1139/cjfas-55-S1-247.
3. Birkeland, K., and Jakobsen, P.J. 1997. Salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, infestation as a causal agent of premature return to rivers and estuaries by sea trout, Salmo trutta, juveniles. Environ. Biol. Fishes, 49(1): 129-137. doi:10.1023/A:1007354632039.
4. Bjørn, P.A., and Finstad, B. 2002. Salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer), infestation in sympatric populations of Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), and sea trout, Salmo trutta (L.), in areas near and distant from salmon farms. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 59(1): 131-139. doi:10.1006/jmsc.2001.1143.
5. Bjørn, P.A., Finstad, B., and Kristoffersen, R. 2001. Salmon lice infection of wild sea trout and Arctic char in marine and freshwaters: the effects of salmon farms. Aquacult. Res. 32(12): 947-962. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2001.00627.x.
6. Boxaspen, K. 1997. Geographical and temporal variation in abundance of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on salmon (Salmo salar L.). ICES J. Mar. Sci. 54(6): 1144-1147. doi:10. 1016/S1054-3139(97)80020-3.
7. Bron, J.E., and Sommerville, C. 1998. The functional and comparative morphology of the photoreceptors of the copepodid larva of the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837) (Crustacea: Copepoda, Caligidae). Zool. Anz. 237(2-3): 113-126.
8. Bush, A.O., Lafferty, K.D., Lotz, J.M., and Shostak, A.W. 1997. Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited. J. Parasitol. 83(4): 575-583. doi:10.2307/3284227. PMID:9267395.
9. Čech, M., Kratochvíl, M., Kubečka, J., Draštík, V., and Matěna, J. 2005. Diel vertical migrations of bathypelagic perch fry. J. Fish Biol. 66(3): 685-702. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00630.x.
10. Clark, C.W., and Levy, D.A. 1988. Diel vertical migrations by juvenile sockeye salmon and the antipredation window. Am. Nat. 131(2): 271-290. doi:10.1086/284789.
11. Cushing, D.H. 1951. The vertical migration of planktonic crustacea. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 26(2): 158-192. doi:10.1111/j. 1469-185X.1951.tb00645.x.
12. Dawson, L.H.J. 1998. The physiological effects of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infections on returning post-smolt sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) in western Ireland, 1996. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 55(2): 193-200. doi:10.1006/jmsc.1997.0358.
13. FAO. 2009. The state of World fisheries and aquaculture (SOFIA), 2008. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome, Italy. Rome. Available from http://www.fao.org/fishery/sofia/en [accessed 10 June 2009].
14. Fast, M.D., Ross, N.W., Mustafa, A., Sims, D.E., Johnson, S.C., Conboy, G.A., Speare, D.J., Johnson, G., and Burka, J.F. 2002. Susceptibility of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch to experimental infection with sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 52(1): 57-68. doi:10.3354/dao052057. PMID: 12517006.
15. Fields, D.M., Weissburg, M.J., and Browman, H. 2007. Chemoreception in the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis: an electrophysiology approach. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 78(2): 161-168. doi:10.3354/dao01870. PMID:18286813.
16. Fleming, I.A., Hindar, K., Mjolnerod, I.B., Jonsson, B., Balstad, T., and Lamberg, A. 2000. Lifetime success and interactions of farm salmon invading a native population. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 267(1452): 1517-1523. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1173. PMID: 11007327.
17. Godin, J.-G.J. 1984. Temporal variations in daily patterns of swimming activity and vertical distribution in juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Can. J. Zool. 62(1): 72-79. doi:10.1139/z84-013.
18. Goldburg, R., and Naylor, R. 2005. Future seascapes, fishing, and fish farming. Front. Ecol. Environ, 3(1): 21-28. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0021:FSFAFF]2.0.CO;2.
19. Gottesfeld, A.S., Proctor, B., Rolston, L.D., and Carr-Harris, C. 2009. Sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, transfer between wild sympatric adult and juvenile salmon on the north coast of British Columbia, Canada. J. Fish Dis. 32(1): 45-57. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.01003.x. PMID:19245630.
20. Grant, A., Gardner, M., Nendick, L., Sackville, M., Farrell, A.P., and Brauner, C.J. 2009. Growth and ionoregulatory ontogeny of wild and hatchery-raised juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Can. J. Zool. 87(3): 221-228. doi:10. 1139/Z08-149.
21. Groot, C., and Margolis, L. 1991. Pacific salmon life histories. The University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.
22. Heard, W.R. 1991. Life history of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). In Pacific salmon life histories. Edited by C. Groot, L. Margolis. The University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver. pp. 119-230.
23. Heuch, P.A., and Karlsen, H.E. 1997. Detection of infrasonic water oscillations by copepodids of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligida). J. Plankton Res. 19(6): 735-747. doi:10.1093/plankt/19.6.735.
24. Heuch, P.A., Parsons, A., and Boxaspen, K. 1995. Diel vertical migration-a possible host-finding mechanism in salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) copepodids. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52(4): 681-689. doi:10.1139/f95-069.
25. Heuch, P.A., Doall, M.H., and Yen, J. 2007. Water flow around a fish mimic attracts a parasitic and deters a planktonic copepod. J. Plankton Res. 29(Suppl. 1): i3-i16. doi:10.1093/plankt/fbl060.
26. Heuch, P.A., Olsen, R.S., Malkenes, R., Revie, C.W., Gettinby, G., Baillie, M., Lees, F., and Finstad, B. 2009. Temporal and spatial variations in lice numbers on salmon farms in the Hardanger fjord 2004-06. J. Fish Dis. 32(1): 89-100. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761. 2008.01002.x. PMID:19245633.
27. Ingvarsdóttir, A., Birkett, M.A., Duce, I., Mordue, W., Pickett, J.A., Wadhams, L.J., and Mordue (Luntz), A.J. 2002. Role of semiochemicals in mate location by parasitic sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis. J. Chem. Ecol. 28(10): 2107-2117. doi:10.1023/A:1020762314603.
28. Job, S.D., and Bellwood, D.R. 2000. Light sensitivity in larval fishes: implications for vertical zonation in the pelagic zone. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45(2): 362-371. doi:10.4319/lo.2000.45.2.0362.
29. Johnson, S.C., and Albright, L.J. 1992. Comparative susceptibility and histopathology of the response of naive Atlantic, chinook and coho salmon to experimental infection with Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda, Caligidae). Dis. Aquat. Organ. 14: 179-193. doi:10.3354/dao014179.
30. Jones, S.R.M., and Hargreaves, N.B. 2007. The abundance and distribution of Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda: Caligidae) on pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum (O. keta) salmon in coastal British Columbia. J. Parasitol. 93(6): 1324-1331. doi:10. 1645/GE-1252.1. PMID:18314676.
31. Jones, S.R.M., and Hargreaves, N.B. 2009. Infection threshold to estimate Lepeophtheirus salmonis-associated mortality among juvenile pink salmon. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 84(2): 131-137. doi:10.3354/dao02043. PMID:19476283.
32. Jones, S., Kim, E., and Bennett, W. 2008. Early development of resistance to the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer), in juvenile pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum). J. Fish Dis. 31(8): 591-600. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00933.x. PMID:18482380.
33. Krkošek, M., Lewis, M.A., and Volpe, J.P. 2005. Transmission dynamics of parasitic sea lice from farm to wild salmon. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 272(1564): 689-696. doi:10.1098/rspb. 2004.3027. PMID:15870031.
34. Krkošek, M., Lewis, M.A., Morton, A., Frazer, L.N., and Volpe, J.P. 2006. Epizootics of wild fish induced by farm fish. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103(42): 15506-15510. doi:10.1073/pnas. 0603525103. PMID:17021017.
35. Krkošek, M., Ford, J.S., Morton, A., Lele, S., Myers, R.A., and Lewis, M.A. 2007. Declining wild salmon populations in relation to parasites from farm salmon. Science (Washington, D.C.), 318(5857): 1772-1775. doi:10.1126/science.1148744. PMID: 18079401.
36. Krkošek, M., Morton, A., Volpe, J.P., and Lewis, M.A. 2009. Sea lice and salmon population dynamics: effects of exposure time for migratory fish. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 276(1668): 2819-2828. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0317. PMID:19419983.
37. Lampert, W. 1989. The adaptive significance of diel vertical migration of zooplankton. Funct. Ecol. 3(1): 21-27. doi:10.2307/2389671.
38. LeBrasseur, R.J., and Parker, R.R. 1964. Growth rate of central British Columbia pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 21(5): 1101-1128.
39. Lewis, A.G., DiBacco, C., Tang, S., Farrell, A.P., and Brauner, C.J. 2008. The vertical distribution of Lepeoptheirus salmonis planktonic larvae-Project A-6. B.C. Pacific Salmon Forum Research Program-2008 Summary of Interim Findings. B.C. Pacific Salmon Forum, Vancouver. Available from http://www. pacificsalmonforum.ca/pdfs-all-docs/2008BroughtonResearch-Results.pdf [accessed 14 January 2009].
40. McKibben, M.A., and Hay, D.W. 2004. Distributions of planktonic sea lice larvae Lepeophtheirus salmonis in the inter-tidal zone in Loch Torridon, western Scotland in relation to salmon farm production cycles. Aquacult. Res. 35(8): 742-750. doi:10.1111/j. 1365-2109.2004.01096.x.
41. McVicar, A.H., Sharp, L.A., Walker, A.F., and Pike, A.W. 1993. Diseases of wild sea trout in Scotland in relation to fish population decline. Fish. Res. (Amst.), 17(1-2): 175-185. doi:10.1016/0165-7836(93)90017-2.
42. Morton, A., and Routledge, R. 2005. Mortality rates for juvenile pink, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and chum, O. keta salmon infested with sea lice, Lepeophteirus salmonis in the Broughton Archipelago. Alaska Fish. Res. Bull. 11: 146-152.
43. Morton, A.B., and Williams, R. 2003. First report of a sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, infestation on juvenile pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, in nearshore habitat. Can. Field-Nat. 117(4): 634-641.
44. Morton, A., Routledge, R., Peet, C., and Ladwig, A. 2004. Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infection rates on juvenile pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum (Oncorhynchus keta) salmon in the nearshore marine environment of British Columbia, Canada. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61(2): 147-157. doi:10.1139/f04-016.
45. Naylor, R.L., Goldburg, R.J., Primavera, J.H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M.C.M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H., and Troell, M. 2000. Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature (London), 405(6790): 1017-1024. doi:10.1038/35016500. PMID:10890435.
46. Neave, F. 1955. Notes on the seaward migration of pink and chum salmon fry. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 12: 369-374.
47. Neilson, J.D., and Perry, R.I. 1990. Diel vertical migrations of marine fishes: an obligate or facultative process? Adv. Mar. Biol. 26: 115-168. doi:10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60200-X.
48. Parker, R.R. 1969. Foods and feeding of juvenile pink salmon in central British Columbia waters. I. 1966 diel series. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. Manu. Rep. Ser. No. 1017.
49. Penston, M.J., McKibben, M.A., Hay, D.W., and Gillibrand, P.A. 2004. Observations on open-water densities of sea lice larvae in Loch Shieldaig, western Scotland. Aquacult. Res. 35(8): 793-805. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01102.x.
50. Price, M., and Reynolds, J. 2008. Out-group program of the Broughton Ecosystem Project (Bella Bella Region)-Project C-3. B.C. Pacific Salmon Forum Research Program-2008 Summary of Interim Findings. B.C. Pacific Salmon Forum, Vancouver. Available from http://www.pacificsalmonforum.ca/pdfs-all-docs/2008BroughtonResearchResults.pdf [accessed 14 January 2009].
51. Stephens, M.A. 1970. Use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cramér-von Mises and related statistics without extensive tables. J. R. Stat. Soc. B, 32: 115-122.
52. Uchida, K., Kaneko, T., Yamauchi, K., and Hirano, T. 1996. Morphometrical analysis of chloride cell activity in the gill filaments and lamellae and changes in Na+, K+-ATPase activity during seawater adaptation in chum salmon fry. J. Exp. Zool. 276(3): 193-200. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19961015) 276:3<193::AID-JEZ3>3.0.CO;2-I.
53. Webster, S.J., Dill, L.M., and Butterworth, K. 2007. The effect of sea lice infestation on the salinity preference and energetic expenditure of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 64(4): 672-680. doi:10.1139/F07-043.
54. Wootten, R., Smith, J.W., and Needham, E.A. 1982. Aspects of the biology of the parasitic copepods Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus on farmed salmonids, and their treatment. Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. Sect. B Biol. Sci. 81: 185-197.
55. Zadunaisky, J.A. 1984. The chloride cell: the active transport of chloride and the paracellular pathways. In Fish physiology. Edited by W.S. Hoar and D.J. Randall. Academic Press, New York. pp. 129-176.