The silent side of the spectrum: Schizotypy and the schizotaxic self

Schizophrenia Bulletin

Volumn 37, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 1017-1026

  Raballo, Andrea ^a,b   Parnas, Josef ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^b PATHOLOGY UNIT   (Italy)

Author keywords

anomalous self experience; genetic high risk; schizophrenia spectrum; schizotaxia; schizotypal personality disorder; vulnerability phenotype

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FORMAL THOUGHT DISORDER; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOTAXIA; SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER; SCHIZOTYPY; SELF DISORDER; THOUGHT DISORDER;

ADULT; DENMARK; EGO; FEMALE; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER;

EID: 80052204199     PISSN: 05867614     EISSN: 17451701     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbq008     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Stober G, Ben-Shachar D, Cardon M, et al. Schizophrenia: from the brain to peripheral markers. A consensus paper of the WFSBP task force on biological markers. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2009;10:127-155.
2. Craddock N, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ. Psychosis genetics: modeling the relationship between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and mixed (or "schizoaffective") psychoses. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35:482-490.
3. Bertolino A, Blasi G. The genetics of schizophrenia. Neuroscience. 2009;164:288-299.
4. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Walsh D. Evaluating the spectrum concept of schizophrenia in the Roscommon Family Study. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:749-754.
5. Parnas J, Licht D, Bovet P. The Cluster A personality disorders: a review. In: Maj M, Akiskal HS, Mezzich J, Okasha A, eds. Personality Disorders. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons; 2005:1-74.
6. Jansson LB, Parnas J. Competing definitions of schizophrenia: what can be learned from polydiagnostic studies? Schizophr Bull. 2007;33:1178-1200. (Pubitemid 47351232)
7. Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. The underlying structure of diagnostic systems of schizophrenia: a comprehensive polydiagnostic approach. Schizophr Res. 2005;79:217-229. (Pubitemid 41457262)
8. Kety SS, Rosenthal D, Wender PH, Schulsinger F, Jacobsen B. Mental illness in the biological and adoptive families of adopted individuals who have become schizophrenic. Behav Genet. 1976;6:219-225.
9. Kraepelin E, Robertson GM. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Edinburgh, UK: Livingstone; 1919.
10. Bleuler E. Dementia Praecox; or, the Group of Schizophrenias. New York, NY: International Universities Press; 1950.
11. Tsuang MT, Stone WS, Faraone SV. Toward reformulating the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1041-1050. (Pubitemid 30432482)
12. Rado S. Dynamics and classification of disordered behavior. Am J Psychiatry. 1953;110:406-416.
13. Meehl PE. Schizotaxia revisited. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:935-944. (Pubitemid 19259542)
14. Meehl PE. Toward an integrated theory of schizotaxia, schizotypy, and schizophrenia. J Pers Disord. 1990;4:1-99. (Pubitemid 20206777)
15. Faraone SV, Green AI, Seidman LJ, Tsuang MT. "Schizotaxia": clinical implications and new directions for research. Schizophr Bull. 2001;27:1-18. (Pubitemid 32199259)
16. Stone WS, Faraone SV, Seidman LJ, Green AI, Wojcik JD, Tsuang MT. Concurrent validation of schizotaxia: a pilot study. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50:434-440. (Pubitemid 32885593)
17. Lenzenweger MF, Maher BA, Manschreck TC. Paul E. Meehl's influence on experimental psychopathology: fruits of the nexus of schizotypy and schizophrenia, neurology, and methodology. J Clin Psychol. 2005;61:1295-1315.
18. Schultze-Lutter F. Subjective symptoms of schizophrenia in research and the clinic: the basic symptom concept. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35:5-8.
19. Sass LA, Parnas J. Schizophrenia, consciousness, and the self. Schizophr Bull. 2003;29:427-444.
20. Klosterkotter J, Hellmich M, Steinmeyer EM, Schultze-Lutter F. Diagnosing schizophrenia in the initial prodromal phase. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:158-164. (Pubitemid 32142753)
21. Nelson B, Yung AR, Bechdolf A, McGorry PD. The phenomenological critique and self-disturbance: implications for ultra-high risk ("prodrome") research. Schizophr Bull. 2008;34:381-392. (Pubitemid 351323324)
22. Schultze-Lutter F, Ruhrmann S, Berning J, Maier W, Klosterkotter J. Basic symptoms and ultrahigh risk criteria: symptom development in the initial prodromal state. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36:182-191.
23. Parnas J, Bovet P. Research in psychopathology: epistemologic issues. Compr Psychiatry. 1995;36:167-181.
24. Parnas J, Handest P. Phenomenology of anomalous selfexperience in early schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44: 121-134. (Pubitemid 36359145)
25. Moller P, Husby R. The initial prodrome in schizophrenia: searching for naturalistic core dimensions of experience and behavior. Schizophr Bull. 2000;26:217-232. (Pubitemid 30317707)
26. Corcoran C, Davidson L, Sills-Shahar R, et al. A qualitative research study of the evolution of symptoms in individuals identified as prodromal to psychosis. Psychiatr Q. 2003;74:313-332. (Pubitemid 38095965)
27. Parnas J, Jansson L, Sass LA, Handest P. Self-experience in the prodromal phases of schizophrenia. Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res. 1998;6:97-106.
28. Parnas J, Handest P, Jansson L, SaebyeD.Anomalous subjective experienceamongfirst-admitted schizophrenia spectrumpatients: empirical investigation. Psychopathology. 2005;38:259-267. (Pubitemid 41433909)
29. Gross G, Huber G, Klosterkotter J, Linz M. Bonner Skala für die Beurteilung von Basissymptomen. Berlin, Germany: Springer; 1987.
30. Parnas J, Moller P, Kircher T, et al. EASE: Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience. Psychopathology. 2005;38:236-258. (Pubitemid 41433908)
31. Schultze-Lutter F, Addington J, Ruhrmann S, Klosterkotter J. Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument, Adult Version (SPIA). Rome, Italy: Fioriti Editore; 2007.
32. Matthysse S, Holzman PS, Gusella JF, et al. Linkage of eye movement dysfunction to chromosome 6p in schizophrenia: additional evidence. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2004;128B:30-36. (Pubitemid 38849914)
33. Parnas J, Cannon TD, Jacobsen B, Schulsinger H, Schulsinger F, Mednick SA. Lifetime DSM-III-R diagnostic outcomes in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers. Results from the Copenhagen High-Risk Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50:707-714. (Pubitemid 23263807)
34. Parnas J, Handest P, Saebye D, Jansson L. Anomalies of subjective experience in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar illness. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003;108:126-133. (Pubitemid 36805614)
35. Handest P, Parnas J. Clinical characteristics of first-admitted patients with ICD-10 schizotypal disorder. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 2005;48:s49-s54. (Pubitemid 41139666)
36. Raballo A, Saebye D, Parnas J. Looking at the schizophrenia spectrumthrough the prismof self-disorders: anempirical study. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37:344-351.
37. Wieneke A, Schultze-Lutter F, Steinmeyer EM, Klosterkotter J. Abnormal subjective experiences and neuropsychological deficits in first-degree relatives of schizophrenics. Schizophr Res. 1997;24:49.
38. Maggini C, Raballo A. Subjective experience of schizotropic vulnerability in siblings of schizophrenics. Psychopathology. 2004;37:23-28. (Pubitemid 38328016)
39. Maggini C, Raballo A. Subjective experience of personality dimensions in 1st degree relatives of schizophrenics. Acta Biomed. 2003;74:131-136. (Pubitemid 38337488)
40. Vaever MS, Licht DM, Moller L, et al. Thinking within the spectrum: schizophrenic thought disorder in six Danish pedigrees. Schizophr Res. 2005;72:137-149. (Pubitemid 39550985)
41. Torgersen S, Onstad S, Skre I, Edvardsen J, Kringlen E. "True" schizotypal personality disorder: a study of co-twins and relatives of schizophrenic probands. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:1661-1667. (Pubitemid 23325948)
42. Squires-Wheeler E, Skodol AE, Bassett A, Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. DSM-III-R schizotypal personality traits in offspring of schizophrenic disorder, affective disorder, and normal control parents. J Psychiatr Res. 1989;23:229-239. (Pubitemid 20162897)
43. Maier W, Lichtermann D, Minges J, Heun R. Personality disorders among the relatives of schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Bull. 1994;20:481-493. (Pubitemid 24251258)
44. Kendler KS, McGuire M, Gruenberg AM, Walsh D. Schizotypal symptoms and signs in the Roscommon Family Study. Their factor structure and familial relationship with psychotic and affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:296-303.
45. Kety SS, Wender PH, Jacobsen B, et al. Mental illness in the biological and adoptive relatives of schizophrenic adoptees. Replication of the Copenhagen Study in the rest of Denmark. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:442-455. (Pubitemid 24180491)
46. Parnas J, Jørgensen A, Jacobsen B. The Copenhagen Interview for Functional Mental Illness Copenhagen. Copenhagen, Denmark: Institute ofMental Health-Kommune Hospitalet; 1993.
47. Wing JK, Cooper JE, Sartorius N. Present State Examination (PSE) Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms; an Instruction Manual for the PSE and Catego Program-10th Revision. Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). London, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1974.
48. Loranger AW. Personality Disorder Examination (PDE) Manual. New York: DV Communications, Yonkers, NY; 1988.
49. Andreasen NC. Scale for the assessment of thought, language, and communication (TLC). Schizophr Bull. 1986;12:473-482.
50. Andreasen NC. Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; 1984.
51. Andreasen NC. Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa; 1983.
52. Spitzer RLEJ. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Life- time Version (SADS-L). 3rd ed. New York, NY: New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1979.
53. Raballo A. The schizotaxic self: phenotyping the silent predisposition to schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Med Hypotheses. 2009;73:121-122.
54. Raballo A, Laroi F. Clinical staging: a new scenario for the treatment of psychosis. Lancet. 2009;374:365-367.
55. Boonstra N, Wunderink L, Sytema S, Wiersma D. Detection of psychosis by mental health care services; a naturalistic cohort study. Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health. 2008;4:29.
56. Tsuang MT, Stone WS, Tarbox SI, Faraone SV. An integration of schizophrenia with schizotypy: identification of schizotaxia and implications for research on treatment and prevention. Schizophr Res. 2002;54:169-175. (Pubitemid 34164531)
57. Calkins ME, Curtis CE, Grove WM, Iacono WG. Multiple dimensions of schizotypy in first degree biological relatives of schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Bull. 2004;30:317-325. (Pubitemid 38828538)