EAE/ASE recommendations for the use of echocardiography in new transcatheter interventions for valvular heart disease

Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography

Volumn 24, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 937-965

  Zamorano, Jose L ^a   Badano, Luigi P ^b   Bruce, Charles ^c   Chan, Kwan Leung ^d   Gonalves, Alexandra ^e   Hahn, Rebecca T ^f   Keane, Martin G ^g   La Canna, Giovanni ^h   Monaghan, Mark J ⁱ   Nihoyannopoulos, Petros ^j   Silvestry, Frank E ^g   Vanoverschelde, Jean Louis ^k   Gillam, Linda D ^l  

^a HOSPITAL CLÍNICO SAN CARLOS   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^c MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA HEART INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF PORTO   (Portugal)

^f NewYork Presbyterian Hospital   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^h SAN RAFFAELE HOSPITAL   (Italy)

ⁱ KING S COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^j HAMMERSMITH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^k CLINIQUES UNIVERSITAIRES SAINT LUC   (Belgium)

^l Gagnon Cardiovascular Institute   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Echocardiography; Transcatheter aortic valve implantation; Transcatheter mitral repair; Transcatheter paravalvular leak closure

Indexed keywords

AORTA VALVE PROSTHESIS; AORTA VALVE REGURGITATION; ARTICLE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CORONARY SINUS ANNULOPLASTY; DIRECT ANNULOPLASTY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; EDGE TO EDGE CLIP REPAIR; FLUOROSCOPY; FOLLOW UP; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; HEART CATHETER; HEART CATHETERIZATION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS; HEART VALVE REGURGITATION; HEART VALVE STENOSIS; HEART VALVE SURGERY; HEART VENTRICLE REMODELLING; HUMAN; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MITRAL ANNULOPLASTY; MITRAL VALVE LEAFLET REPAIR; MITRAL VALVE PROSTHESIS; MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION; MITRAL VALVE REPAIR; NONHUMAN; PARAVALVULAR REGURGITATION; PATIENT SELECTION; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSCATHETER HEART VALVE REPAIR; PERIOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PROSTHESIS FAILURE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; THREE DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE IMPLANTATION; TRANSCATHETER MITRAL VALVE REPAIR; TRANSCATHETER PARAVALVULAR LEAK CLOSURE; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TRANSLUMINAL VALVULOPLASTY; TRANSSEPTAL CATHETERIZATION; TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TWO DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE; VASCULAR ACCESS;

CONSENSUS; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; EUROPE; HEART CATHETERIZATION; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; HUMANS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; UNITED STATES;

EID: 80052051390     PISSN: 08947317     EISSN: 10976795     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.07.003     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. F.E. Silvestry, R.E. Kerber, M.M. Brook, J.D. Carroll, K.M. Eberman, and S.A. Goldstein Echocardiography-guided interventions J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22 2009 213 231
2. A. Cribier, H. Eltchaninoff, A. Bash, N. Borenstein, C. Tron, and F. Bauer Percutaneous transcatheter implantation of an aortic valve prosthesis for calcific aortic stenosis: first human case description Circulation 106 2002 3006 3008 (Pubitemid 35440280)
3. S.V. Lichtenstein, A. Cheung, J. Ye, C.R. Thompson, R.G. Carere, and S. Pasupati Transapical transcatheter aortic valve implantation in humans: initial clinical experience Circulation 114 2006 591 596 (Pubitemid 44202060)
4. E. Grube, J.C. Laborde, B. Zickmann, U. Gerckens, T. Felderhoff, and B. Sauren First report on a human percutaneous transluminal implantation of a self-expanding valve prosthesis for interventional treatment of aortic valve stenosis Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 66 2005 465 469 (Pubitemid 41779008)
5. M.B. Leon, C.R. Smith, M. Mack, D.C. Miller, J.W. Moses, and L.G. Svensson Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery N Engl J Med 363 2010 1597 1607
6. E. Grube, G. Schuler, L. Buellesfeld, U. Gerckens, A. Linke, and P. Wenaweser Percutaneous aortic valve replacement for severe aortic stenosis in high-risk patients using the second-and current third-generation self-expanding corevalve prosthesis: device success and 30-day clinical outcome J Am Coll Cardiol 50 2007 69 76 (Pubitemid 46970878)
7. C.R. Smith, M.B. Leon, M.J. Mack, D.C. Miller, J.W. Moses, and L.G. Svensson Transcatheter versus Surgical Aortic-Valve Replacement in High-Risk Patients N Engl J Med 364 2011 2187 2198
8. J.G. Webb, M. Chandavimol, C.R. Thompson, D.R. Ricci, R.G. Carere, and B.I. Munt Percutaneous aortic valve implantation retrograde from the femoral artery Circulation 113 2006 842 850
9. A. Zajarias, and A.G. Cribier Outcomes and safety of percutaneous aortic valve replacement J Am Coll Cardiol 53 2009 1829 1836
10. M. Thomas, G. Schymik, T. Walther, D. Himbert, T. Lefevre, and H. Treede Thirty-day results of the SAPIEN Aortic Bioprosthesis European Outcome (SOURCE) registry: a European registry of transcatheter aortic valve implantation using the Edwards SAPIEN valve Circulation 122 2010 62 69
11. J.G. Webb, L. Altwegg, R.H. Boone, A. Cheung, J. Ye, and S. Lichtenstein Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: impact on clinical and valve-related outcomes Circulation 119 2009 3009 3016
12. R. Lange, C. Schreiber, W. Gotz, I. Hettich, A. Will, and P. Libera First successful transapical aortic valve implantation with the Corevalve Revalving system: a case report Heart Surg Forum 10 2007 E478 E479
13. N. Piazza, E. Grube, U. Gerckens, P. den Heijer, A. Linke, and O. Luha Procedural and 30-day outcomes following transcatheter aortic valve implantation using the third generation (18 Fr) corevalve revalving system: results from the multicentre, expanded evaluation registry 1-year following CE mark approval EuroIntervention 4 2008 242 249
14. A. Vahanian, O.R. Alfieri, N. Al-Attar, M.J. Antunes, J. Bax, and B. Cormier Transcatheter valve implantation for patients with aortic stenosis: a position statement from the European Association of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), in collaboration with the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 34 2008 1 8
15. B.R. Osswald, V. Gegouskov, D. Badowski-Zyla, U. Tochtermann, G. Thomas, and S. Hagl Overestimation of aortic valve replacement risk by EuroSCORE: implications for percutaneous valve replacement Eur Heart J 30 2009 74 80
16. J. Rodes-Cabau, J.G. Webb, A. Cheung, J. Ye, E. Dumont, and C.M. Feindel Transcatheter aortic valve implantation for the treatment of severe symptomatic aortic stenosis in patients at very high or prohibitive surgical risk: acute and late outcomes of the multicenter Canadian experience J Am Coll Cardiol 55 2010 1080 1090
17. R. Zegdi, V. Ciobotaru, M. Noghin, G. Sleilaty, A. Lafont, and C. Latrémouille Is it reasonable to treat all calcified stenotic aortic valves with a valved stent? Results from a human anatomic study in adults J Am Coll Cardiol 51 2008 579 584
18. V. Delgado, L.F. Tops, J.D. Schuijf, F. van der Kley, N.R. van de Veire, and M.J. Schalij Successful deployment of a transcatheter aortic valve in bicuspid aortic stenosis: role of imaging with multislice computed tomography Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2 2009 e12 e13
19. H. Baumgartner, J. Hung, J. Bermejo, J.B. Chambers, A. Evangelista, and B.P. Griffin Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice Eur J Echocardiogr 10 2009 1 25
20. R.O. Bonow, B.A. Carabello, K. Chatterjee, A.C. de Leon Jr., D.P. Faxon, and M.D. Freed 2008 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease). Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons J Am Coll Cardiol 52 2008 e1 142
21. A. Vahanian, H. Baumgartner, J. Bax, E. Butchart, R. Dion, and G. Filippatos Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease Eur Heart J 28 2007 230 268
22. P.A. Grayburn Assessment of low-gradient aortic stenosis with dobutamine Circulation 113 2006 604 606
23. C. Blais, I.G. Burwash, G. Mundigler, J.G. Dumesnil, N. Loho, and F. Rader Projected valve area at normal flow rate improves the assessment of stenosis severity in patients with low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis: the multicenter TOPAS (Truly or Pseudo-Severe Aortic Stenosis) study Circulation 113 2006 711 721
24. N. Piazza, P. De Jaegere, C. Schultz, A.E. Becker, P.W. Serruys, and R.H. Anderson Anatomy of the aortic valvar complex and its implications for transcatheter implantation of the aortic valve Circ Cardiovasc Interv 1 2008 74 81
25. D. Vivas, L. Perez de Isla, and J. Zamorano Using echocardiography to guide interventional procedures Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep 1 2008 9 15
26. D. Messika-Zeitoun, J.M. Serfaty, E. Brochet, G. Ducrocq, L. Lepage, and D. Detaint Multimodal assessment of the aortic annulus diameter: implications for transcatheter aortic valve implantation J Am Coll Cardiol 55 2010 186 194
27. N. Van de Veire Imaging to guide transcatheter aortic valve implantation J Echocardiogr 8 2010 1 6
28. K.T. Spencer, D. Krauss, J. Thurn, V. Mor-Avi, A. Poppas, and P. Vignon Transnasal transesophageal echocardiography J Am Soc Echocardiogr 10 1997 728 737 (Pubitemid 127791224)
29. K.T. Spencer, M. Goldman, B. Cholley, J. Hultman, J. Oropello, and K. Harris Multicenter experience using a new prototype transnasal transesophageal echocardiography probe Echocardiography 16 1999 811 817
30. L.S. Rallidis, I.E. Moyssakis, I. Ikonomidis, and P. Nihoyannopoulos Natural history of early aortic paraprosthetic regurgitation: a five-year follow-up Am Heart J 138 1999 351 357 (Pubitemid 29379690)
31. D. Detaint, L. Lepage, D. Himbert, E. Brochet, D. Messika-Zeitoun, and B. Iung Determinants of significant paravalvular regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: impact of device and annulus discongruence JACC: Cardiovasc Interv 2 2009 821 827
32. P. Lancellotti, C. Tribouilloy, A. Hagendorff, L. Moura, B.A. Popescu, and E. Agricola European Association of Echocardiography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation. Part 1: aortic and pulmonary regurgitation (native valve disease) Eur J Echocardiogr 11 2010 223 244
33. W.A. Zoghbi, J.B. Chambers, J.G. Dumesnil, E. Foster, J.S. Gottdiener, and P.A. Grayburn Recommendations for evaluation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Task Force on Prosthetic Valves, developed in conjunction with the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging Committee, Cardiac Imaging Committee of the American Heart Association, the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography, endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Canadian Society of Echocardiography J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22 2009 975 1014
34. A. Gonalves, P. Marcos-Alberca, and J.L. Zamorano Echocardiography: guidance during valve implantation EuroIntervention 6 2010 g14 g19
35. R.R. Moss, E. Ivens, S. Pasupati, K. Humphries, C.R. Thompson, and B. Munt Role of echocardiography in percutaneous aortic valve implantation JACC: Cardiovasc Imaging 1 2008 15 24 (Pubitemid 351445392)
36. E.M. Tuzcu Transcatheter aortic valve replacement malposition and embolization: innovation brings solutions also new challenges Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 4 2008 579 580
37. L.P. de Isla, E. Rodriguez, and J. Zamorano Transapical aortic prosthesis misplacement J Am Coll Cardiol 52 2008 2043
38. T. Walther, V. Falk, J. Kempfert, M.A. Borger, J. Fassl, and M.W.A. Chu Transapical minimally invasive aortic valve implantation; the initial 50 patients Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 33 2008 983 988
39. T.D. Yan, C. Cao, J. Martens-Nielsen, R. Padang, M. Ng, and M.P. Vallely Transcatheter aortic valve implantation for high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis: a systematic review J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 139 2010 1519 1528
40. C. Berry, R. Cartier, and R. Bonan Fatal ischemic stroke related to nonpermissive peripheral artery access for percutaneous aortic valve replacement Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 69 2007 56 63 (Pubitemid 46052593)
41. J.B. Masson, J. Kovac, G. Schuler, J. Ye, A. Cheung, and S. Kapadia Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: review of the nature, management, and avoidance of procedural complications JACC: Cardiovasc Interv 2 2009 811 820
42. S. Bleiziffer, H. Ruge, J. Horer, A. Hutter, S. Geisbnsch, and G. Brockmann Predictors for new-onset complete heart block after transcatheter aortic valve implantation JACC: Cardiovasc Interv 3 2010 524 530
43. B. Unsworth, I. Malik, and G.W. Mikhail Recognising bicuspid aortic stenosis in patients referred for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: routine screening with three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography Heart 96 2010 645
44. ™ aortic valve: the importance of recognizing in-stent flow acceleration for the echocardiographic assessment of valve function J Am Soc Echocardiogr 24 2011 B63
45. W.A. Zoghbi, M. Enriquez-Sarano, E. Foster, P.A. Grayburn, C.D. Kraft, and R.A. Levine Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and doppler echocardiography J Am Soc Echocardiogr 16 2003 777 802 (Pubitemid 37391035)
46. B. Pirat, S.H. Little, S.R. Igo, M. McCulloch, Y. Nose, and C.J. Hartley Direct measurement of proximal isovelocity surface area by real-time three-dimensional color Doppler for quantitation of aortic regurgitant volume: an in vitro validation J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22 2009 306 313
47. E. Grube, L. Buellesfeld, R. Mueller, B. Sauren, B. Zickmann, and D. Nair Progress and current status of percutaneous aortic valve replacement: results of three device generations of the CoreValve Revalving system Circ Cardiovasc Interv 1 2008 167 175
48. J.G. Webb, L. Altwegg, J.B. Masson, S. Al Bugami, A. Al Ali, and R.A. Boone A new transcatheter aortic valve and percutaneous valve delivery system J Am Coll Cardiol 53 2009 1855 1858
49. C. Tamburino, M. Barbanti, D. Capodanno, and G.P. Ussia Transcatheter aortic valve implantations: what has been done and what is going to be done Future Cardiol 6 2010 83 95
50. J. Piechaud Percutaneous closure of mitral paravalvular leak J Interv Cardiol 16 2003 153 155 (Pubitemid 36529060)
51. Z. Hijazi Transcatheter management of paravalvular mitral leaks: far from ideal Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 61 2004 552 553 (Pubitemid 38419148)
52. F. Nietlispach, M. Johnson, R.R. Moss, N. Wijesinghe, R. Gurvitch, and E.L.W. Tay Transcatheter closure of paravalvular defects using a purpose-specific occluder JACC: Cardiovasc Interv 3 2010 759 765
53. S. Defterios, G. Giannopoulos, K. Raisakis, K. Kaoukis, and C. Kossyvakis Intracardiac echocardiography imaging of periprosthetic valvular regurgitation Eur J Echocardiogr 11 2010 E20
54. C. Hamilton-Craig, T. Boga, D. Platts, D.L. Walters, D.J. Burstow, and G. Scalia The role of 3D transesophageal echocardiography during percutaneous closure of paravalvular mitral regurgitation JACC: Cardiovasc Imaging 2 2009 771 773
55. M.A. Garcia-Fernandez, M. Cortes, J.A. Garcia-Robles, J.J. Gomez de Diego, E. Perez-David, and E. Garcia Utility of real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in evaluating the success of percutaneous transcatheter closure of mitral paravalvular leaks J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23 2010 26 32
56. D.J. Hagler, A.K. Cabalka, P. Sorajja, F. Cetta, S.V. Mankad, and C.J. Bruce Assessment of percutaneous catheter treatment of paravalvular prosthetic regurgitation J Am Coll Cardiol Imaging 3 2010 88 91
57. M.S. Kim, I.P. Casserly, J.A. Garcia, A.J. Klein, E.E. Salcedo, and J.D. Carroll Percutaneous transcatheter closure of prosthetic mitral paravalvular leaks: are we there yet? JACC: Cardiovasc Interv 2 2009 81 90
58. G. Pate, C.R. Thompson, B.I. Munt, and J.G. Webb Techniques for percutaneous closure of prosthetic paravalvular leaks Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 67 2010 158 166 (Pubitemid 43062624)
59. J.M. Becerra, C. Almeria, L.P. de Isla, and J. Zamorano Usefulness of 3D transoesophageal echocardiography for guiding wires and closure devices in mitral perivalvular leaks Eur J Echocardiogr 10 2009 979 981
60. S.A. Phillips, A. Thompson, A. bu-Halimah, M.H. Crenshaw, D.X. Zhao, and M. Pretorius Percutaneous closure of aortic prosthetic paravalvular regurgitation with two Amplatzer septal occluders Anesth Analg 108 2009 437 438
61. G. Pate, A. Al Zubaidi, M. Chandavimol, C.R. Thompson, B.I. Munt, and J.G. Webb Percutaneous closure of prosthetic paravalvular leaks: case series and review Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 68 2006 528 533 (Pubitemid 44546043)
62. P. Sorajja, A.K. Cabalka, D.J. Hagler, G.S. Reeder, K. Chandrasekaran, and F. Cetta Successful percutaneous repair of perivalvular prosthetic regurgitation Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 70 2007 815 823
63. J.H. Alonso-Briales, A.J. Muñoz-García, M.F. Jiménez-Navarro, A.J. Domínguez-Franco, J.M. Melero-Tejedor, and nI. Rodríguez-Bailó Closure of perivalvular leaks using an Amplatzer occluder Rev Esp Cardiol 62 2009 442 446
64. V.T. Nkomo, J.M. Gardin, T.N. Skelton, J.S. Gottdiener, C.G. Scott, and M. Enriquez-Sarano Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study Lancet 368 2006 1005 1011 (Pubitemid 44353666)
65. B. Iung, G. Baron, E.G. Butchart, F. Delahaye, C. Gohlke-Bärwolf, and O.W. Levang A prospective survey of patients with valvular heart disease in Europe: the Euro Heart Survey on Valvular Heart Disease Eur Heart J 24 2003 1231 1243 (Pubitemid 36834640)
66. M. Mirabel, B. Iung, G. Baron, D. Messika-Zeitoun, D. Détaint, and J.L. Vanoverschelde What are the characteristics of patients with severe, symptomatic, mitral regurgitation who are denied surgery? Eur Heart J 28 2007 1358 1365 (Pubitemid 47355974)
67. J.B. Masson, and J.G. Webb Percutaneous treatment of mitral regurgitation Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2 2009 140 146
68. J. Magne, P. Pibarot, F. Dagenais, Z. Hachicha, J.G. Dumesnil, and M. Senechal Preoperative posterior leaflet angle accurately predicts outcome after restrictive mitral valve annuloplasty for ischemic mitral regurgitation Circulation 115 2007 782 791
69. L.F. Tops, N.R. van de Veire, J.D. Schuijf, A. de Roos, E.E. van der Wall, and M.J. Schalij Noninvasive evaluation of coronary sinus anatomy and its relation to the mitral valve annulus: implications for percutaneous mitral annuloplasty Circulation 115 2007 1426 1432 (Pubitemid 46648378)
70. P. Sorajja, R.A. Nishimura, J. Thompson, and K. Zehr A novel method of percutaneous mitral valve repair for ischemic mitral regurgitation JACC: Cardiovasc Interv 1 2008 663 672
71. O. Alfieri, F. Maisano, M. De Bonis, P.L. Stefano, L. Torracca, and M. Oppizzi The double-orifice technique in mitral valve repair: a simple solution for complex problems J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 122 2001 674 681 (Pubitemid 35470109)
72. M. De Bonis, E. Lapenna, G. La Canna, E. Ficarra, M. Pagliaro, and L. Torracca Mitral valve repair for functional mitral regurgitation in end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy: role of the 'edge-to-edge' technique Circulation 112 2005 I-402
73. T. Feldman, S. Kar, M. Rinaldi, P. Fail, J. Hermiller, and R. Smalling Percutaneous mitral repair with the MitraClip system: safety and midterm durability in the initial EVEREST (Endovascular Valve Edge-to-Edge REpair Study) cohort J Am Coll Cardiol 54 2009 686 694
74. Feldman T. Endovascular Valve Edge-to-Edge Repair study (EVEREST II) randomized clinical trial: primary safety and efficacy endpoints. Presented at American College of Cardiology Congress 2010.
75. C. Tamburino, G.P. Ussia, F. Maisano, D. Capodanno, G. La Canna, and S. Scandura Percutaneous mitral valve repair with the MitraClip system: acute results from a real world setting Eur Heart J 31 2010 1382 1389
76. O. Franzen, S. Baldus, V. Rudolph, S. Meyer, M. Knap, and D. Koschyk Acute outcomes of MitraClip therapy for mitral regurgitation in high-surgical-risk patients: emphasis on adverse valve morphology and severe left ventricular dysfunction Eur Heart J 31 2010 1373 1381
77. E.A. Grossi, N. Patel, Y.J. Woo, J.D. Goldberg, C.F. Schwartz, and V. Subramanian Outcomes of the RESTOR-MV Trial (Randomized Evaluation of a Surgical Treatment for Off-Pump Repair of the Mitral Valve) J Am Coll Cardiol 56 2010 1984 1993
78. F.E. Silvestry, L.L. Rodriguez, H.C. Herrmann, S. Rohatgi, S.J. Weiss, and W.J. Stewart Echocardiographic guidance and assessment of percutaneous repair for mitral regurgitation with the Evalve MitraClip: lessons learned from EVERESTI J Am Soc Echocardiogr 20 2007 1131 1140 (Pubitemid 47487496)
79. B.A. Lin, A.S. Forouhar, N.M. Pahlevan, C.A. Anastassiou, P.A. Grayburn, and J.D. Thomas Color Doppler jet area overestimates regurgitant volume when multiple jets are present J Am Soc Echocardiogr 23 2010 993 1000
80. M. Luigi Localization of mitral periprosthetic leaks by transesophageal echocardiography AJC 69 1992 276 279