Sonographic thymic measurements in Down syndrome fetuses

Prenatal Diagnosis

Volumn 31, Issue 9, 2011, Pages 841-845

  de Leon Luis, Juan ^a   Santolaya, Joaquín ^b   Gamez, Francisco ^a   Pintado, Pilar ^a   Perez, Ricardo ^a   Ortiz Quintana, Luis ^a  

^a HOSPITAL GENERAL UNIVERSITARIO GREGORIO MARAÑÓN   (Spain)

^b ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Congenital immune deficiency; Down syndrome; Prenatal diagnosis of thymic hypoplasia

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOWN SYNDROME; ECHOGRAPHY; FEMALE; FETUS; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMAN; ORGAN SIZE; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; THYMUS; THYMUS DISEASE; THYMUS HYPOPLASIA;

CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; DOWN SYNDROME; FEMALE; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMANS; PREGNANCY; THYMUS GLAND; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, PRENATAL;

EID: 80051939832     PISSN: 01973851     EISSN: 10970223     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/pd.2783     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2006. Improved national prevalence estimates for 18 selected major birth defects-United States, 1999-2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54: 1301-1305.
2. Anderson G, Jenkinson EJ. 2000. Review article: thymus organ cultures and T-cell receptor repertoire development. Immunology 100: 405-410.
3. Benda CE, Strassmann GS. 1965. The thymus in Mongolism. J Ment Defic Res 9: 109-117.
4. Cho JY, Min JY, Lee YH, McCrindle B, Hornberger LK, Yoo SJ. 2007. Diameter of the normal fetal thymus on ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 29: 634-638.
5. Concordet JP, Ferry A. 1993. Physiological programmed cell death in thymocytes is induced by physical stress (exercise). Am J Physiol 265: C626-C629.
6. Cuadrado E, Barrena MJ. 1996. Immune dysfunction in Down's syndrome: primary immune deficiency or early senescence of the immune system? Clin Immunol Immunopathol 78: 209-214.
7. De Leon-Luis J, Gamez F, Pintado P, Perez-Fernandez R, Ortiz-Quintana L, Santolaya-Forgas J. 2008. A study to determine the veracity of the ultrasonographic measurements of the thymus during fetal development. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 32: 446.
8. De Leon-Luis J, Gamez F, Pintado P, et al. 2009. Sonographic measurements of the thymus in male and female fetuses. J Ultrasound Med 28: 43-48.
9. Dolk H, Loane M, Garne E, et al. 2005. Trends and geographic inequalities in the prevalence of Down syndrome in Europe, 1980-1999. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 53(2): 2S87-2S95.
10. Dourov N. 1986. Thymic atrophy and immune deficiency in malnutrition. Curr Top Pathol 75: 127-150.
11. Ferreira CT, Leite JC, Taniguchi A, Vieira SM, Pereira-Lima J, Da Silveira TR. 2004. Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine in children with Down syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 39: 337-340.
12. Foschi R, Rinaldi P, Meduri A, Campioni P, Pirronti T. 2003. Diagnostic imaging and therapy in a case of myasthenia gravis associated with thymic hyperplasia. Rays 28: 369-378.
13. Gamez F, De Leon-Luis J, Pintado P, et al. 2010. Fetal thymus size in uncomplicated twin and singleton pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 36: 302-307.
14. Haddad R, Guimiot F, Six E, et al. 2006. Dynamics of thymus-colonizing cells during human development. Immunity 24: 217-230.
15. Hadlock FP, Harrist RB, Sharman RS, Deter RL, Park SK. 1985. Estimation of fetal weight with the use of head, body, and femur measurements-a prospective study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 151: 333-337.
16. Hasle H. 2001. Pattern of malignant disorders in individuals with Down's syndrome. Lancet Oncol 2: 429-436.
17. Hattori M, Fujiyama A, Taylor TD, et al. 2000. The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21. Nature 405: 311-319.
18. Hattori Y, Hattori S, Kasai K. 2006. Globular adiponectin activates nuclear factor-κB in vascular endothelial cells, which in turn induces expression of proinflammatory and adhesion molecule genes. Diabetes Care 29: 139-141.
19. Heikenwalder M, Prinz M, Zeller N, et al. 2008. Overexpression of lymphotoxin in T cells induces fulminant thymic involution. Am J Pathol 172: 1555-1570.
20. de Hingh YC, van der Vossen PW, Gemen EF, et al. 2005. Intrinsic abnormalities of lymphocyte counts in children with Down syndrome. J Pediatr 147: 744-747.
21. Kay HE, Playfair JH, Wolfendale M, Hopper PK. 1962. Development of the thymus in the human foetus and its relation to immunological potential. Nature 196: 238-240.
22. Kusters MA, Verstegen RH, Gemen EF, de Vries E. 2009. Intrinsic defect of the immune system in children with Down syndrome: a review. Clin Exp Immunol 156: 189-193.
23. Larocca LM, Lauriola L, Ranelletti FO, et al. 1990. Morphological and immunohistochemical study of Down syndrome thymus. Am J Med Genet Suppl 7: 225-230.
24. Levin S, Schlesinger M, Handzel Z, et al. 1979. Thymic deficiency in Down's syndrome. Pediatrics 63: 80-87.
25. Murphy M, Epstein LB. 1992. Down syndrome (DS) peripheral blood contains phenotypically mature CD3 + TCR alpha, beta+ cells but abnormal proportions of TCR alpha, beta+, TCR gamma, delta+, and CD4+ CD45RA+ cells: evidence for an inefficient release of mature T cells by the DS thymus. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 62: 245-251.
26. Murphy M, Friend DS, Pike-Nobile L, Epstein LB. 1992. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IFN-gamma expression in human thymus. Localization and overexpression in Down syndrome (trisomy 21). J Immunol 149: 2506-2512.
27. Musiani P, Valitutti S, Castellino F, Larocca LM, Maggiano N, Piantelli M. 1990. Intrathymic deficient expansion of T cell precursors in Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet Suppl 7: 219-224.
28. Nishino M, Ashiku SK, Kocher ON, Thurer RL, Boiselle PM, Hatabu H. 2006. The thymus: a comprehensive review. Radiographics 26: 335-348.
29. Prada N, Nasi M, Troiano L, et al. 2005. Direct analysis of thymic function in children with Down's syndrome. Immun Ageing 2: 4.
30. Roat E, Prada N, Lugli E, et al. 2008. Homeostatic cytokines and expansion of regulatory T cells accompany thymic impairment in children with Down syndrome. Rejuvenation Res 11: 573-583.
31. Roldán A, Ortega V, Clavero J, Zafra M. 2005. Curvas de peso fetal en función de la edad gestacional. Acta ginecológica 62: 41-46.
32. Santolaya-Forgas J, De Leon-Luis J, Gamez F, et al. 2008. Fetal thymic involution can be used as an indicator of intrauterine infection in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). Am J Obstet Gynecol 99: S109.
33. Seemayer TA, Bolande RP. 1980. Thymic involution mimicking thymic dysplasia: a consequence of transfusion-induced graft versus host disease in a premature infant. Arch Pathol Lab Med 104: 141-144.
34. Thilaganathan B, Tsakonas D, Nicolaides K. 1993. Abnormal fetal immunological development in Down's syndrome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 100: 60-62.
35. Turan T, Turan A, Arslan C, Kinoglu B, Sarioglu T. 2004. How does neonatal thymectomy affect the immune system? Acta Cardiol 59: 511-513.
36. von Gaudecker B. 1986. The development of the human thymus microenvironment. Curr Top Pathol 75: 1-41.
37. Wilkinson B, Owen JJ, Jenkinson EJ. 1999. Factors regulating stem cell recruitment to the fetal thymus. J Immunol 162: 3873-3881.
38. Yagel S, Cohen SM, Achiron R. 2001. Examination of the fetal heart by five short-axis views: a proposed screening method for comprehensive cardiac evaluation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 17: 367-369.
39. Zalel Y, Gamzu R, Mashiach S, Achiron R. 2002. The development of the fetal thymus: an in utero sonographic evaluation. Prenat Diagn 22: 114-117.
40. Zizka Z, Calda P, Fait T, Haakova L, Kvasnicka J, Viskova H. 2006. Prenatally diagnosable differences in the cellular immunity of fetuses with Down's and Edwards' syndrome. Fetal Diagn Ther 21: 510-514.