Disentangling the prospective relations between maladaptive cognitions and depressive symptoms

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

Volumn 120, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 511-527

  LaGrange, Beth ^a   Cole, David A ^a   Jacquez, Farrah ^b   Ciesla, Jeff ^c   Dallaire, Danielle ^d   Pineda, Ashley ^a   Truss, Alanna ^a   Weitlauf, Amy ^a   Tilghman Osborne, Carlos ^a   Felton, Julia ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

^c KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d The College of William and Mary   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescent; Child; Cognitions; Depression; Trait state

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; CHILD; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMMUNITY SAMPLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALADAPTIVE COGNITION; PSYCHOANALYSIS; PSYCHOSOCIAL DISORDER; STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING;

EID: 80051821724     PISSN: 0021843X     EISSN: 19391846     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0024685     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Abela J.R.Z., Sullivan C. A test of Beck's cognitive diathesis-stress theory of depression in early adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence 2003, 23:23-404. 10.1177/0272431603258345.
2. Amemiya Y., Anderson T.W. Asymptotic chi-square tests for a large class of factor analysis models. The Annals of Statistics 1990, 18:1453-1463. 10.1214/aos/1176347760.
3. Beck A.T. Thinking and depression: 1. Idiosyncratic content and cognitive distortions. Archives of General Psychiatry 1963, 9:324-333.
4. Beck A.T. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders 1976, International Universities Press, New York.
5. Beck A.T. Letter to the editor. Archives of General Psychiatry 1984, 41:1112-1114.
6. Beck A.T. Cognitive models of depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 1987, 1:5-37.
7. Beck A.T., Rush A.J., Shaw B.E., Emery G. Cognitive therapy of depression 1979, Guilford Press, New York.
8. Bentler P.M. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin 1990, 107:238-246. 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238.
9. Blazer D.G., Kessler R.C., McGonagle K.A., Swartz M.S. The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: The National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994, 151:979-986.
10. Browne M.W. Robustness of statistic inference in factor analysis and related models. Biometrika 1987, 74:375-384. 10.1093/biomet/74.2.375.
11. Browne M.W., Shapiro A. Robustness of normal theory methods in the analysis of linear latent variate models. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 1988, 41:193-208.
12. Bruce A.E., Cole D.A., Dallaire D.H., Jacquez F.M., Pineda A.Q., LaGrange B. Relations of parenting and negative life events to cognitive diatheses for depression in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2006, 34:321-333. 10.1007/s10802-006-9019-x.
13. Carey M.P., Faulstich M.E., Gresham F.M., Ruggiero L. Children's Depression Inventory: Construct and discriminant validity across clinical and nonreferred (control) populations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1987, 55:755-761. 10.1037/0022-006X.55.5.755.
14. Ciesla J.A., Cole D.A., Steiger J.H. Extending the trait-state-occasion model: How important is within-wave measurement equivalence?. Structural Equation Modeling 2007, 14:77-97. 10.1207/s15328007sem1401_4.
15. Clark D.A., Beck A.T., Alford B.A. Scientific foundations of cognitive theory and therapy of depression 1999, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
16. Clarke G.N., Hornbrook M., Lynch F., Polen M., Gale J., Beardslee W., Seeley J. A randomized trial of a group cognitive intervention for preventing depression in adolescent offspring of depressed parents. Archives of General Psychiatry 2001, 58:1127-1134. 10.1001/archpsyc.58.12.1127.
17. Cole D.A. Preliminary support for a competency-based model of depression in children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1991, 100:181-190. 10.1037/0021-843X.100.2.181.
18. Cole D.A. Change in self-perceived competence as a function of peer and teacher evaluation. Developmental Psychology 1996, 27:682-688. 10.1037/0012-1649.27.4.682.
19. Cole, D. A. (in press). Latent trait-state models. In R. Hoyle (Ed.) Handbook of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
20. Cole D.A., Ciesla J., Dallaire D.H., Jacquez F.M., Pineda A., LaGrange B., Felton J. Emergence of attributional style and its relation to depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2008, 117:16-31. 10.1037/0021-843X.117.1.16.
21. Cole D.A., Hoffman K.B., Tram J.M., Maxwell S.E. Structural differences in parent and child reports of children's symptoms of depression and anxiety. Psychological Assessment 2000, 12:174-185. 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.174.
22. Cole D.A., Jacquez F., Maschman T.L. Social origins of depressive cognitions: A longitudinal study of self-perceived competence in children. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2001, 25:377-395. 10.1023/A:1005582419077.
23. Cole D.A., Martin J.M., Powers B. A competency-based model of child depression: A longitudinal study of peer, parent, teacher, and self-evaluations. The Journal of Child Psychology, Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 1997, 38:505-514. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01537.x.
24. Cole D.A., Martin N.C., Steiger J.H. Empirical and conceptual problems with longitudinal trait-state models: Introducing a trait-state-occasion model. Psychological Methods 2005, 10:3-20. 10.1037/1082-989X.10.1.3.
25. Cole D.A., Maxwell S.E. Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Myths and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2003, 112:558-577. 10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.558.
26. Cole D.A., Maxwell S.E. Statistical methods for risk-outcome research: Being sensitive to longitudinal structure. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2009, 5:71-96. 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-060508-130357.
27. Cole D.A., Nolen-Hoeksema S., Girgus J., Paul G. Stress exposure and stress generation in child and adolescent depression: A latent state-trait-error approach to longitudinal analyses. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2006, 115:40-51. 10.1037/0021-843X.115.1.40.
28. Cole D.A., Peeke L.G., Martin J.M., Truglio R., Seroczynski A.D. A longitudinal look at the relation between depression and anxiety in children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1998, 66:451-460. 10.1037/0022-006X.66.3.451.
29. Cole D.A., Turner J.E. Models of cognitive mediation and moderation in self-reported child depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1993, 102:271-281. 10.1037/0021-843X.102.2.271.
30. Collins K.A., Dozois D.J.A. What are the active ingredients in preventative interventions for depression?. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2008, 15:313-330. 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00143.x.
31. Compas B.E., Forehand R., Keller G., Champion A., Reeslund K.L., McKee L., Cole D.A. Randomized clinical trial of a family cognitive-behavioral preventive intervention for children of depressed parents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2009, 77:1009-1020. 10.1037/a0016930.
32. Costello E.J., Pine D.S., Hammen C., March J.S., Plotsky P.M., Weissman M.M., Leckman J.F. Development and natural history of mood disorders. Biological Psychiatry 2002, 52:529-542. 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01372-0.
33. Crain R.M. The influence of age, race and gender on child and adolescent multidimensional self-concept. Handbook of self-concept: Developmental, social, and clinical considerations 1996, 395-420. Wiley, New York. B.A. Bracken (Ed.).
34. Eid M., Langeheine R. The measurement of consistency and occasion specificity with latent class models: A new model and its application to the measurement of affect. Psychological Methods 1999, 4:100-116. 10.1037/1082-989X.4.1.100.
35. Erikson E.H. Identity, youth, and crisis 1968, W. W. Norton, New York.
36. Faulstich M.E., Carey M.P., Ruggiero L., Enyart P., Gresham F. Assessment of depression in childhood and adolescence: An evaluation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC). American Journal of Psychiatry 1986, 143:1024-1027.
37. Fendrich M., Weissman M.M., Warner V. Screening for depressive disorder in children and adolescents: Validating the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children. American Journal of Epidemiology 1990, 131:538-551.
38. Folmer A.S., Cole D.A., Sigal A.B., Benbow L.D., Satterwhite L.F., Swygert K.E., Ciesla J.A. Age-related changes in children's understanding effort and ability: Implications for attribution theory and motivation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2008, 99:114-134. 10.1016/j.jecp.2007.09.003.
39. Goodman S.H., Gotlib I.H. Children of depressed parents: Mechanisms of risk and implications for treatment 2002, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC. 10.1037/10449-000.
40. Gotlib I.H., Lewinsohn P.M., Seeley J.R., Rohde P., Redner J.E. Negative cognitions and attributional style in depressed adolescents: An examination of stability and specificity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1993, 102:607-615. 10.1037/0021-843X.102.4.607.
41. Greening L., Stoppelbein L., Dhossche D., Martin W. Psychometric evaluation of a measure of Beck's negative cognitive triad for youth: Applications for African-American and Caucasian adolescents. Depression and Anxiety 2005, 21:161-169. 10.1002/da.20073.
42. Hankin B.L. Stability of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression: A short-term prospective multiwave study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2008, 117:324-333. 10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.324.
43. Hankin B.L., Abramson L.Y., Siler M. A prospective test of the hopelessness theory of depression in adolescence. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2001, 25:607-632. 10.1023/A:1005561616506.
44. Harter S. Processes underlying the construction, maintenance, and enhancement of the self-concept in children. Psychological perspectives on the self 1986, Vol 3:137-181. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ. J. Suls, A. Greenwald (Eds.).
45. Harter S. The determinants and mediational role of global self-worth in children. Contemporary issues in developmental psychology 1987, Wiley, New York. N. Eisenberg (Ed.).
46. Harter S. Causes, correlates, and the functional role of global self-worth: A life-span perspective. Competence considered 1990, 67-97. Yale University Press, New Haven. R.J. Sternberg, J. Kolligan (Eds.).
47. Herman K.C., Ostrander R., Tucker C.M. Do family environments and negative cognitions of adolescents with depressive symptoms vary by ethnic group?. Journal of Family Psychology 2007, 21:325-330. 10.1037/0893-3200.21.2.325.
48. Hilsman R., Garber J. A test of the cognitive diathesis-stress model in children: Academic stressors, attributional style, perceived competence and control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1995, 69:370-380. 10.1037/0022-3514.69.2.370.
49. Hollon S.D., Kendall P.C. Cognitive self-statements in depression: Development of an Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1980, 4:383-395. 10.1007/BF01178214.
50. Horowitz J., Garber J. The prevention of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006, 74:401-415. 10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.401.
51. Hu L., Bentler P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 1999, 6:1-55. 10.1080/10705519909540118.
52. Jacobs R.H., Klein J.B., Reinecke M.A., Silva S.G., Tonev S., Breland-Noble A., March J.S. Ethnic differences in attributions and treatment expectancies for adolescent depression. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy 2008, 1:163-178. 10.1521/ijct.2008.1.2.163.
53. Kahneman D. Control of spurious association and the reliability of the controlled variable. Psychological Bulletin 1965, 64:326-329. 10.1037/h0022529.
54. Kamakura T., Ando J., Ono Y. Genetic and environmental effects of stability and change in self-esteem during adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences 2007, 42:181-190. 10.1016/j.paid.2006.07.005.
55. Kaslow N.J., Stark K.D., Printz B., Livingston R., Tsai S.L. Cognitive Triad Inventory for Children: Development and relation to depression and anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 1992, 21:339-347. 10.1207/s15374424jccp2104_3.
56. Kazdin A.E. Evaluation of the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire: Negative cognitive processes and depression among children. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1990, 2:73-79.
57. Kazdin A.E., French N.H., Unis A.S. Child, mother, and father evaluations of depression in psychiatric inpatient children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1983, 11:167-180. 10.1007/BF00912083.
58. Kennard B.D., Stewart S.M., Hughes J.L., Patel P.G., Emslie G.J. Cognitions and depressive symptoms among ethnic minority adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 2006, 12:578-591. 10.1037/1099-9809.12.3.578.
59. Kenny D.A., Zautra A. The trait-state- error model for multiwave data. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1995, 63:52-59. 10.1037/0022-006X.63.1.52.
60. Kistner J.A., David C.F., White B.A. Ethnic and sex differences in children's depressive symptoms: Mediating effects of perceived and actual competence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2003, 32:341-350. 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3203_03.
61. Kovacs M. Rating scales to assess depression in school aged children. Acta Paedopsychiatrica 1981, 46:305-315.
62. Kovacs M. The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1985, 21:995-998.
63. LaGrange B., Cole D.A. An expansion of the trait-state-occasion model: Accounting for shared method variance. Structural Equation Modeling 2008, 15:241-271. 10.1080/10705510801922381.
64. LaGrange B., Cole D.A., Dallaire D.H., Ciesla J.A., Pineda A.Q., Truss A.E., Folmer A. Developmental changes in depressive cognitions: A longitudinal evaluation of the Cognitive Triad Inventory for Children. Psychological Assessment 2008, 20:217-226. 10.1037/1040-3590.20.3.217.
65. Lee A., Hankin B.L. Insecure attachment, dysfunctional attitudes, and low self-esteem predicting prospective symptoms of depression and anxiety during adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2009, 38:219-231. 10.1080/15374410802698396.
66. Lee A., Hankin B.L., Mermelstein R.J. Perceived social competence, negative social interactions, and negative cognitive style predict depressive symptoms during adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2010, 39:603-615. 10.1080/15374416.2010.501284.
67. Lemos-Miller A., Kearney C.A. Depression and ethnicity as intermediary variables among dissociation, trauma-related cognitions, and PTSD symptomatology in youths. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2006, 194:584-590. 10.1097/01.nmd.0000230407.12687.ba.
68. Lengua L.J., West S.G., Sandler I.N. Temperament as a predictor of symptomatology in children: Addressing contamination of measures. Child Development 1998, 69:164-181.
69. Lewinsohn P.M., Joiner T.E., Rohde P. Evaluation of cognitive diathesis-stress models in predicting major depressive disorder in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2001, 110:203-215. 10.1037/0021-843X.110.2.203.
70. Lewinsohn P.M., Steinmertz J., Larson D., Franklin J. Depression-related cognitions: Antecedents or consequences?. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1981, 90:213-219. 10.1037/0021-843X.90.3.213.
71. Lobovits D.A., Handal P.J. Childhood depression: Prevalence using DSM-III criteria and validity of parent and child depression scales. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1985, 10:45-54. 10.1093/jpepsy/10.1.45.
72. Lovejoy M.C., Graczyk P.A., O'Hare E., Neuman G. Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review 2000, 20:561-592. 10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00100-7.
73. McGrath E., Repetti R. A longitudinal study of children's depressive symptoms, self-perceptions, and cognitive distortions about the self. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2002, 111:77-87. 10.1037/0021-843X.111.1.77.
74. Mooijaart A., Bentler P.M. Robustness of normal theory test statistics in structural equation models. Statistica Neerlandica 1991, 45:159-171. 10.1111/j.1467-9574.1991.tb01301.x.
75. Nicholls J.G. The development of the concepts of effort and ability, perception of academic attainment, and the understanding that difficult tasks require more ability. Child Development 1978, 49:800-814. 10.2307/1128250.
76. Nicholls J.G., Miller A.T. The differentiation of the concepts of difficulty and ability. Child Development 1983, 54:951-959. 10.2307/1129899.
77. Olsson U.H., Foss T., Troye S.V., Howell R.D. The performance of ML, GLS, and WLS estimation in structural equation modeling under conditions of misspecification and nonnormality. Structural Equation Modeling 2000, 7:557-595. 10.1207/S15328007SEM0704_3.
78. Radloff L.S. The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement 1977, 1:385-401. 10.1177/014662167700100306.
79. Rutter M. Beyond longitudinal data: Causes, consequences, changes, and continuity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1994, 62:928-940. 10.1037/0022-006X.62.5.928.
80. Saylor C.F., Finch A.J., Spririto A., Bennett B. The Children's Depression Inventory: A systematic evaluation of psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1984, 52:955-967. 10.1037/0022-006X.52.6.955.
81. Shapiro A. Asymptotic theory of overparameterized structural models. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1986, 81:142-149. 10.2307/2287981.
82. Smucker M.R., Craighead W.E., Craighead L.W., Green B.J. Normative and reliability data for the Children's Depression Inventory. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1986, 14:25-39. 10.1007/BF00917219.
83. Steiger, J. H., & Lind, J. M. (1980, May). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors. Paper presented at the Psychometrika Society meeting, Iowa City, Iowa.
84. Stein G.L., Curry J.F., Hersh J., Breland-Noble A., March J., Silva S.G., Jacobs R. Ethnic differences among adolescents beginning treatment for depression. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 2010, 16:152-158. 10.1037/a0018666.
85. Stewart S.M., Kennard B.D., Lee P.W.H., Hughes C.W., Mayes T.L., Emslie G.J., Lewinsohn P.M. A cross-cultural investigation of cognitions and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2004, 113:248-257. 10.1037/0021-843X.113.2.248.
86. Steyer R., Schmitt T. The theory of confounding and its application in causal modeling with latent variables. Latent variables analysis: Applications for developmental research 1994, 36-67. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. A. von Eye, C.C. Clogg (Eds.).
87. Teasdale J.D. Negative thinking in depression: Cause, effect, or reciprocal relationship?. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy 1983, 5:3-25. 10.1016/0146-6402(83)90013-9.
88. Teasdale J.D. Change in cognition during depression-psychopathological implications: Discussion paper. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1983, 76:1038-1044.
89. Timbremont B., Braet C. Brief report: A longitudinal investigation of the relation between a negative cognitive triad and depressive symptoms in youth. Journal of Adolescence 2006, 29:453-458. 10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.08.005.
90. Timbremont B., Braet C., Dreessen L. Assessing depression in youth: Relation between the Children's Depression Inventory and a structured interview. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2004, 33:149-157. 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3301_14.
91. Tram J., Cole D.A. A multimethod examination of the stability of depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2006, 115:674-686. 10.1037/0021-843X.115.4.674.
92. Tucker L.R., Lewis C. A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika 1973, 38:1-10. 10.1007/BF02291170.
93. Turner J.E., Cole D.A. Developmental differences in cognitive diatheses for child depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1994, 22:15-32. 10.1007/BF02169254.
94. Weissman M.M., Orvaschel H., Padian N. Children's symptom and social functioning self-report scales: Comparison of mothers' and children's reports. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1980, 168:736-740. 10.1097/00005053-198012000-00005.
95. Woolgar M., Tranah T. Cognitive vulnerability to depression in young people in secure accommodation: The influence of ethnicity and current suicidal ideation. Journal of Adolescence 2010, 33:653-661. 10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.11.005.