Stroke rates and diving air volumes of emperor penguins: Implications for dive performance

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 214, Issue 17, 2011, Pages 2854-2863

  Sato, Katsufumi ^a   Shiomi, Kozue ^a   Marshall, Greg ^b   Kooyman, Gerald L ^c   Ponganis, Paul J ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^b National Geographic   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Aerobic dive limit; Diving air volume; Emperor penguin; Oxygen stores; Stroke rate; Surface interval

Indexed keywords

OXYGEN;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; DIVING; METABOLISM; PENGUIN; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; DIVING; OXYGEN; SPHENISCIDAE;

APTENODYTES FORSTERI; AVES;

EID: 80051755664     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1242/jeb.055723     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Bates, D. and Maechler, M. (2009). lme4: linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes. R package version 0.999375-32. http://CRAN.R-project.org/ package=lme4.
2. Butler, P. J. and Jones, D. R. (1997). The physiology of diving of birds and mammals. Physiol. Rev. 77, 837-899.
3. Castellini, M. A., Davis, R. W. and Kooyman, G. L. (1988). Blood chemistry regulation during repetitive diving in Weddell seals. Physiol. Zool. 61, 379-386.
4. Davis, R. W., Fuiman, L. A., Williams, T. M., Collier, C. O., Hagey, W. P., Kanatous, S. b., Kohin, S. and Horning, M. (1999). Hunting behavior of a marine mammal beneath the Antarctic fast ice. Science 283, 993-996.
5. Hooker, S. K., Miller, P. J. O., Johnson, M. P., Cox, O. P. and Boyd, I. L. (2005). Ascent exhalations of Antarctic fur seals: a behavioural adaptation for breath-hold diving? Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 272, 355-363. (Pubitemid 41411097)
6. Kirkwood, R. (2001). Emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) foraging ecology. ANARE Rep. 144, 1-162.
7. Kirkwood, R. and Robertson, G. (1997). Seasonal change in the foraging ecology of emperor penguins on the Mawson coast, Antarctica. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 156, 205-223. (Pubitemid 27441937)
8. Kooyman, G. L. and Kooyman, T. G. (1995). Diving behavior of emperor penguins nurturing chicks at Coulman Island, Antarctica. Condor 97, 536-549.
9. Kooyman, G. L. and Ponganis, P. J. (1998). The physiological basis of diving to depth: birds and mammals. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60, 19-32. (Pubitemid 28157862)
10. Kooyman, G. L., Schroeder, J. P., Greene, D. G. and Smith, V. A. (1973). Gas exchange in penguins during simulated dives to 30 and 68m. Am. J. Physiol. 225, 1467-1471.
11. Kooyman, G. L., Wahrenbrock, E. A., Castellini, M. A., Davis, R. W. and Sinnett, E. E. (1980). Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism during diving in Weddell seals: evidence of preferred pathways from blood chemistry and behavior. J. Comp. Physiol. 138, 335-346.
12. Kooyman, G. L., Castellini, M. A., Davis, R. W. and Maue, R. A. (1983). Aerobic dive limits in immature Weddell seals. J. Comp. Physiol. 151, 171-174.
13. Lasiewski, R. C. and Calder, W. A. (1971). A preliminary allometric analysis of respiratory variables in resting birds. Respir. Physiol. 11, 152-166.
14. Meir, J. U. and Ponganis, P. J. (2009). High-affinity hemoglobin and blood oxygen saturation in diving emperor penguins. J. Exp. Biol. 212, 3330-3338.
15. Meir, J. U., Stockard, T. K., Williams, C. L., Ponganis, K. V. and Ponganis, P. J. (2008). Heart rate regulation and extreme bradycardia in diving emperor penguins. J. Exp. Biol. 211, 1169-1179. (Pubitemid 351747324)
16. Mill, G. K. and Baldwin, J. (1983). Biochemical correlates of swimming and diving behavior in the little blue penguin Eudyptula minor. Physiol. Zool. 56, 242-254.
17. Ponganis, P. J., Kooyman, G. L., Baronov, E. A., Thorson, P. H. and Stewart, B. S. (1997a). The aerobic submersion limit of Baikal seals, Phoca sibirica. Can. J. Zool. 75, 1323-1327. (Pubitemid 27378276)
18. Ponganis, P. J., Kooyman, G. L., Starke, L. N., Kooyman, C. A. and Kooyman, T. G. (1997b). Post-dive blood lactate concentrations in emperor penguins, Aptenodytes forsteri. J. Exp. Biol. 200, 1623-1626. (Pubitemid 27268927)
19. Ponganis, P. J., Kooyman, G. L., Van Dam, R. and Le Maho, Y. (1999). Physiological responses of king penguins during simulated diving to 136 m depth. J. Exp. Biol. 202, 2819-2822.
20. Ponganis, P. J., Van Dam, R. P., Marshall, G., Knower, T. and Levenson, D. H. (2000). Sub-ice foraging behavior of emperor penguins. J. Exp. Biol. 203, 3275-3278.
21. 2 depletion underlies dive capacity of emperor penguins. J. Exp. Biol. 210, 4279-4285.
22. 2 store management in diving emperor penguins. J. Exp. Biol. 212, 217-224.
23. 2 store depletion and the aerobic dive limit in emperor penguins. Aquat. Biol. 8, 237-245.
24. R Development Core Team (2009). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing: www.R-project.org.
25. Robertson, G. R. (1995). The Foraging Ecology of Emperor Penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) at Two Mawson Coast Colonies, Antarctica. Hobart: Antarctic Division, Department of Environment, Sport, and Territories, Australia.
26. Sato, K., Naito, Y., Kato, A., Niizuma, Y., Watanuki, Y., Charassin, J. B., Bost, C.- A., Handrich, Y. and Le Maho, Y. (2002). Buoyancy and maximal diving depth in penguins: do they control inhaling air volume? J. Exp. Biol. 205, 1189-1197. (Pubitemid 34853755)
27. Sato, K., Mitani, Y., Cameron, M. F., Siniff, D. B. and Naito. Y. (2003). Factors affecting stroking patterns and body angle in diving Weddell seals under natural conditions. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 1461-1470. (Pubitemid 36573059)
28. Sato, K., Ponganis, P. J., Habara, Y. and Naito, Y. (2005). Emperor penguins adjust swim speed according to the above-water height of ice holes through which they exit. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 2549-2554. (Pubitemid 41080426)
29. Sato, K., Watanuki, Y. and Naito, Y. (2006). The minimum air volume kept in diving Adelie penguins: evidence for regulation of air volume in the respiratory system. Coast. Mar. Sci. 30, 439-442.
30. Shiomi, K., Sato, K., Mitamura, H., Arai, N., Naito, Y. and Ponganis, P. J. (2008). Effect of ocean current on the dead-reckoning estimation of 3-D dive paths of emperor penguins. Aquat. Biol. 3, 265-270.
31. 2 and oxygen depletion during dives of emperor penguins. J. Exp. Biol. 208, 2973-2981.
32. van Dam, R. P., Ponganis, P. J., Ponganis, K. V., Levenson, D. H. and Marshall, G. (2002). Stroke frequencies of emperor penguins diving under sea ice. J. Exp. Biol. 205, 3769-3774. (Pubitemid 36059029)
33. Wienecke, B., Robertson, G., Kirkwood, R. and Lawton, K. (2007). Extreme dives by free-ranging emperor penguins. Polar Biol. 30, 133-142. (Pubitemid 44950308)
34. Williams, C. L., Meir, J. U. and Ponganis, P. J. (2011). What triggers the aerobic dive limit? Muscle oxygen depletion during dives of emperor penguins. J. Exp. Biol. 214, 1801-1812.
35. Williams, T. M., Davis, R. W., Fuiman, L. A., Francis, J., Le Boeuf, B. J., Horning, M., Calambokidis, J. and Croll, D. A. (2000). Sink or swim: strategies for costefficient diving by marine mammals. Science 288, 133-136. (Pubitemid 30203045)
36. Williams, T. M., Fuiman, L. A., Horning, M. and Davis, R. W. (2004). The cost of foraging by a marine predator, the Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddellii: pricing by the stroke. J. Exp. Biol. 207, 973-982. (Pubitemid 38370752)