Anther culture in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in vitro

Acta Physiologiae Plantarum

Volumn 33, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 1559-1570

  Irikova, Teodora ^a   Grozeva, Stanislava ^b   Rodeva, Velichka ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PLOVDIV   (Bulgaria)

^b MARITSA VEGETABLE CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Bulgaria)

Author keywords

Anther culture; Genotype; Nutrient media; Pepper; Plant growth regulators; Thermal shock

Indexed keywords

CAPSICUM ANNUUM;

EID: 80051671582     PISSN: 01375881     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11738-011-0736-6     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Abak K, Comlekcioglu N, Buyukalaca S, Sari N (1998) Use of stomatal characteristics to estimate ploidy level of haploid and dihaploid pepper plants. In: Xth EUCARPIA meeting on genetics and breeding of capsicum and eggplant, Avignon, France, pp 179-182.
2. Ahmadian P, Testillano PS, Gonzalez P, Fadon B, Prestamo G, Jimenez-Duran G, Risueno MC (1998) Cell biology of the pollen developmental program and the induction of microspore embryogenesis in Capsicum annuum L. In: Xth EUCARPIA meeting on genetics and breeding of capsicum and eggplant, Avignon, France, pp 183-186.
3. Arnedo Andres MS, Garcel Claver A, Esteban Chapapria J, Peiro Abris JL, Palazon C, Luis Arteaga M, Gil Ortega R (2004) Application of anther culture and molecular markers to a pepper breeding program for diseases resistance. Capsicum Eggplant Newsl 23: 105-108.
4. Atanassov A, Zagorska N, Boyadjiev P, Djilianov D (1995) In vitro production of haploid plants. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 11: 400-408.
5. Bajaj YPS (1978) Regeneration of haploid tobacco plants from isolated pollen grown in drop culture. Indian J Exp Biol 16: 407-409.
6. Bajaj YPS (1984) In vitro production of haploids. In: Evans DA, Sharp WR, Ammirato PV, Yamada Y (eds) Handbook of plant cell culture, vol I. Macmillan, New York, pp 228-287.
7. Bajaj YPS (1990) In vitro production of haploids and their use in cell genetics and plant breeding. In: Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, vol 12. Haploids in crop improvement I. Springer, Berlin, pp 3-44.
8. Bal U, Abak K (2007) Haploidy in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.): a critical review. Euphytica 158: 1-9.
9. Barany I, Testillano PS, Mityko J, Risueno MC (2001) The switch of the microspore developmental program in Capsicum involves HSP70 expression and leads to the production of haploid plants. Int J Dev Biol 45: 39-40.
10. Barany I, Gonzalez-Melendi P, Fadon B, Mityko J, Risueno MC, Testillano PS (2005) Microspore-derived embryogenesis in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): subcellular rearrangements through development. Biol Cell 9: 709-722.
11. Barcaccia G, Tomassini C, Falcinelli M (1999) Further cytological evidence on the androgenesis pathway in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). J Genet Breed 53: 251-254.
12. Beyer EM (1976) A potent inhibitor of ethylene in plants. Plant Physiol 58: 268-271.
13. Binzel ML, Sankhla N, Joshi S, Sankhla D (1996) Induction of direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plant Cell Rep 15: 536-540.
14. Boyaci HF (2001) The effects of different culture media added activated charcoal on production of haploid plant via anther culture of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). In: XIth EUCARPIA meeting on genetics and breeding of capsicum and eggplant, Antalya, Turkey, pp 137-141.
15. Buyukalaca S, Comlekcioglu N, Abak K, Ekbic E, Kilic N (2004) Effects of silver nitrate and donor plant growing conditions on production of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) haploid embryos via anther culture. Eur J Hort Sci 69: 206-209.
16. Caglar G, Abak K (1997) In vitro application of haploid cucumber plants. Cucurbit Genet Cooperative Rep 20: 21-23.
17. Caglar G, Aras V, Bayram A (2004) In vitro haploid embryo induction via androgenesis in hot pepper. Akdeniz Univ Ziraat Fakultesi Dergisi 17: 87-94.
18. Chambonnet D (1988) Production of haploid pepper plants. In: Bulletin interne de la Station d'Amelioration des Plantes Maraicheres d'Avignon, Montfavet, France, pp 1-10.
19. Comlekcioglu N, Buyukalaka S, Abak K (2001) Effect of silver nitrate on haploid embryo induction by anther culture in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). In: XIth EUCARPIA meeting on genetics and breeding of capsicum and eggplant, Antalya, Turkey, pp 133-136.
20. Custers JBM, Snepvangers SCHL, Jansen HJ, Zhang L, van Lookeren Campagne MM (1999) The 35S-CaMV promoter is silent during early embryogenesis but activated during nonembryogenic sporophytic development in microspore culture. Protoplasma 208: 257-264.
21. Dolcet-Sanjuan R, Claveira E (1994) Carbon dioxide enrichment and carbohydrates in androgenesis of Capsicum annuum L. HortScience 29: 465.
22. Dolcet-Sanjuan R, Claveira E, Huerta A (1997) Androgenesis in Capsicum annuum L.-effects of carbohydrate and carbon dioxide enrichment. J Am Soc Hort Sci 122: 468-475.
23. Dolezel J, Binarova P, Lucretti S (1989) Analysis of nuclear DNA content in plant cells by flow cytometry. Biol Plant 31: 113-120.
24. Dumas de Vaulx R (1990) Haploid and pepper breeding: a review. Capsicum Newsl 8-9: 13-17.
25. Dumas de Vaulx R, Chambonnet D, Pochard E (1981) In vitro anther culture in red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): improvement of the rate of plant production in different genotypes by treatments at 35 C. Agronomie 1: 859-864.
26. Dumas de Vaulx R, Chambonnet D, Sibi M (1982) Stimulation of in vitro androgenesis in pepper (Capsicum annuum) by elevated temperature treatments. In: Earle E, Demarly Y (eds) Variability in plants regenerated from tissue culture. Praeger Publication, New York, pp 92-98.
27. Ellialtioglu S, Kaplan E, Abak K (2001) The effect of carrot extract and activated charcoal on the androgenesis of pepper. In: XIth EUCARPIA meeting on genetics and breeding of capsicum and eggplant, Antalya, Turkey, pp 142-145.
28. Ercan N, Sensoy FA, Sensoy AS (2006) Influence of growing season and donor plant age on anther culture response of some pepper cultivars (Capsicum annuum L.). Sci Horticult 110: 16-20.
29. Gamborg OL, Miller RA, Ojima K (1968) Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. Exp Cell Res 50: 151-158.
30. Gemes JA (2006) Improved anther culture protocol of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). The international conference haploids in higher plants III. Vienna, Austria, 12-15 February 2006, p 39.
31. Gemes JA, Vagi P, Vorosvary B, Kristof Z (2006) Summarized results of in vitro haploid induction of vegetables as paprika, spice paprika, eggplants, cucumber, zucchini and onion. In: European cooperation in the field of scientific and technical research COST Action 851, gametic cells and molecular breeding for crop improvement, Vienna, Austria, 10-11 February 2006.
32. Gemesne JA, Sagi ZS, Salamon P, Somogyi N, Zatyko L, Venczel G (1998) Experiences and results of in vitro haploid methods application in pepper breeding programme. In: Xth EUCARPIA meeting on genetics and breeding of capsicum and eggplant, Avignon, France, pp 201-205.
33. Gemesne JA, Gyulai G, Petus M, Venczel G, Sagi Z, Zatyko L (2000) DH-breeding of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Biotechnological approaches for utilization of gametic cells COST 824 final meeting, Bled, Slovenia, 1-5 July, pp 157-159.
34. Gemesne JA, Petus M, Venczel G, Zatyko L, Gyulai G, Cseplo M (2001a) Genetic variability of anther donor versus spontaneous doubled haploid descendants and colchicine induced doubled haploid sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) lines. Acta Hortic 560: 149-152.
35. Gemesne JA, Petus M, Venczel G, Sagi Z, Zatyko L (2001b) Colchicine, an efficient genome doubling agent for anther derived haploid paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. In: Xith EUCARPIA meeting genetics and breeding of capsicum and eggplant, Antalya, Turkey, p 146.
36. George L, Narayanaswamy S (1973) Haploid Capsicum through experimental androgenesis. Protoplasma 78: 467-480.
37. 1 hybrids of sweet pepper. Capsicum Newsl 11: 26.
38. Gonzalez-Garcia J (2002) Plant induction by anther culture of jalapeno pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Yeast genetics and molecular biology 2002, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA, July 30-August 4. YGM 2002 Abstract #503. Available via: http://www.yeastgenome.org/community/meetings/yeast02/abshtml/503. html.
39. Gonzalez-Melendi P, Testillano PS, Ahmadian P, Fadon B, Vicente O, Risueno MC (1995) In situ characterization of the late vacuolated microspore as a convenient stage to induce embryogenesis in Capsicum. Protoplasma 187: 60-71.
40. Gonzalez-Melendi P, Testillano PS, Prestamo G, Fadon B, Risueno MC (1996a) Cellular characterization of key developmental stage for pollen embryogenesis induction. Plant Dev Biol 127S-128S.
41. Gonzalez-Melendi P, Testillano PS, Ahmadian P, Fadon B, Risueno MC (1996b) New in situ approaches to study the induction of pollen embryogenesis in Capsicum annuum L. Eur J Cell Biol 69: 373-386.
42. Gresshoff PM, Doy CH (1972) Development and differentiation of haploid Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato). Planta 107: 161-170.
43. 1 hybrid derived DH-R2 paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) lines. J Plant Physiol 156: 168-174.
44. Heberle-Bors E (1989) Isolated pollen culture in tobacco: plant reproductive development in a nutshell. Sex Plant Reprod 2: 1-10.
45. Hepler PK, Palevitz BA (1974) Microtubules and microfilaments. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 25: 309-365.
46. Irikova T (2008) Obtaining and genotype investigations of androgenic haploids from Bulgarian pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties. PhD thesis, University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria, p 199.
47. Irikova T, Rodeva V (2004) Anther culture of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): the effect of nutrient media. Capsicum Eggplant Newsl 23: 101-104.
48. Irikova T, Rodeva V (2005) The effect of silver nitrate on in vitro embryogenesis in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) anther culture. Genet Breed (Bulg) 34(1-2): 33-38.
49. Jacquard C, Mazeyrat-Gourbeyre F, Devaux P, Baillieul F, Clement C (2006) Plant defense mechanisms are triggered in the anther during the pre-treatment process. In: The international conference haploids in higher plants III, Vienna, Austria, 12-15 February 2006, p 29.
50. Johansson L (1983) Effects of activated charcoal in anther cultures. Physiol Plant 59: 397-403.
51. 2 concentration. Physiol Plant 54: 24-30.
52. Johansson LB, Calleberg E, Gedin A (1990) Correlations between activated charcoal, Fe-EDTA and other organic media ingredients in cultured anthers of Anemone canadensis. Physiol Plant 80: 243-249.
53. Kao KN, Horn D (1999) Practical improvement to microspore culture. PBI Bulletin, Jan 99. Available via http://www. pbi. nrc. ca/bulletin/jan99/improve. html.
54. Kim M, Kim J, Yoon M, Choi DI, Lee KM (2004) Origin of multicellular pollen and pollen embryos in cultured anthers of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 77: 63-72.
55. Kim JY, Kim YS, Yi G, Kim KM (2005) Anther culture of transgenic pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Korean J Breed 37: 241-246.
56. Kim M, Jang IC, Kim JA, Park EJ, Yoon M, Lee Y (2008) Embryogenesis and plant regeneration of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) through isolated microspore culture. Plant Cell Rep 27: 425-434.
57. Kohlenbach HW, Wernicke W (1978) Investigations on the inhibitory effect of agar and the function of active carbon in anther culture. Z Pflanzenphysiol 86: 463-472.
58. Koleva-Gudeva L (2003a) The effect of incubation treatment on the pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) androgenesis. Institute of Southern Crops, Strumica, Yearbook 87-94.
59. Koleva-Gudeva L (2003b) Anther culture in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Institute of Southern Crops, Strumica, Yearbook 95-102.
60. Koleva-Gudeva L, Spasenoski M (2002) Callus induction of pepper anthers. Institute of Southern Crops, Strumica, Yearbook 59-67.
61. Koleva-Gudeva L, Spasenoski M, Trajkova F (2007) Somatic embryogenesis in pepper anther culture: the effect of incubation treatments and different media. Sci Hortic 111: 114-119.
62. Koleva-Gudeva L, Trajkova F, Dimeska G, Spasenoski M (2009) Androgenesis efficiency in anther culture of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Acta Hortic 830: 183-190.
63. Kothari SL, Joshi A, Kachhwaha S, Ochoa-Alejo N (2010) Chilli peppers-a review on tissue culture and transgenesis. Biotechnol Adv 28: 35-48.
64. Kristiansen K, Andersen SB (1993) Effects of donor plant temperature, photoperiod, and age on anther culture response of Capsicum annuum L. Euphytica 67: 105-109.
65. Lanteri S, Portis E, Bergervoet HW, Groot SPC (2000) Molecular markers for the priming of pepper seeds (Capsicum annuum L.). J Hort Sci Biotechnol 75: 607-611.
66. Lantos C, Gemes AJ, Somogyi G, Otvos K, Vagi P, Mihaly R, Kristof Z, Somogyi N, Pauk J (2009) Improvement of isolated microspore culture of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) via co-culture with ovary tissues of pepper or wheat. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 97: 285-293.
67. Linsmaier EM, Skoog F (1965) Organic growth factor requirement of tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 18: 100-127.
68. Liu F, Zhao H, Chen B, Zhang YY (2007) Embryogenesis of microspore derived multicells in Capsicum annuum L. Fen Zi Xi Bao Cheng Wu Xue Bao 40: 371-379. http://www. lib. bioinfo. pl/pmid: 18198578.
69. Ltifi A, Wenzel G (1994) Anther culture of hot and sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): influence of genotype and plant growth temperature. Capsicum Eggplant Newsl 13: 74-77.
70. Luz JMQ, Pinto JEBP, Ehlert PAD, Cerqueira ES, Lameira OA (1996) Embryogenesis and organogenesis in cultured anthers of sweet pepper. In Vitro 32(3 pt 2): 84.
71. Luz JMQ, Pinto JEBP, Dias Ehlert PA, Cerqueira ES (1997) Effects of silver nitrate, activated charcoal and acetylsalicylic acid on embryogenesis of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) anthers. Cien Agrotecnol 21: 447-456.
72. Mak C, Maheswary V (1994) In vitro response of different chilli pepper varieties (Capsicum annuum L.) in anther culture. Special Publ Taichung Dist Agric Improvement Stn 35: 541-546.
73. Maraschin SF, Priester W, Spaink HP, Wang M (2005) Androgenic switch: an example of plant embryogenesis from the male gametophyte perspective. J Exp Bot 417: 1711-1726.
74. Matsubara S, Yamamoto M, Man-HyunJo MurakamiK, Man HJ (1998) Embryoid and callus formation from microspores by anther culture from July to November in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Sci Rep Faculty Agric Okayama Univ 87: 117-122.
75. Mityko J, Fari M (1997) Problems and results of doubled haploid plant production in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) via anther and microspore culture. Acta Hortic 447: 281-287.
76. Mityko J, Gemes AJ (2006) Improvement of the haploid technique routinely used for breeding sweet and spice peppers in Hungary. Acta Agron Hung 54: 203-219.
77. 1 hybrids of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plant Breed 114: 78-80.
78. Mityko J, Mece R, Szabo L (1998) Colchicine effect on androgenesis in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). In: Xth EUCARPIA meeting on genetics and breeding of capsicum and eggplant, Avignon, France, p 222.
79. Morrison RA, Koning ER, Evans DA (1986a) Pepper. In: Handbook of plant cell culture. Macmillan, New York, vol 4. pp 552-573.
80. Morrison RA, Koning ER, Evans DA (1986b) Anther culture of an interspecific hybrid of Capsicum. J Plant Physiol 126: 1-9.
81. Munyon IP, Hubstenberger JF, Phillips GC (1989) Origin of plantlets and callus obtained from Chile pepper anther cultures. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 25: 293-296.
82. Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15: 473-497.
83. Mythili JB, Thomas P (1995) Some factors influencing the in vitro establishment and callusing of anthers in Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum Sendt). Indian J Plant Physiol 38: 126-130.
84. Mythili JB, Thomas P (1999) Influence of ammonium to nitrate nitrogen ratio in different basal media on callusing response of Capsicum (Capsicumannuum L. grossum Sendt.) anthers. Indian J Exp Biol 37: 314-316.
85. Nervo G, Carannante G, Azzimonti MT, Rotino GL, Falavigna A (1995) Use of anther culture method in pepper breeding: factors affecting plantlets production. Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Plant Tissue and Cell Culture, Florence, Italy, 12-17 June, 1994, 22: 155-160.
86. Nervo G, Azzimonti MT, Bonelly A, Tamietti G (2007) Application of in vitro anther culture methods to a pepper breeding program for disease resistance. In: Proceeding of the 51st Italian Society of Agricultural Genetics Annual Congress Riva del Granda, Italy 23-26 September, Poster Abstract S 2. 03.
87. Nitsch JP (1969) Experimental androgenesis in Nicotiana. Phytomorphology 19: 389-404.
88. Nitsch JP, Nitsch C (1969) Haploid plants from pollen grains. Science 163: 85-87.
89. Novak F (1974) Capsicum haploids. Z Pflanzenzeucht 72: 46-54.
90. Nowaczyk P, Kisiala A (2006) Effect of selected factors on the effectiveness of Capsicum annuum L. anther culture. J Appl Genet 47: 113-117.
91. Nowaczyk P, Kisiala A, Olszewska D (2006) Induced androgenesis of Capsicum frutescens L. Acta Physiol Plant 28: 35-39.
92. 2 hybrid genotypes in anther cultures. Euphytica 168: 225-233.
93. Özkum D, Tipirdamaz R (2002) The effects of cold treatment and charcoal on the in vitro androgenesis of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Turk J Bot 26: 131-139.
94. Özkum D, Tipirdamaz R, Ellialtioglu S (2001) The relationship between the endogenous abscisic acid content of anthers and in vitro androgenesis in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Acta Hortic 560: 327-329.
95. Pandeva R, Zagorska N (1986) Cytological investigation of androgenesis in anther culture of pepper varieties. Genet Breed (Bulg) 5: 431-432.
96. Pandeva R, Zagorska N, Simonova N (1990) Study of induced callus and embryogenesis in anther cultures of pepper. Genet Breed (Bulg) 23: 137-145.
97. Park HG, Choi KY, Lee DH (1992) Effect of explants and growth regulators on somatic embryogenesis and adventitious organogenesis in Capsicun annuum L. Hortscience 27: 618.
98. Pauk J, Lantos C, Somogyi G, Vagi P, Abraham TZ, Gemes JA, Mihaly R, Kristof Z, Somogyi N, Timar Z (2010) Tradition, quality and biotechnology in Hungarian spice pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) breeding. Acta Agron Hung 58(3): 259-266.
99. Phillips GC, Tanksley SD, Munyon I, Hubstenberger JF (1984) Influence of incubation environment and genotype on anther culture of Chile pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). In Vitro 20: 277.
100. Powell W (1990) Environmental and genetical aspects of pollen embryogenesis. In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, vol 12. Haploids in crop improvement I. Springer, Berlin, pp 45-46.
101. Prayantini DC (2006) Anther culture in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). http://libnts.avrdc.org.tw/scripts/minisa.dll/144/VAVLIB/VAVLIB_SDI_REPORT/S
102. Pretova A, Ruijter NCA, van Lammeren AAM, Schel JHN (1993) Structural observation during androgenic microspore culture of the 4c1 genotype of Zea mays L. Euphytica 65: 61-69.
103. Qin X, Rotino GL (1993) Anther culture of several sweet and hot pepper genotypes. Capsicum Eggplant Newsl 12: 59-62.
104. Qin X, Rotino GL (1995) Chloroplast number in guard cells as ploidy indicator of in vitro-grown androgenic pepper plantlets. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 41: 145-149.
105. Reinert J, Bajaj YPS (1992) Haploids. In: Plant cell, tissue and organ culture. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, pp 251-331.
106. Rodeva V (2001) In vitro regeneration in anther culture of pepper (Capsicumannuum L.). Sci Works Agricult Univ Plovdiv 3: 211-214.
107. Rodeva V, Cholakov T (2006) Influence of some climatic factors in the period of donor plants growing on responsiveness of pepper anthers to embryogenesis. In: The international conference haploids in higher plants III, Vienna, Austria, 12-15 February 2006, p 42.
108. Rodeva V, Irikova T, Todorova V (2004) Anther culture of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): comparative study on effect of the genotype. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 3: 34-38.
109. Rodeva V, Grozeva S, Todorova V (2006) In vitro answer of Bulgarian pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties. Genetica (Serbia) 38(2): 129-136.
110. Rodeva V, Koleva-Gudeva L, Grozeva S, Traikova F (2007) Obtaining of haploids in anther culture of pepper Capsicum annuum L. and their including in the breeding process. Goce Delchev Univ Stip Fac Agric Yearbook 7: 7-17.
111. Santana-Buzzy N, Canto-Flick A, Iglesias-Andreu LG, Montalvo-Peniche MC, Lopez-Puc G, Barahona-Perez F (2006) Improvement of in vitro culturing of Habanero pepper by inhibition of ethylene effects. HortScience 41: 405-409.
112. Sibi M, Dumas de Vaulx R, Chambonnet D (1979) Obtaining haploid plants by in vitro androgenesis in red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Annales de l'Amelioration des Plantes 29: 583-606.
113. Sibi M, Dumas de Vaulx R, Chambonnet D (1980) Androgenese in vitro chez le Piment Capsicum annuum L.: Impact des pretraitements sur le taux de plantes regenerees. In: Reunion CR (ed) EUCARPIA application de la culture in vitro a l'Amelioration des Plantes Potageres, Versailles, 16-18 April, pp 143-149.
114. Simeonova N, Pandeva R, Zagorska N (1990) Pollen and anther cultures of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). In: Vth international youth school, conference on genetics, Albena, 11-15 September 1990, pp 186-189.
115. Steinitz B, Wolf D, Matzevitch-Josef T, Zelcer A (1999) Regeneration in vitro and genetic transformation of pepper (Capsicum spp.): the current state of the art. Capsicum Eggplant Newsl 18: 9-15.
116. Sukhanov VM, Tyrnov VS, Klochkov VP, Papazyan ND (1977) Use of tissue culture to obtain haploids and their diploidization. Uspekhi poliploidii 196-203.
117. Sunderland N (1973) Pollen and anther culture. In: Street HE (ed) Plant tissue and cell culture, 1st edn. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 205-239.
118. Supena ED, Suharsono S, Jacobsen E, Custers JB (2006) Successful development of a shed-microspore culture protocol for doubled haploid production in Indonesian hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plant Cell Rep 25: 1-10.
119. Telmer CA, Simmonds DH, Newcombe W (1992) Determination of developmental stage to obtain high frequencies of embryogenic microspores in Brassica napus. Physiol Plant 84: 417-424.
120. Testillano PS, Coronado MJ, Segui JM, Gonzalez-Melendi P, Ahmadian P, Domenech J, Fadon B, Risueno MC (2000a) Early microspore embryogenesis: ultrastructure and in situ localization studies. In: Biotechnological approaches for utilization of gametic cells, COST 824 final meeting, Bled, Slovenia, 1-5 July, pp 229-235.
121. Testillano PS, Coronado MJ, Segui JM, Domenech J, Gonzalez-Melendi P, Raska I, Risueno MC (2000b) Defined nuclear changes accompany the reprogramming of the microspore to embryogenesis. J Struct Biol 129: 223-232.
122. Touraev A, Heberle-Bors E (2003) Anther and microspore culture in tobacco. In: Maluszynski M, Kasha KJ, Forster BP, Szarejko I (eds) Double haploid production in crop plants. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 223-228.
123. Touraev A, Vicente O, Heberle-Bors E (1997) Initiation of microspore embryogenesis by stress. Trends Plant Sci 2: 297-302.
124. Vagera J (1984) Androgenesis and somatic embryogenesis induced from pollen embryoids in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) on charcoal media. Plant Tissue Cell Cult Appl Crop Improve 243-244.
125. Vagera J (1990) Pepper (Capsicum spp.): In vitro induction of haploids. In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, vol 12. Haploids in crop improvement I, Springer, Verlag, New York, pp 374-392.
126. Vagera J, Havranek P (1985) In vitro induction of androgenesis in Capsicum annuum L. and its genetic aspects. Biol Plant 27: 10-21.
127. Venczel G, Gemesne Juhasz A (1998) Pepper breeding methods and strategies related with in vitro haploid research. In: Xth EUCARPIA meeting on genetics and breeding of capsicum and eggplant, Avignon, France, pp 96-97.
128. Venczel G, Mytiko J, Zatyko L, Fari M (1996) Utilization of androgenic doubled haploid (DH) lines in the improvement of an open pollinated pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) variety. Horticult Sci 28: 14-18.
129. Vicente O, Benito Moreno RM, Heberle-Bors E (1991) Pollen cultures as a tool to study plant development. Cell Biol Rev 25: 295-305.
130. Wang LH, Zhang BX (2001) Advancement in the anther culture of Capsicum annuum L. China Veg 3: 52-53.
131. Wang YY, Sun CS, Wang CC, Chien NJ (1973) The induction of pollen plantlets of Triticale and Capsicum annuum anther culture. Sci Sin 16: 147-151.
132. Wang LH, Zhang BX, Guo JZ, Yang GM, Du MZ (2004) Studies of effects of several factors on anther culture of Capsicum annuum L. Acta Horticult Sin 31: 199-204.
133. Weatherhead MA, Burdon J, Henshaw GG (1979) Effects of activated charcoal as an additive plant tissue culture media: part 2. Z Pflanzenphysiol 94: 399-405.
134. Yoon YJ, Lee KS, Chang SK (1991) Plant induction by anther culture of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). J Korean Soc Horticult Sci 32: 8-16.
135. Zagorska NA, Dimitrov BD, Ilieva I, Gadeva P (2002) In vitro induction of androgenesis and gynogenesis in Rubus caesius L. and Rubus idaeus L. Genet Breed 31: 3-13.