Cost-effectiveness of options for reducing health risks in areas where food crops are irrigated with treated or untreated wastewater

Water International

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 535-548

  Drechsel, Pay ^a   Seidu, Razak ^b  

^a INTERNATIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE   (Sri Lanka)

^b NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

Author keywords

DALY; Economics; Multi barrier approach; Policy interventions; QMRA; WHO Guidelines

Indexed keywords

EID: 80051612950     PISSN: 02508060     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02508060.2011.594549     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Amoah, P., et al., 2007a. Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: microbial contamination in farms and markets and associated consumer risk groups. Journal of Water and Health, 5 (3), 455-466.
2. Amoah, P., et al., 2007b. Effectiveness of common and improved sanitary washing methods in West Africa for the reduction of coli bacteria and helminth eggs on vegetables. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 12 (supplement 2), 40-50.
3. Amoah, P., et al., 2011. Low cost options for health risk reduction where crops are irrigated with polluted water in West Africa. IWMI research report 141. Colombo: IWMI.
4. Cairncross, S. and Valdmanis, V., 2006. Water supply, sanitation and hygiene promotion. In: D. Jamison, et al., eds. Disease control priorities in developing countries. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: Oxford University Press and World Bank, 771-792.
5. Clasen, T.F. and Haller, L., 2008. Water quality interventions to prevent diarrhoea: cost and costeffectiveness [online]. Geneva: WHO. Available from: www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/economic/prevent_diarrhoea/en/index.html [accessed 17 July 2011].
6. Drechsel, P.S., 2006. Informal irrigation in urban West Africa: an overview [online]. Research report 102. Colombo: IWMI. Available from: http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/pub102/RR102.pdf [accessed 17 July 2011].
7. Drechsel, P., et al., 2008. Reducing health risk from wastewater use in urban and peri-urban sub- Saharan Africa: applying the 2006 WHO guidelines. Water Science and Technology, 57 (9), 1461-1466.
8. Drechsel, P., et al., 2010. Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigation risks in lowincome countries. London: Earthscan-International Development Research Centre-International Water Management Institute.
9. Ewuah, E., Nkrumah, E., and Monney, J.G., 1996. The performance of the Asokwa waste stabilization pond and the condition of other sewage treatment plants in Ghana. University of Science and Technology Journal of Science Technology, 16 (1-2), 121-126.
10. Fletcher, M., Levy, M.E., and Griffin, D.D., 2000. Foodborne outbreak of Group A rotavirus gastroenteritis among college students: District of Columbia, March-April 2000. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 49 (50), 1131-1133.
11. Gerba, C.P., et al., 2008. Exposure and risk assessment of Salmonella in recycled residuals. Water Science and Technology, 57 (7), 1061-1065.
12. GSS, 2002. Population and housing census: special report on 20 largest cities. Accra: Ghana Statistical Service.
13. Grimwood, K., et al., 1988. Comparison of serum and mucosal antibody responses following severe acute rotavirus gastroenteritis in young children. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 26 (4), 732-738.
14. Haas, C.N., Rose, J.B., and Gerba, C.P., 1999. Quantitative microbial risk assessment. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
15. Hamilton, A.J., 2006. Quantitative microbial risk assessment models for consumption of raw vegetables irrigated with reclaimed water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72 (5), 3284-3290.
16. Havelaar, A.H. and Melse, J.M., 2003. Quantifying public health risk in the WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality: a burden of disease approach. RIVM Report no 734301022/2003. Bilthoven, Netherlands: Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu.
17. Hodgson, I.O.A., 2000. Treatment of domestic sewage at Akuse (Ghana). Water SA, 26 (3), 413-416.
18. IWMI, 2009. Wastewater irrigation and public health: from research to impact. A road map for Ghana. Report for Google Foundation prepared by International Water Management Institute, Accra, Ghana.
19. Kennedy, M., et al., 2004. Hospitalizations and deaths due to salmonella infections, FoodNet, 1996-1999. Clinical Infectious Disease, 38 (3), 142-148.
20. Karg, H. and Drechsel, P., 2011. Financial and non-financial incentives and triggers to enhance the adoption of safer irrigation and post-harvest practices in West Africa. Water International, 36 (4), 476-490.
21. Keraita, B. and Drechsel, P., 2004. Agricultural use of untreated wastewater in Ghana. In: C. A. Scott, N.I. Faruqui, and L. Raschid-Sally, eds. Wastewater use in irrigated agriculture: confronting the livelihood and environmental realities. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
22. Keraita, B., Drechsel, P., and Konradsen, F., 2010. Up and down the sanitation ladder: Harmonizing the treatment and multiple-barrier perspectives on risk reduction in wastewater irrigated agriculture. Special Issue on wastewater reuse. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 24 (1-2), 23-35 DOI: 10.1007/s10795-009-9087-5
23. Keusch, G.T., et al., 2006. Diarrhoeal diseases. In: D.T. Jamison, et al., eds. Disease control priorities in developing countries. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
24. Labite, H., et al., 2010. Quantitative Microbial Risk Analysis to evaluate health effects of interventions in the urban water system of Accra, Ghana. Journal of Water and Health, 8 (3), 417-430 doi:10.2166/wh.2010.021.
25. McCullough, N.B. and Eisele, C.W., 1951a. Experimental human salmonellosis. I. Pathogenicity of strains of Salmonella meleagridis and Salmonella anatum obtained from spray dried whole egg. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 88 (3), 278-289.
26. McCullough, N.B. and Eisele, C.W., 1951b. Experimental human salmonellosis. III. Pathogenicity of strains of Salmonella Newport, Salmonella derby, and Salmonella bareilly obtained from spray dried whole egg. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 89 (3), 209-13.
27. McCullough, N.B. and Eisele, C.W., 1951c. Experimental human salmonellosis. I. Pathogenicity of strains of Salmonella pullorum obtained from spray dried whole egg. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 89 (3), 259-265.
28. Mara, D.D., 2007. Health risks in wastewater irrigation: comparing estimates from quantitative microbial risk analyses and epidemiological studies. Journal of Water and Health, 5 (1), 39-50.
29. Mathers, C.D., 2002. Global burden of disease 2000: version 2. Methods and results. Geneva: WHO.
30. Mensah, P., et al., 2002. Street foods in Accra, Ghana: how safe are they? Bulletin of theWorld Health Organization, 80 (7), 546-557.
31. Murray, A. and Drechsel, P., 2011. Why do some wastewater treatment facilities work when the majority fail? Case study from the sanitation sector in Ghana. Waterlines, 30 (2), 135-149.
32. Murray, C.J., 1994. Quantifying the burden of disease: the technical basis for disability-adjusted life years. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 72 (3), 429-445.
33. Murray, C.J.L., 1996. Rethinking DALYs. In: C.J.L. Murray and A.D. Lopez, eds. The global burden of disease. A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability for diseases, injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1-97.
34. Obuobie, E., et al., 2006. Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risks [online]. Accra: IWMI-RUAF-CPWF. Available from: www.ruaf.org/node/1046[accessed 17 July 2011].
35. Otis, R., 1996. Small diameter gravity sewers: experience in the United States. In: D. Mara, ed. Low-cost sewerage. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 123-133.
36. Prüss-Üstün, A., et al., 2008. Safer water, better health: costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health. Geneva: WHO.
37. Robberstad, B., Hemed, Y., and Norheim, O.F., 2007. Cost-effectiveness of medical interventions to prevent cardiovascular disease in a Sub-Saharan African country - the case of Tanzania. Costeffectiveness and Resource Allocation, 5 (3) (online). Available from: http://www.resourceallocation.com/content/pdf/1478-7547-5-3.pdf [accessed 13 July 2011].
38. Scott, C.A., Faruqui, N.I., and Raschid-Sally, L., 2004. Wastewater use in irrigated agriculture: confronting the livelihood and environmental realities. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
39. Seidu, R. and Drechsel, P., 2010. Cost effectiveness analysis of interventions for diarrhoea disease reduction among consumers of wastewater-irrigated lettuce in Ghana. In: P. Drechsel, eds. Wastewater irrigation and health: assessing and mitigation risks in low-income countries. London: Earthscan-IDRC-IWMI, 261-283.
40. Seidu, R., et al., 2008. Quantification of the health risks associated with wastewater reuse in Accra, Ghana: a contribution toward local guidelines. Journal of Water and Health, 6 (4), 461-471.
41. Shuval, H., Lampert, Y., and Fattal, B., 1997. Development of a risk assessment approach for evaluating wastewater reuse standards for agriculture. Water Science and Technology, 35 (11-12), 15-20.
42. Stephen, C., 1998. Providing urban environmental services for the poor: lessons learned from three pilot projects. Environmental health project. Washington, D.C.: USAID.
43. Voetsch, A.C., 2004. FoodNet estimate of the burden of illness caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 38 (Supplement 3), 127-134.
44. Ward, R.L., 1986. Human rotavirus studies in volunteers: determination of infectious dose and serological response to infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 154 (5), 871-880.
45. WHO, 2003. Making choices in health: WHO guide to cost-effectiveness analysis. Geneva: WHO.
46. WHO, 2006. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater, Volume 2: wastewater use in agriculture. Geneva: WHO.
47. WHO, 2010. Cost-effectiveness thresholds [online]. Geneva: WHO. Available from: http://www.who.int/choice/costs/CER_thresholds/en/index.html [accessed 17 July 2011].