Neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer

Diseases of the Colon and Rectum

Volumn 54, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 901-912

  Fleming, Fergal J ^a   Pahlman, Lars ^b   Monson, John R T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Radiotherapy; Rectal cancer

Indexed keywords

CAPECITABINE; FLUOROPYRIMIDINE; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; OXALIPLATIN;

ANORECTAL DISEASE; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CHEMORADIOTHERAPY; COCHRANE LIBRARY; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EMBASE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; MEDLINE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PATIENT SELECTION; PERINEUM; PERIOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PREOPERATIVE TREATMENT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECTUM CANCER; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SURGICAL INFECTION; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; ADJUVANT THERAPY; PATHOLOGY; RECTUM TUMOR;

HUMANS; NEOADJUVANT THERAPY; NEOPLASM STAGING; RECTAL NEOPLASMS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 80051567180     PISSN: 00123706     EISSN: 15300358     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/DCR.0b013e31820eeb37     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. American Cancer Society. Colorectal Cancer Facts & Figures 2008- 2010. http://www5.cancer.org/downloads/STT/F861708-finalforweb.pdf.
2. Verdecchia A, Guzzinati S, Francisci S, et al. Survival trends in European cancer patients diagnosed from 1988 to 1999. Eur J. Cancer. 2009;45:1042-1066.
3. van Gijn W, Krijnen P, Lemmens VE, den Dulk M, Putter H, van de Velde CJ. Quality assurance in rectal cancer treatment in the Netherlands: a catch up compared to colon cancer treatment. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36:340-344.
4. Pahlman L, Bohe M, Cedermark B, et al. The Swedish rectal cancer registry. Br J Surg. 2007;94:1285-1292. (Pubitemid 47584780)
5. Jorgren F, Johansson R, Damber L, Lindmark G. Risk factors of rectal cancer local recurrence: population-based survey and validation of the Swedish Rectal Cancer Registry. Colorectal Dis. 2010;12:977-986.
6. NCCNClinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Rectal Cancer. Fort Washington, PA: National Comprehensive Cancer Network; 2009.
7. Gunderson LL, Sargent DJ, Tepper JE, et al. Impact of T and N stage and treatment on survival and relapse in adjuvant rectal cancer: a pooled analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1785-1796. (Pubitemid 41095168)
8. Lahaye MJ, Engelen SM, Nelemans PJ, et al. Imaging for predicting the risk factors-the circumferential resection margin and nodal disease- of local recurrence in rectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2005;26:259-268. (Pubitemid 41111583)
9. Bissett IP, Fernando CC, Hough DM, et al. Identification of the fascia propria by magnetic resonance imaging and its relevance to preoperative assessment of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:259-265. (Pubitemid 32173776)
10. Nagtegaal ID, Quirke P. What is the role for the circumferential margin in the modern treatment of rectal cancer? J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:303-312.
11. Adam IJ, Mohamdee MO, Martin IG, et al. Role of circumferential margin involvement in the local recurrence of rectal cancer. Lancet. 1994;344:707-711. (Pubitemid 24281421)
12. Garcia-Aguilar J, Pollack J, Lee SH, et al. Accuracy of endorectal ultrasonography in preoperative staging of rectal tumors. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:10-15. (Pubitemid 34072746)
13. Sauer R, Becker H, Hohenberger W, et al. Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1731-1740.
14. MERCURY Study Group. Diagnostic accuracy of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in predicting curative resection of rectal cancer: prospective observational study. BMJ. 2006;333: 779.
15. Guillem JG, Díaz-González JA, Minsky BD, et al. cT3N0 rectal cancer: potential overtreatment with preoperative chemoradiotherapy is warranted. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:368-373. (Pubitemid 351171686)
16. Bipat S, Glas AS, Slors FJ, Zwinderman AH, Bossuyt PM, Stoker J. Rectal cancer: local staging and assessment of lymph node involvement with endoluminal US, CT, and MR imaging-a meta-analysis. Radiology. 2004;232:773-783. (Pubitemid 39100263)
17. Valentini V, Beets-Tan R, Borras JM, et al. Evidence and research in rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2008;87:449-474.
18. Muthusamy VR, Chang KJ. Optimal methods for staging rectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:6877s- 6884s.
19. Brown G, Radcliffe AG, Newcombe RG, Dallimore NS, Bourne MW, Williams GT. Preoperative assessment of prognostic factors in rectal cancer using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Surg. 2003;90:355-364. (Pubitemid 36324117)
20. Smith N, Brown G. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Acta Oncol. 2008;47:20-31.
21. MERCURY Study Group. Extramural depth of tumor invasion at thin-section MR in patients with rectal cancer: results of the MERCURY study. Radiology. 2007;243:132-139.
22. Chau I, Brown G, Cunningham D, et al. Neoadjuvant capecitabine and oxaliplatin followed by synchronous chemoradiation and total mesorectal excision in magnetic resonance imagingdefined poor-risk rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:668-674. (Pubitemid 46630432)
23. Roh MS, Colangelo LH, O'Connell MJ, et al. Preoperative multimodality therapy improves disease-free survival in patients with carcinoma of the rectum: NSABP R-03. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27:5124-5130.
24. Bosset JF, Collette L, Calais G, et al. Chemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;355: 1114-1123. (Pubitemid 44394918)
25. Gérard JP, Conroy T, Bonnetain F, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy with or without concurrent fluorouracil and leucovorin in T3-4 rectal cancers: results of FFCD 9203. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24: 4620-4625. (Pubitemid 46630960)
26. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Improved survival with preoperative radiotherapy in resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336:980-987.
27. Sebag-Montefiore D, Stephens RJ, Steele R, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy versus selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer (MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016): a multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet. 2009;373:811-820.
28. Kapiteijn E, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for respectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:638-646.
29. Ortholan C, Francois E, Thomas O, et al. Role of radiotherapy with surgery for T3 and resectable T4 rectal cancer: evidence from randomized trials. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49:302-310.
30. Initial report from a Swedish multicentre study examining the role of preoperative irradiation in the treatment of patients with resectable rectal carcinoma. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Br J Surg. 1993;80:1333-1336.
31. Local recurrence rate in a randomised multicentre trial of preoperative radiotherapy compared with operation alone in respectable rectal carcinoma. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial. Eur J Surg. 1996;162:397-402.
32. Folkesson J, Birgisson H, Pahlman L, Cedermark B, Glimelius B, Gunnarsson U. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial: long lasting benefits from radiotherapy on survival and local recurrence rate. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:5644-5650.
33. Peeters KC, van de Velde CJ, Leer JW, et al. Late side effects of short-course preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: increased bowel dysfunction in irradiated patients-a Dutch colorectal cancer group study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:6199-6206.
34. Quirke P, Steele R, Monson J, et al. Effect of the plane of surgery achieved on local recurrence in patients with operable rectal cancer: a prospective study using data from the MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG CO16 randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 2009;373: 821-828.
35. Bujko K, Nowacki MP, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, Michalski W, Bebenek M, Kryj M. Long-term results of a randomized trial comparing preoperative short-course radiotherapy with preoperative conventionally fractionated chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2006;93:1215-1223. (Pubitemid 44547018)
36. Ceelen WP, Van Nieuwenhove Y, Fierens K. Preoperative chemoradiation versus radiation alone for stage II and III respectable rectal cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009:CD006041.
37. Carlomagno C, Farella A, Bucci L, et al. Neo-adjuvant treatment of rectal cancer with capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with radiotherapy: a phase II study. Ann Oncol. 2009;20: 906-912.
38. Gerard JP, Azria D, Gourgou-Bourgade S, et al. Comparison of two neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy regimens for locally advanced rectal cancer: results of the phase III trial ACCORD 12/ 0405-Prodige 2. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1638-1644.
39. Aschele C. Pinto C, Cordio S, et al. Preoperative fluorouracilbased chemoradiation with and without weekly oxaliplatin in locally advanced rectal cancer: pathologic response analysis of the Studio Terapia Adiuvante Retto (STAR)-01 randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(18S):CRA4008.
40. Tepper JE, Wang AZ. Improving local control in rectal cancer: radiation sensitizers or radiation dose? J Clin Oncol. 2010;28: 1623-1624.
41. Peeters KC, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, et al. The TME trial after a median follow-up of 6 years: increased local control but no survival benefit in irradiated patients with resectable rectal carcinoma [see comment]. Ann Surg. 2007;246:693-701. (Pubitemid 350035641)
42. Bernstein TE, Endreseth BH, Romundstad P, Wibe A; Norwegian Colorectal Cancer Group. Circumferential resection margin as a prognostic factor in rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2009;96: 1348-1357.
43. Chamlou R, Parc Y, Simon T, et al. Long-term results of intersphincteric resection for low rectal cancer. Ann Surg. 2007;246: 916-922.
44. Weiser MR, Quah HM, Shia J, et al. Sphincter preservation in low rectal cancer is facilitated by preoperative chemoradiation and intersphincteric dissection. Ann Surg. 2009;249:236-242.
45. Willett CG, Badizadegan K, Ancukiewicz M, Shellito PC. Prognostic factors in stage T3N0 rectal cancer: do all patients require postoperative pelvic irradiation and chemotherapy? Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:167-173. (Pubitemid 29085151)
46. Eriksen MT, Wibe A, Haffner J, Wiig JN; Norwegian Rectal Cancer Group. Prognostic groups in 1,676 patients with T3 rectal cancer treated without preoperative radiotherapy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:156-167. (Pubitemid 46227211)
47. Merkel S, Mansmann U, Siassi M, Papadopoulos T, Hohenberger W, Hermanek P. The prognostic inhomogeneity in pT3 rectal carcinomas. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2001;16:298-304. (Pubitemid 32927002)
48. Braendengen M, Tveit KM, Berglund A, et al. Randomized phase III study comparing preoperative radiotherapy with chemoradiotherapy in nonresectable rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3687-3694.
49. Berardi R, Maccaroni E, Onofri A, et al. Multidisciplinary treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer: a literature review. Part 1. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009;10:2245-2258.
50. Pettersson D, Cedermark B, Holm T, Radu C, Pahlman L, Glimelius B, Martling A. Interim analysis of the Stockholm III trial of preoperative radiotherapy regimens for rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2010;97:580-587.
51. Pollack J, Holm T, Cedermark B, et al. Late adverse effects of short-course preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2006;93:1519-1525. (Pubitemid 44893654)
52. Birgisson H, Pahlman L, Gunnarsson U, Glimelius B. Late gastrointestinal disorders after rectal cancer surgery with and without preoperative radiation therapy. Br J Surg. 2008;95:206-213.
53. Birgisson H, Pahlman L, Gunnarsson U, Glimelius B. Late adverse effects of radiation therapy for rectal cancer - a systematic overview. Acta Oncologica. 2007;46:504-516. (Pubitemid 46752252)
54. Birgisson H, Pahlman L, Gunnarsson U, Glimelius B. Occurrence of second cancers in patients treated with radiotherapy for rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:6126-6131.
55. Pietrzak L, Bujko K, Nowacki MP, et al. Quality of life, anorectal and sexual functions after preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: report of a randomised trial. Radiother Oncol. 2007;84: 217-225. (Pubitemid 47362404)
56. den Dulk M, Collette L, van de Velde CJ, et al. Quality of surgery in T3-4 rectal cancer: involvement of circumferential resection margin not influenced by preoperative treatment. Results from EORTC trial 22921. Eur J Cancer. 2007;43:1821-1828. (Pubitemid 47241247)
57. Nagtegaal ID, van de Velde CJ, van der Worp E, Kapiteijn E, Quirke P, van Krieken JH. Macroscopic evaluation of rectal cancer resection specimen: clinical significance of the pathologist in quality control. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:1729-1734. (Pubitemid 34273260)
58. Wong RK, Tandan V, De Silva S, Figueredo A. Pre-operative radiotherapy and curative surgery for the management of localized rectal carcinoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007: CD002102.