Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy

Epilepsy and Behavior

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 344-351

  Duncan, Susan ^a   Brodie, Martin J ^b  

^a WESTERN GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b WESTERN INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antiepileptic; Epilepsy; Incidence; Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy

Indexed keywords

(3 IODOBENZYL)GUANIDINE I 123; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; CARBAMAZEPINE; LAMOTRIGINE; PENICILLIN G; PHENYTOIN; PRIMIDONE; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; RUFINAMIDE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR;

ANTICONVULSANT THERAPY; APNEA; AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION; BRAIN DISEASE; CAUSE OF DEATH; CEREBRAL DEPRESSION; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; COHORT ANALYSIS; DEPRESSION; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE DURATION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG EFFICACY; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; EPILEPSY; EPILEPSY SURGERY; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LONG QT SYNDROME; MEDICAL SPECIALIST; MONOTHERAPY; NEUROSURGERY; NONHUMAN; ONSET AGE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; RESPIRATORY ARREST; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEIZURE; STANDARDIZED MORTALITY RATIO; SUDDEN DEATH; SUDDEN UNEXPECTED DEATH IN EPILEPSY; SUDDENT UNEXPECTED DEATH IN EPILEPSY; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SYMPTOM; TONIC CLONIC SEIZURE;

ANTICONVULSANTS; DEATH, SUDDEN; EPILEPSY; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 80051474214     PISSN: 15255050     EISSN: 15255069     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.04.056     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Nashef L. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: terminology and definitions. Epilepsia 1997, 38(Suppl. 11):s6-s8.
2. Annegers J.F. United States perspective on definitions and classifications. Epilepsia 1997, 38(Suppl. 11):s9-s12.
3. Tomson T., Nashef L., Ryvlin P. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: current knowledge and future directions. Lancet Neurol 2008, 7:1021-1031.
4. Tellez-Zenteno J., Rosquillo L., Wiebe S. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: evidence-based analysis of incidence and risk factors. Epilepsy Res 2005, 65:101-115.
5. Ficker D.M., So E.L., Shen, et al. Population-based study of the incidence of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy. Neurology 1998, 51:1270-1274.
6. Leestma J.E., Kalelkar M.B., Teas S.S., et al. Sudden unexpected death associated with seizures: analysis of 66 cases. Epilepsia 1984, 25:84-88.
7. Leestma J.E., Walczak T., Hughes J.R., Kalelkar M.B., Teas S.S. A prospective study on sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Ann Neurol 1989, 26:195-303.
8. Opeskin K., Berkovic S. Risk factors of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a controlled prospective study based on coroners cases. Seizure 2003, 12:456-464.
9. Lhattoo S.D., Johnson A.L., Goodridge D.M., et al. Mortality in epilepsy in the first 11-14years after diagnosis: multivariate analysis of a long-term prospective population based cohort. Ann Neurol 2001, 49:336-344.
10. Schraeder P.L., Delin K., McClelland R.L., So E.L. Coroner and medical examiner documentation of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2006, 68:137-143.
11. Jick S.S., Cole T.B., Mesher R.A., Tennis P., Jick H. Sudden unexpected death in young persons with primary epilepsy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1992, 1:59-64.
12. Tennis P., Cole T.B., Annegers J.F., et al. Cohort study of incidence of sudden unexplained death in persons with seizure disorder treated with anti-epileptic drugs in Saskatchewan, Canada. Epilepsia 1995, 36:29-36.
13. Timmings P.L. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a local audit. Seizure 1993, 2:287-290.
14. Nashef L., Fish D.R., Garner S., et al. Mortality in patients with epilepsy: a study of incidence in a young cohort with epilepsy and learning difficulties. Epilepsia 1995, 36:1187-1194.
15. Nashef L., Fish D.R., Sander J.W.A.S., Shrovon S.D. Incidence of sudden unexpected death in an adult outpatient cohort with epilepsy at a tertiary referral centre. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995, 58:462-464.
16. Mohanraj R., Norrie J., Stephen L.J., et al. Mortality in adults with newly diagnosed and chronic epilepsy: a retrospective comparative study. Lancet Neurol 2006, 5:481-487.
17. Sperling M.R., Harris A., Nei M., Liporace J.D., O'Connor M.J. Mortality after epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia 2005, 46(Suppl. 11):49-53.
18. Nilsson L., Ahlbom A., Farahmand B.Y., Tomson T. Mortality in a population based cohort of epilepsy surgery patients. Epilepsia 2003, 44:573-581.
19. Hennessy M.J., Langan Y., Elwes R.D., et al. A study of mortality after temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Neurology 1999, 53:1276-1283.
20. Vickrey B.G., Rausch R., Engel J., et al. Outcomes in 248 patients who had diagnostic evaluations for epilepsy surgery. Lancet 1995, 346:1445-1449.
21. Nilsson L., Farahmand B.Y., Persson P.-G., et al. Risk factors for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Lancet 1999, 353:888-893.
22. Walczak T.S., Leppik I.E., D'Amelia M., et al. Incidence and risk factors in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a prospective cohort study. Neurology 2001, 56:519-525.
23. Langan Y., Nashef L., Sander J.W. Case control study of SUDEP. Neurology 2005, 64:1131-1133.
24. Hitiris N., Suratman S., Kelly K., et al. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a search for risk factors. Epilepsy Behav 2007, 10:138-141.
25. Hesdorffer DC, Tomson T, Benn E, et al. Combined analysis for risk factors in SUDEP. Epilepsia. Published, online 28 January 2011.
26. Nashef L., Garner S., Sander J.W., Fish D.R., Shorvon S.D. Circumstances of death in sudden death in epilepsy: interviews of bereaved relatives. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998, 64:349-352.
27. Williams J., Lawthom C., Dunstan F.D., et al. Variability of anti-epileptic medication taking behaviour in sudden unexplained death in epilepsy: hair analysis at autopsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006, 77:481-484.
28. Opeskin K., Burke M.P., Cordner S.M., Berkovic S. Comparison of antiepileptic drug levels in sudden unexpected deaths in epilepsy with deaths from other causes. Epilepsia 1999, 40:1795-1798.
29. Davis G.G., George J.R. Comparison of anti-epileptic drug levels in different cases of sudden death. J Forens Sci 1998, 43:598-603.
30. Kloster R., Engelskjon T. Sudden expected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): a clinical perspective and search for risk factors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999, 67:439-444.
31. Leestma J.E., Annegers J.F., Brodie M.J., et al. Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy: observations from a large clinical development program. Epilepsia 1997, 38:47-51.
32. Cramer J., Glassman M., Rienzi V. The relationship between poor medication compliance and seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2002, 3:338-342.
33. Eatock J., Baker G. Managing patient adherence and quality of life in epilepsy. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2007, 3:117-131.
34. Faught E., Duh M.S., Weiner J.R., et al. Nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs and increased mortality: findings from the RANSOM study. Neurology 2008, 71:1572-1578.
35. Dasheiff R.M., Dickinson L.J. Sudden unexpected death of epileptic patient due to cardiac arrhythmia. Arch Neurol 1986, 43:194-196.
36. Bird J.M., Dembny At, Sandeman D., Butler S. Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy: an intracranially monitored case. Epilepsia 1997, 38(Suppl. 11):S52-S56.
37. Lee H.W., Hong S.B., Tae W.S., Seo D.W., Kim S.E. Partial seizures manifesting as apnoea only in an adult. Epilepsia 1999, 40:1828-1831.
38. Mclean B.N., Wimalaratna S. Sudden death in epilepsy recorded on ambulatory EEG. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007, 78:1395-1397.
39. Tao J., Qian S., Baldwin M., et al. SUDEP, suspected positional airway obstruction, and hypoventilation in postictal coma. Epilepsia 2010, 51:2344-2347.
40. So E.L., Sam M.C., Lagerlund T.L. Postictal central apnoea as a cause of SUDEP: evidence from near-SUDEP incident. Epilepsia 2000, 41:1494-1497.
41. Thomas P., Landre E., Suisse G., et al. Syncope anoxo-ischaemique par dyspnee obstructive au cours d'un crise partielle complexe temporal droite. Epilepsies 1996, 8:339-346.
42. Sturges R., Thijs R., Tan H.L., Sander J.W. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: risk factors and potential pathomechanisms. Nat Rev Neurol 2009, 5:492-504.
43. Blumhardt L., Smith P.E., Owen L. Electrocardiographic accompaniments of temporal lobe epileptic seizures. Lancet 1986, 327:1051-1056.
44. Rugg-Gunn F.J., Simister R.J., Squirrell M., et al. Cardiac arrhythmias in focal epilepsy: a prospective long term study. Lancet 2004, 364:2212-2219.
45. Nei M., Ho R.T., Sperling M.R. EKG abnormalities during partial seizures in refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia 2000, 41:542-548.
46. Keilson M.J., Hauser W.A., Magrill J.P. Electrocardiographic changes during electrographic seizures. Arch Neurol 1989, 46:1169-1170.
47. Opherk C., Coromilias J., Hirsch L.J. Heart rate and EKG changes in 102 seizures: analysis of influencing factors. Epilepsy Res 2002, 52:1117-1127.
48. Ziljmans M., Flanagan D., Gotman J. Heart rate changes and ECG abnormalities during epileptic seizures: prevalence and definition of an objective clinical sign. Epilepsia 2002, 43:847-854.
49. Brotherstone R., Blackhall B., McLellan A. Lengthening of corrected QT during epileptic seizures. Epilepsia 2010, 51:221-232.
50. Tomson T., Ericson M., Ihrman C., Lindblad L.E. Heart rate variability in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1998, 30:77-83.
51. Ronkainen E., Anaskorpi H., Huikuri H., et al. Suppressed circadian heart rate dynamics in temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005, 76:1382-1386.
52. Stein P.K., Kleiger R.E. Insights from the study of heart rate variability. Annu Rev Med 1999, 50:249-261.
53. Druschky A., Hilz M., Hopp P., et al. Interictal cardiac autonomic dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy demonstrated by [123]metaiodobenzylguanidine SPECT. Brain 2001, 124:2372-2382.
54. Kerling F., Dutsch M., Linke R. Relationship between ictal asytole and cardiac sympathetic dysfunction shown by MIGB-SPECT. Acta Neurol Scand 2009, 120:123-129.
55. Hilz M.J., Platsch G., Druschky K., et al. Outcome of epilepsy surgery correlates with sympathetic modulation and neuroimaging of the heart. J Neurol Sci 2003, 216:153-162.
56. Natelson B.H., Suarez R.V., Terrence C.F., Turizo R. Patients with epilepsy who die suddenly have cardiac disease. Arch Neurol 1998, 55:857-860.
57. Opeskin K., Thomas A., Berkovic S. Does cardiac conduction pathology contribute to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy?. Epilepsy Res 2000, 40:17-24.
58. Prasad A., Lerman A., Charanjit S.R. Apical ballooning syndrome (Tako-Tsubo or stress cardiomyopathy): a mimic of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2008, 155:408-417.
59. Chin P.S., Branch K.R., Becker K.J. Postictal neurogenic stunned myocardium. Neurology 2005, 64:1977-1978.
60. Lathers C.M., Schraeder P.L., Weiner F.L. Synchronisation of cardiac autonomic neural discharge with epileptogenic activity: the lock step phenonmenon. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1987, 67:247-259.
61. Lathers C.M., Schraeder P.L., Bungo M.W. The mystery of sudden death: mechanisms for risks. Epilepsy Behav 2008, 12:3-24.
62. Dutsch M., Hilz M.J., Devinsky O. Impaired baroreceptor function in temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurol 2006, 253:1300-1308.
63. Dutsch M., Devinsky O., Doyle W., Marthol H., Hilz M. Cerebral autoregulation improves in epilepsy patients after temporal lobe surgery. J Neurol 2004, 251:1190-1197.
64. Oppenheimer S., Gelb A., Girvin J.P., Hachinski V.C. Cardiovascular effects of human insular cortex stimulation. Neurology 1992, 42:1727-1732.
65. Duncan R., Patterson J., Roberts R., et al. Ictal/post-ictal SPECT in the pre-surgical localisation of complex partial seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993, 56:141-148.
66. Magnaes B., Nornes H. Circulatory and respiratory changes in spontaneous epileptic seizures in man. Eur Neurol 1974, 12:104-111.
67. Hascoet J.M., Monin P., Vert P. Persistence of impaired auto-regulation of cerebral blood flow in the post-ictal period in piglets. Epilepsia 1988, 29:743-747.
68. Bateman L.M., Li C.S., Seyel M. Ictal hypoxaemia in localisation related epilepsy: analysis of incidence, severity and risk factors. Brain 2008, 131:3239-3245.
69. Nashef L., Walker F., Allen P., et al. Apnoea and bradycardia during epileptic seizures: relation to sudden death in epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996, 60:297-300.
70. Johnston S.C., Seidenbert K., Min J.K., et al. Central apnea and acute cardiac ischemia in a sheep model of epileptic sudden death. Ann Neurol 1997, 42:588-594.
71. Mameli O., Caria M.A., Pintus A., et al. Sudden death in epilepsy: an experimental animal model. Seizure 2006, 15:275-287.
72. Venit E.L., Shepard B.D., Seyfried T.N. Oxygenation prevents sudden death in seizure-prone mice. Epilepsia 2004, 45:993-996.
73. Tupal S., Faingold C.L. Evidence supporting a role of serotonin in modulation of sudden death induced by seizures in DBA/2 mice. Epilepsia 2006, 47:21-26.
74. Bateman L., Li C., Lin T., Seyal M. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are associated with reduced severity of ictal hypoxemia in medically refractory partial epilepsy. Epilepsia 2010, 51:2211-2214.
75. McCarley R.W. Neurobiology of REM and NREM sleep. Sleep Med 2007, 8:302-330.
76. During M.J., Spencer D.D. Adenosine: a potential mediator of seizure arrest and postictal refractoriness. Ann Neurol 1992, 32:618-624.
77. Shen H.Y., Li T., Boison D. A novel mouse model for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): role of impaired adenosine clearance. Epilepsia 2010, 51:465-468.
78. Boesin F., Andersen E.B., Jensen E.K., Ladefoged S.D. Cardiac conduction disturbances during carbamazepine therapy. Acta Neurol Scand 1983, 68:49-52.
79. Aurlien D., Tauboll E., Gjerstad L. Lamotrigine in idiopathic epilepsy: increased risk of cardiac death?. Acta Neurol Scand 2007, 115:199-203.
80. Aurlien D., Larsen J., Tauboll E., Gjerstad L. Increased incidence of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) with lamotrigine in Rogoland County, Norway 2010, AES, San Antonio, TX, Abstract 3.136.
81. Danielsson B.R., Landsdell K., Patmore L., Tomson T. Effects of the antiepileptic drugs lamotrigine, topiramate and gabapentin on hERG potassium currents. Epilepsy Res 2005, 63:17-25.
82. Sanguinetti M.C., Tristani-Firouzi M. hERG potassium channels and cardiac arrhythmia. Nature 2006, 440:463-469.
83. Dixon R., Job S., Oliver R., et al. Lamotrigine does not prolong QTc in a thorough QT/QTc study in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharm 2008, 66:396-404.
84. Hauser E., Seidl R., Freilinger M., et al. Hematologic manifestations and impaired liver synthetic function during valproate monotherapy. Brain Dev 1996, 18:105-109.
85. Yuen A. Erythrocyte and plasma fatty acid profiles in patients with epilepsy: does carbamazepine affect omega-3 fatty acid concentrations?. Epilepsy Behav 2008, 12:317-318.
86. Splawski I., Shen J., Timothy K., Lehmann M., et al. Spectrum of mutations on long QT syndrome genes: KVLQT1, HERG, SCN5A, KCNEI, KCNE2. Circulation 2000, 102:1178-1185.
87. Tu E., Bagnall R., Duflou J., Semsarion C. Post mortem review and genetic analysis of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) cases. Brain Pathol 2011, 21:201-208.
88. Nashef L., Ryvlin P. Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy: update and reflections. Neurol Clin 2009, 27:1063-1074.
89. Zaidi A., Clough P., Cooper P., et al. Misdiagnosis of epilepsy: many seizure like attacks have a cardiovascular cause. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 36:181-184.
90. Abrams D.J., Perkin M.A., Skinner J.R. Easily missed? Long QT syndrome. BMJ 2010, 340. b4815.
91. Brodie M.J., Holmes G.L. Should all patients be told about sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP?): pros and cons. Epilepsia 2008, 49(Suppl. 9):99-101.
92. Stokes T., Shaw E.J., Juarez-Garcia A., Camosso-Stefinovic J., Baker R. Clinical guidelines and evidence review for the epilepsies: diagnosis and management in adults and children in primary and secondary care 2004, for the National Institute of Clinical Excellence, Royal College of General Practitioners, London.
93. Diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults: a national clinical guideline 2003, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.
94. Morton B., Richardson A., Duncan S. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Don't ask? Don't tell?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996, 77:199-202.
95. Vegni E., Leone D., Canevini M.P., Tinuper P., Moja E.A. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): a pilot study on truth telling among Italian epileptologists. Neurol Sci 2011, 32:331-335.
96. So E.L., Bainbridge J., Buchhalter, et al. Report of the American Epilepsy Society and the Epilepsy Foundation Joint Task Force on Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009, 50:917-922.
97. Kwan P., Arzimanoglu A., Berg A.T., et al. Definition of drug resistant epilepsy: consensus proposal by the ad hoc Task Force of the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia 2010, 151:1069-1077.