Responses of Tundra plants to experimental warming: Meta-analysis of the International Tundra Experiment

Ecological Monographs

Volumn 69, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 491-511

  Arft, A M ^a   Walker, M D ^a,u   Gurevitch, J ^b   Alatalo, J M ^c   Bret Harte, M S ^d   Dale, M ^e   Diemer, M ^f   Gugerli, F ^g   Henry, G H R ^h   Jones, M H ⁱ   Hollister, R D ^j   Jonsdottir I S ^c   Laine, K ^k   Levesque E ^l   Marion, G M ^m   Molau, U ^c   MOlgaard P ⁿ   Nordenhall U ^c   Raszhivin, V ^o   Robinson, C H ^p   Starr, G ^q   Stenstrom A ^c   Stenstrom M ^c   Totland, O ^r   Turner, P L ^a   Walker, L J ^j   Webber, P J ^j   Welker, J M ^s   Wookey, P A ^t   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^d ECOSYSTEMS CENTER   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^f UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

^g UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^h UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

ⁱ OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^j MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^k UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

^l UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À TROIS RIVIÈRES   (Canada)

^m Engineer Research and Development Center   (United States)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^o KOMAROV BOTANICAL INSTITUTE   (Russian Federation)

^p KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^q FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^r UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^s UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING   (United States)

^t UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^u UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Arctic tundra; Experimental warming; Global change; Global warming; International Tundra Experiment; ITEX; Meta analysis; Plant response patterns; Spatiotemporal gradients; Tundra plants

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; GROWTH RESPONSE; META-ANALYSIS; PHENOLOGY; PLANT COMMUNITY; REPRODUCTION; TUNDRA; WARMING;

ARCTIC;

EID: 0032696860     PISSN: 00129615     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0491:ROTPTE]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Adams, D. C., J. Gurevitch, and M. S. Rosenberg. 1997. Resampling tests for meta-analysis of ecological data. Ecology 78:1277-1283.
2. Arnqvist, G., and D. Wooster. 1995. Meta-analysis: synthesizing research findings in ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10:236-240.
3. Barnes, B. V., D. R. Zak, S. R. Denton, and S. H. Spurr. 1998. Forest tree variation. Pages 63-93 in Forest ecology. John Wiley, New York, New York, USA.
4. Berendse, F., and S. Jonasson. 1992. Nutrient use and nutrient cycling in northern ecosystems. Pages 337-356 in F. S. Chapin, III, R. L. Jeffries, J. F. Reynolds, G. R. Shaver, and J. Svoboda, editors. Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
5. Billings, W. D. 1973. Arctic and alpine vegetation: similarities, differences, and susceptibility to disturbance. BioScience 23:697-704.
6. _. 1992. Phytogeographic and evolutionary potential of the arctic flora and vegetation in a changing climate. Pages 91-109 in F. S. Chapin, III, R. L. Jeffries, J. F. Reynolds, G. R. Shaver, and J. Svoboda, editors. Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
7. Bliss, L. C. 1981. North American and Scandinavian tundras and polar deserts. Pages 8-24 in L. C. Bliss, O. W. Heal, and J. J. Moore, editors. Tundra ecosystems: a comparative analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
8. Bliss, L. C., and N. V. Matveyeva. 1992. Circumpolar arctic vegetation. Pages 59-89 in F. S. Chapin, III, R. L. Jeffries, J. F. Reynolds, G. R. Shaver, and J. Svoboda, editors. Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
9. Bliss, L. C., and K. M. Peterson. 1992. Plant succession, competition, and the physiological constraints of species in the Arctic. Pages 111-136 in F. S. Chapin, III, R. L. Jeffries, J. F. Reynolds, G. R. Shaver, and J. Svoboda, editors. Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
10. Callaghan, T. V., and U. Emanuelsson. 1985. Population structure and processes of tundra plants and vegetation. Pages 399-439 in J. White, editor. The population structure of vegetation. Dr. W. Junk, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
11. Callaghan, T. V., and S. Jonasson. 1995. Implications for changes in arctic plant biodiversity from environmental manipulation experiments. Ecological Studies 113:151-166.
12. Chapin, F. S., III, M. S. Bret-Harte, S. E. Hobbie, and H. Zhong. 1996. Plant functional types as predictors of transient responses of arctic vegetation to global change. Journal of Vegetation Science 7:347-356.
13. Chapin, F. S., III, and G. R. Shaver. 1985. Individualistic growth response of tundra plant species to environmental manipulations in the field. Ecology 66:564-576.
14. Chapin, F. S., III, and G. R. Shaver. 1996. Physiological and growth responses of arctic plants to a field experiment simulating climatic change. Ecology 77:822-840.
15. Chapin, F. S., III, G. R. Shaver, A. E. Giblin, K. J. Nadelhoffer, and J. A. Laundre. 1995. Responses of arctic tundra to experimental and observed changes in climate. Ecology 76:694-711.
16. Chester, A. L., and G. R. Shaver. 1982. Reproductive effort in cotton grass tussock tundra. Holarctic Ecology 5:200-206.
17. Christensen, K., and P. Mølgaard. 1995. Salix arctica in a retrospective study. Abstract volume, Fifth Annual ITEX Meeting, April 1995, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
18. Cohen, J. 1969. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
19. Diggle, P. K. 1997. Extreme preformation in an alpine Polygonum viviparum: an architectural and developmental analysis. American Journal of Botany 84:154-169.
20. Ellenberg, H. 1988. Vegetation ecology of Central Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
21. Freedman, B., N. Hill, J. Svoboda, and G. Henry. 1982. Seedbanks and seedling occurrence in a high-arctic oasis at Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island, Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 60:2112-2118.
22. Grulke, N. E., and L. C. Bliss. 1988. Comparative life-history characteristics of two high arctic grasses, Northwest Territories. Ecology 69:484-496.
23. Gugerli, F. 1995. Reaction of tundra plants to climate warming. Abstract volume. Fifth Annual ITEX meeting, April 1995, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
24. Gurevitch, J., and L. V. Hedges. 1999. Statistical issues in conducting ecological meta-analyses. Ecology 80:1142-1149.
25. Gurevitch, J., L. L. Morrow, A. Wallace, and J. S. Walsh. 1992. A meta-analysis of field experiments on competition. American Naturalist 140:539-572.
26. Havström, M., T. V. Callaghan, and S. Jonasson. 1993. Differential growth responses of Cassiope tetragona, an arctic dwarf shrub, to environmental perturbations among three contrasting high-and subarctic sites. Oikos 66:389-402.
27. Hedges, L. V., and I. Olkin. 1985. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Academic Press, London, UK.
28. Hedges, L. V., and I. Olkin. In press. Statistical methods for meta-analysis in the medical and social sciences. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
29. Henry, G. H. R. 1998. Environmental influences on the structure of sedge meadows in the Canadian High Arctic. Plant Ecology 134:119-129.
30. Henry, G. H. R., B. Freedman, and J. Svoboda. 1986. Effects of fertilization on three tundra plant communities of a polar desert oasis. Canadian Journal of Botany 64:2502-2507.
31. Henry, G. H. R., and U. Molau. 1997. Tundra plants and climate change: the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX). Global Change Biology 3(Supplement 1):1-9.
32. Henry, G. H. R., J. Svoboda, and B. Freedman. 1990. Standing crop and net production of non-grazed sedge meadows of a polar desert oasis. Canadian Journal of Botany 68: 2660-2667.
33. Hobbie, S. 1998. Temperature and plant species control over litter decomposition in Alaskan tundra. Ecological Monographs 66:503-522.
34. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 1996. Technical summary. Pages 13-49 in J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell, editors. Climate change 1995: the science of climate change. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
35. Isard, S. A. 1987. The effect of slope-aspect on turbulent transfer in an alpine fellfield: Niwot Ridge, Front Range, Colorado. Physical Geography 8:133-147.
36. Johnstone, J., and G. H. R. Henry. 1995. Differential growth and reproductive response of Cassiope tetragona to variations in growing season climate at Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island, Canada. Abstract volume, ITEX annual meeting, April 1995, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
37. Jonasson, S. 1982. Organic matter and phytomass on three north Swedish tundra sites, and some connections with adjacent tundra areas. Holarctic Ecology 5:367-375.
38. Jones, M. H. 1995. Experimental investigations into effects of climate change on high arctic plants. Dissertation. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
39. Jonsson, O., I. S. Jónsdóttir, and N. Cronberg. 1996. Clonal diversity and allozyme variation in populations of the arctic sedge Carex bigelowii (Cyperaceae). Journal of Ecology 84:449-459.
40. Keilland, K., and F. S. Chapin, III. 1992. Nutrient absorption and accumulation in arctic plants. Pages 321-335 in F. S. Chapin, III, R. L. Jeffries, J. F. Reynolds, G. R. Shaver, and J. Svoboda, editors. Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate. Academic Press, San Diego, California. USA.
41. Kjelvik, S., and L. Kärenlampi. 1975. Plant biomass and primary production of Fennoscandian subarctic and subalpine forests and of alpine willow and heath ecosystems. Pages 111-120 in R. E. Wielgolaski, editor. Fennoscandian tundra ecosystems. Part 1. Plants and microorganisms. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
42. Komárková, V., and P. J. Webber. 1980. Two Low Arctic vegetation maps near Atkasook, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research 12:447-472.
43. 2. Pages 177-196 in G. W. Koch and H. A. Mooney, editors. Carbon dioxide and terrestrial ecosystems. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
44. Lohiluoma, M. A. 1995. Floral sex ratio in Salix herbacea L. at the fjells Jehkats and Pikku Malla. Thesis. University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
45. Marion, G. M. 1996. Temperature enhancement experiments. Pages 14-19 in U. Molau and P. Mølgaard, editors. The ITEX Manual. Danish Polar Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
46. Marion, G. M., G. H. R. Henry, D. W. Freckman, J. Johnstone, G. Jones, M. H. Jones, E. Lévesque, U. Molau, P. Mølgaard, A. N. Parsons, J. Svoboda, and R. A. Virginia. 1997. Open-top designs for manipulating field temperature in high-latitude ecosystems. Global Change Biology 3(Supplement 1):20-32.
47. Marion, G. M., G. H. R. Henry, P. Mølgaard, W. C. Oechel, M. H. Jones, and G. L. Vourlitis. 1993. Open-top devices for manipulating field temperatures in tundra ecosystems. Pages 205-210 in V. J. Lunardini and S. L. Bowen, editors. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Thermal Engineering and Science for Cold Regions. CRREL Special Report 93-22, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover. New Hampshire, USA.
48. Maxwell, B. 1992. Arctic climate: potential for change under global warming. Pages 11-34 in F. S. Chapin. III, R. L. Jeffries, J. F. Reynolds, G. R. Shaver, and J. Svoboda, editors. Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
49. McGraw, J. B., and N. Fetcher. 1992. Response of tundra plant populations to climatic change. Pages 359-376 in F. S. Chapin, III, R. L. Jeffries, J. F. Reynolds, G. R. Shaver, and J. Svoboda, editors. Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
50. McGraw, J. B., and G. R. Shaver. 1982. Seedling density and seedling survival in Alaskan cotton grass tussock tundra. Holarctic Ecology 5:212-217.
51. McGraw, J. B., and M. C. Vavrek. 1989. The role of buried viable seeds in arctic and alpine plant communities. Pages 91-106 in M. A. Leek, V. T. Parker, and R. L. Simpson, editors. Ecology of soil seed banks. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
52. 13C. nitrogen and chlorophyll responses of two arctic dwarf shrubs to in situ shading, nutrient application and warming simulating climatic change. Oecologia 105:1-12.
53. Miller, P. C., R. Mangan, and J. Kummerow. 1982. Vertical distribution of organic matter in eight vegetation types near Eagle Summit, Alaska. Holarctic Ecology 5:117-124.
54. Mitchell, J. F. B., S. Manabe, T. Tokioka, and V. Meleshoko. 1990. Pages 131-172 in J. T. Houghton, G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums, editors. Climate change, the IPCC scientific assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
55. Molau, U. 1997. Responses to natural climatic variation and experimental warming in two tundra plant species with contrasting life forms: Cassiope tetragona and Ranunculus nivalis. Global Change Biology 3(Supplement 1):97-107.
56. Molau, U., and J. M. Alatalo. 1998. Responses of subarcticalpine plant communities to simulated environmental change: biodiversity of bryophytes, lichens, and vascular plants. Ambio, in press.
57. Molau, U., and S. Edlund. 1996. Plant response variables. Pages 20-29 in U. Molau and P. Mølgaard, editors. The ITEX Manual. Danish Polar Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
58. Molau, U., and P. Mølgaard. 1996. The ITEX manual. Danish Polar Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
59. Mølgaard, P., and K. Christensen. 1997. Response to experimental warming in a population of Papaver radicatum in Greenland. Global Change Biology 3(Supplement 1):116-124.
60. Morgenstern, E. K. 1996. Environmental influences and geographic variation. Pages 45-89 in Geographic variation in forest trees. UBC Press, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
61. Nadelhoffer, K. J., A. E. Giblin, G. R. Shaver, and J. A. Laundre. 1991. Effects of temperature and substrate quality on element mineralization in six arctic soils. Ecology 72:242-253.
62. Oberbauer, S. F. 1995. Effects of shortened day length on tundra microcosms. Abstract volume, ITEX annual meeting, April 1995, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
63. Oechel, W. C., and W. D. Billings. 1992. Effects of global change on the carbon balance of arctic plants and ecosystems. Pages 11-34 in F. S. Chapin, III, R. L. Jeffries, J. F. Reynolds, G. R. Shaver, and J. Svoboda, editors. Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
64. Oechel, W. C., S. J. Hastings, G. Vourlitis, M. Jenkins, G. Riechers, and N. Grulke. 1993. Recent change of Arctic tundra ecosystems from a net carbon dioxide sink to a source. Nature 361:520-523.
65. Osenberg, C. W., O. Sarnelle, and S. D. Cooper. 1997. Effect size in ecological experiments: the application of biological models in meta-analysis. American Naturalist 150:798-812.
66. Parsons, A. N., M. C. Press, P. A. Wookey, J. M. Welker, C. H. Robinson, T. V. Callaghan, and J. A. Lee. 1995. Growth responses of Calamagrostis lapponica to simulated environmental change in the subarctic. Oikos 72:61-66.
67. Price, M. V., and N. M. Waser. 1998. Effects of experimental warming on plant reproductive phenology in a subalpine meadow. Ecology 79:1261-1271.
68. Reynolds, J. F., and P. W. Leadley. 1992. Modeling the response of arctic plants to changing climate. Pages 413-438 in F. S. Chapin, III, R. L. Jeffries, J. F. Reynolds, G. R. Shaver, and J. Svoboda, editors. Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
69. Robinson, C. H., P. A. Wookey, J. A. Lee, T. V. Callaghan, and M. C. Press. 1998. Plant community responses to simulated environmental change at a high arctic site. Ecology 79:856-866.
70. Rosenberg, M. S., D. C. Adams, and J. Gurevitch. 1997. Metawin: statistical software for meta-analysis with resampling tests. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
71. 4 flux from a low elevation spruce-fir forest soil in Maine, USA. Global Change Biology 4:597-605.
72. Seastedt, T. R., and A. K. Knapp. 1993. Consequences of nonequilibrium resource availability across multiple time scales: the transient maxima hypothesis. American Naturalist 141:521-633.
73. Shaver, G. R., and J. C. Cutler. 1979. The vertical distribution of live vascular phytomass in cotton grass tussock tundra. Arctic and Alpine Research 11:335-342.
74. Shaver, G. R., A. E. Giblin, K. J. Nadelhoffer, and E. B. Rastetter. 1997. Plant functional types and ecosystem change in arctic tundra. Pages 153-173 in T. M. Smith, I. A. Woodward, and H. H. Shugart, editors. Plant functional types. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
75. Shaver, G. R., and J. Kummerow. 1992. Phenology, resource allocation and growth of arctic vascular plants. Pages 193-211 in F. S. Chapin. III, R. L. Jeffries, J. F. Reynolds, G. R. Shaver, and J. Svoboda, editors. Arctic ecosystems in a changing climate. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
76. Shaver, G. R., and J. Laundre. 1997. Leaf exsertion, leaf elongation, and leaf senescence in Eriophorum vaginatum and Carex bigelowii in northern Alaska. Global Change Biology 3(Supplement 1):146-157.
77. Sørensen, T. 1941. Temperature relations and phenology of the northeast Greenland flowering plants. Meddelelser om Grønland 125:1-305.
78. Steinger, T., C. Körner, and B. Schmid. 1996. Long-term persistence in a changing climate: DNA analysis suggests very old ages of clones of alpine Carex curvula. Oecologia 105:94-99.
79. Stenström, M., F. Gugerli, and G. H. R. Henry. 1997. Response of Saxifraga oppositifolia to simulated climate change at three contrasting latitudes. Global Change Biology 3(Supplement 1):44-54.
80. Stenström, M., and U. Molau. 1992. Reproductive ecology of Saxifraga oppositifolia: phenology, mating system, and reproductive success. Arctic and Alpine Research 24:337-343.
81. Svoboda, J., and B. Freedman. 1994. Ecology of a polar desert oasis. Captus University Publications, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
82. Svoboda, J., and G. H. R. Henry. 1987. Succession in marginal arctic environments. Arctic and Alpine Research 19: 373-384.
83. Thórhallsdóttir, T. E. 1998. Flowering phenology in the central highland of Iceland and implications for climatic warming in the Arctic. Oecologia 114:43-49.
84. Tieszen, L. L. 1978. Photosynthesis in the principal Barrow, Alaska, species: a summary of field and laboratory responses. Pages 242-268 in L. L. Tieszen, editor. Vegetation and production ecology of an Alaskan arctic tundra. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
85. 2 and temperature in the Alaskan tussock tundra. Ecology 68:401-410.
86. Totland, Ø. 1997. Effects of flowering time and temperature on growth and reproduction in Leontodon autunmalis var. taraxici, a late-flowering alpine plant. Arctic and Alpine Research 29:285-290.
87. Walker, D. A., E. Binnian, B. M. Evans, N. D. Lederer, E. Nordstrand, and P. J. Webber. 1989. Terrain, vegetation, and landscape evolution of the R4D research site, Brooks Range foothills, Alaska. Holarctic Ecology 12:238-261.
88. Walker, M. D. 1995. Patterns of arctic plant community diversity. Pages 1-18 in F. S. Chapin, III, and C. Körner, editors. Arctic and alpine biodiversity: patterns, causes, and ecosystem consequences, Ecological Studies 113. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
89. Walker, M. D., D. A. Walker, and N. A. Auerbach. 1994. Plant communities of a tussock tundra landscape in the Brooks Range Foothills, Alaska. Journal of Vegetation Science 5:843-866.
90. Walker, M. D., P. J. Webber, and R. C. Ingersoll. 1995. Effects of interannual climate variation on phenology and growth of two alpine forbs. Ecology 76:1067-1083.
91. Webber, P. J. 1977. Below-ground tundra research: a commentary. Arctic and Alpine Research 9:105-111.
92. _. 1978. Spatial and temporal variation of the vegetation and its productivity, Barrow, Alaska. Pages 37-112 in L. L. Tieszen, editor. Vegetation and production ecology of an Alaskan arctic tundra. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
93. Welker, J. M., U. Molau, A. N. Parsons, C. H. Robinson, and P. A. Wookey. 1997. Responses of Dryas octopetala to ITEX environmental manipulations: a synthesis with circumpolar comparisons. Global Change Biology 3(Supplement 1):61-73.
94. Wookey, P. A., A. N. Parsons, J. M. Welker, J. A. Potter, T. V. Callaghan, J. A. Lee, and M. C. Press. 1993. Comparative responses of phenology and reproductive development to simulated environmental change in sub-arctic and high arctic plants. Oikos 67:490-502.
95. Wookey, P. A., C. H. Robinson, A. N. Parsons, J. M. Welker, M. C. Press, T. V. Callaghan, and J. A. Lee. 1995. Environmental constraints on the growth, photosynthesis and reproductive development of Dryas octopetala sp. octopetala at a high Arctic polar semi-desert. Oecologia 102: 478-489.
96. Wookey, P. A., J. M. Welker, A. N. Parsons, M. C. Press, T. V. Callaghan, and J. A. Lee. 1994. Differential growth, allocation and photosynthetic responses of Polygonum viviparum to simulated environmental change at a high arctic polar semi-desert. Oikos 70:131-139.