Changes in self and object representations following psychotherapy measured by a theory-free, computational, semantic space method

Psychotherapy Research

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 430-446

  Arvidsson, David ^a   Sikström, Sverker ^b   Werbart, Andrzej ^c  

^a Private practice   (Sweden)

^b LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Latent semantic analysis; Long term psychotherapy; Object representations; Outcome research; Process research; Statistical methodology; Technology in psychotherapy research and training

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; FEMALE; GROUP THERAPY; HUMAN; MALE; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOTHERAPY; SELF CONCEPT; SEMANTICS; SOCIOECONOMICS; TIME; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERVIEW, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MALE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; PSYCHOTHERAPY, GROUP; SELF CONCEPT; SEMANTICS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 79960704045     PISSN: 10503307     EISSN: 14684381     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2011.577824     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Ainsworth, M.D.S. (1969). Object relations, dependency, and attachment: A theoretical review of the mother-infant relationship. Developmental Psychology, 40, 969-1025.
2. Allwood, J., Björnberg, M., Grönqvist, L., Ahlsén, E., & Ottesjö, C. (2000). The spoken language corpus at the Department of Lingustics, Göteborg University. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1(3).
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). Washington DC: Author.
4. Anderson, J.R. (1983). The architecture of cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
5. Barker, C., Pistrang, N., & Elliott, R. (2002). Research methods in clinical psychology (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
6. Beebe, B., & Lachmann, F.M. (2002). Infant research and adult treatment: Coconstructing interactions. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
7. Behrends, R.S., & Blatt, S.J. (1985). Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 40, 11-39.
8. Benjamin, L.S. (1974). Structural analysis of social behavior. Psychological Review, 81, 392-425.
9. Bers, S.A., Blatt, S.J., Sayward, H.K., & Johnston, R.S. (1993). Normal and pathological aspects of self-descriptions and their change over long-term treatment. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 10, 17-37.
10. Blatt, S.J. (2004). Experiences of depression: Theoretical, clinical, and research perspectives. Washington DC: American Psychological Association Press.
11. Blatt, S.J. (2008). Polarities of experience: Relatedness and selfdefinition in personality development, psychopathology, and the therapeutic process. Washington DC: American Psychological Association Press.
12. Blatt, S.J., & Auerbach, J.S. (2001). Mental representation, severe psychopathology, and the therapeutic process. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 49, 113-159.
13. Blatt, S.J., & Auerbach, J.S. (2003). Psychodynamic measures of therapeutic change. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 2(2), 268-307.
14. Blatt, S.J., Auerbach, J.S., & Aryan, M. (1998). Representational structures and the therapeutic process. In R.F. Bornstein & J.M. Masling (Eds.), Empirical studies of psychoanalytic theories, Vol. 8. Empirical investigations of the therapeutic hour (pp. 63-107). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
15. Blatt, S.J., Auerbach, J.S., & Behrends, R. (2008). Changes in the representation of self and significant others in the treatment process: Links between representation, internalization, and mentalization. In E.J. Jurist, A. Slade, & S. Bergner (Eds.), Mind to mind: Infant research, neuroscience, and psychoanalysis (pp. 225-263). New York, NY: Other Press.
16. Blatt, S.J., Auerbach, J.S., & Levy, K.N. (1997). Mental representations in personality development, psychopathology and the therapeutic process. Review of General Psychology, 1, 351-374.
17. Blatt, S.J., Brenneis, C.B., Schimek, J.G., & Glick, M. (1976). Normal development and psychopathological impairment of the concept of the object on the Rorschach. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 364-373.
18. Blatt, S.J., Stayner, D.A., Auerbach, J.S., & Behrends, R.S. (1996). Change in object and self-representations in long-term, intensive, inpatient treatment of seriously disturbed adolescents and young adults. Psychiatry, 59, 82-107.
19. Blatt, S.J., Wein, S., Chevron, E., & Quinlan, D. (1979). Parental representations and depression in normal young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 8, 388-397.
20. Blatt, S.J., Wiseman, H., Prince-Gibson, E., & Gatt, C. (1991). Object representations and change in clinical functioning. Psychotherapy, 2, 273-282.
21. Blatt, S., Zuroff, D.C., Hawley, L.L., & Auerbach, J. (2010). Predictors of sustained therapeutic change. Psychotherapy Research, 20, 37-54.
22. Blei, D.M., Ng, A.Y., & Jordan, M.I. (2003). Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3, 993-1022. doi: 10.1162/jmlr.2003.3.4-5.993.
23. Bornstein, R.F., & O'Neill, R.M. (1992). Parental perceptions and psychopathology. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 475-483.
24. Bowlby, J. (1979). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. London: Tavistock.
25. Brewer, W.F., & Nakamura, G.V. (1984). The nature and function of schemas. In R.S. Wyer & T.K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition Vol. 1, (pp. 119-160). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
26. Bucci, W. (1997). Psychoanalysis and cognitive science: Multiple code theory. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
27. Bucci, W., & Maskit, B. (2006). A weighted referential activity dictionary. In J.G. Shanahan, Y. Qu, & J. Wiebe (Eds.), Computing attitude and affect in text: Theory and applications (pp. 49-60). Dordrecht: Springer.
28. Buchheim, A., & Mergenthaler, E. (2002). Adult attachment representation and computer-assisted language measures: What can we learn from the therapeutic cycle model for the Adult Attachment Interview and vice verse? International Congress Series, 1241, 353-360.
29. Dahl, ö. (2004). The growth and maintenance of linguistic complexity. Philadelphia, PA: Benjamin.
30. Derogatis, L.R. (1994). Symptom Checkilist-90-R: Administration, scoring and procedures manual (3rd ed., revised). Minneapolis: National Computer Systems.
31. Derogatis, L.R., Lipman, R.S., & Covi, L. (1973). SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric rating scale-Preliminary report. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 9, 13-27.
32. Diamond, D., Blatt, S.J., Stayner, D., & Kaslow, N. (1991). Differentiation-relatedness of self and object representations. Unpublished research manual, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
33. Diamond, D., Kaslow, N., Coonerty, S., & Blatt, S.J. (1990). Changes in separation-individuation and intersubjectivity in long-term treatment. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 7, 363-397.
34. Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R.J. (1993). An introduction to the bootstrap. New York, NY: Chapman & Hall.
35. Eklund, M., & Nilsson, A. (1999). Changes in object relations in long-term mentally ill patients treated in a psychiatric day-care unit. Psychotherapy Research, 9, 197-183.
36. Elvevåg, B., Foltz, P.W., Weinberger, D.R., & Goldberg, T.E. (2007). Quantifying incoherence in speech: An automated methodology and novel application to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 93, 304-316.
37. Foltz, P.W., Kintsch, W., & Landauer, T.K. (1998). The measurement of textual coherence with latent semantic analysis. Discourse Processes, 25, 285-307.
38. Fonagy, P., & Kächele, H. (2009). Psychoanalysis and other long term dynamic psychotherapies. In M.G. Gelder, J.J. Lopez-Ibor, & N. Andreasen (Eds.), New Oxford textbook of psychiatry (2nd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1337-1349). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
39. Grant, J.E., & Potenza, M.N. (2009). Young adult mental health. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
40. Gruen, R.J., & Blatt, S.J. (1990). Change in self-and object representation during long-term dynamically oriented treatment. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 7, 399-422.
41. Harpaz-Rotem, I., & Blatt, S.J. (2005). Changes in representations of a self designated significant other in long term intensive inpatient treatment of seriously disturbed adolescents and young adults. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 68, 266-282.
42. Harpaz-Rotem, I., & Blatt, S.J. (2009). A pathway to therapeutic change: Changes in self-representation in the treatment of adolescents and young adults. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 72, 32-49.
43. Holm, S. (1979). A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 6, 65-70.
44. Horowitz, M.J. (1988). Introduction to psychodynamics: A new synthesis. New York, NY: Basic Books.
45. Horowitz, L.M., Rosenberg, S.E., Baer, B.A., Ureño, G., & Villaseñor, V.S. (1988). Inventory of Interpersonal Problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 885-892.
46. Huprich, S.K., & Greenberg, R.P. (2003). Advances in the assessment of object relations in the 1990's. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 665-698.
47. Jacobsson, G. (2005). On the threshold of adulthood: Recurrent phenomena and developmental tasks during the period of young adulthood (Doctoral dissertation). Department of Education, Stockholm University.
48. Jacobsson, G., Lindgren, A., Werbart, A., & Boalt Boëthius, S. (2004). Unga vuxnas förhållningssätt vid påfrestningar i livet: En enkätundersökning [Young adults' attitudes towards strains and difficulties in life: A questionnaire survey]. Psykoterapi: Forskning och utveckling [Psychotherapy: Research and Development], Report 27. Stockholm: Institute of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapy Section at Karolinska Institutet.
49. Kernberg, O. (2004). Contemporary controversies in psychoanalytic theory, techniques and their applications. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
50. Lancia, F. (2002). The logic of a text-scope. Retrieved December 21, 2010 from http://www.mytlab.com/textscope.pdf.
51. Landauer, T.K., & Dumais, S.T. (1997). A solution to Plato's problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge. Psychological Review, 104, 211-240.
52. Landauer, T., Foltz, P.W., & Laham, D. (1998). An introduction to latent semantic analysis. Discourse Processes, 25, 259-284.
53. Lindgren, A., Werbart, A., & Philips, B. (2010). Long-term outcome and post-treatment effects of psychoanalytic psychotherapy with young adults. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory Research and Practice, 83, 27-43.
54. Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points in attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1 & 2, Serial No. 209), 66-104.
55. Mandler, J.M. (1988). How to build a baby: On the development of an accessible representational system. Cognitive Development, 3, 113-136.
56. Markus, H. (1977). Self-schemata and processing information about self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 63-78.
57. Mergenthaler, E. (2008). Resonating minds: A school-independent theoretical conception and its empirical application to psychotherapeutic processes. Psychotherapy Research, 18, 109-126.
58. Mergenthaler, E., & Bucci, W. (1999). Linking verbal and nonverbal representations: Computer analysis of Referential Activity. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 72, 339-354.
59. Miller, T. (2003). Essay assessment with latent semantic analysis. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 29, 495-512.
60. Philips, B., Wennberg, P., Werbart, A., & Schubert, J. (2006). Young adults in psychoanalytic psychotherapy: Patient characteristics and therapy outcome. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory. Research and Practice, 29, 89-106.
61. Piaget, J. (1954). The construction of reality in the child. New York, NY: Basic Books (Original work published in 1937).
62. Salvatore, S., Tebaldi, C., & Potí, S. (2008). The discursive dynamic of sensemaking, In S. Salvatore, J. Valsiner, S. Strout-Yagodzynski, & J. Cleeg (Eds.), Yearbook of Idiographic Science (Vol. 1/2008, pp. 39-71). Rome: Firera & Liuzzo.
63. Sandler, J., & Rosenblatt, B. (1962). The concept of the representational world. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 17, 128-145.
64. Shedler, J. (2010). The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 65, 98-109.
65. Sikström, S. (2007). Datadriven extractions of context-specific valence and stereotypes in large text corpora: Application to sexes (Manuscript in preparation).
66. Stern, D.N. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant: A view from psychoanalysis and developmental psychology. New York, NY: Basic Books.
67. Ulmer Textbank. Sektion Informatik in der Psychotherapie. (2008). Retrieved February 4, 2009 from http://sip.medizin.uni-ulm. de/informatik/projekte.html.
68. Vermote, R. (2005). Touching inner change: Psychoanalytically informed hospitalization-based treatment of personality disorders. A process-outcome study (Doctoral dissertation). Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium.
69. Vermote, R., Fonagy, P., Vertommen, H., Verhaest, Y., Stroobants, R., Vandeneede, B., Corveleyn, J., Lowyck, B., Luyten, P., & Peuskens, J. (2009). Outcome and outcome trajectories of personality disordered patients during and after a psychoanalytic hospitalization-based treatment. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 294-307.
70. Vermote, R., Lowyck, B., Luyten, P., Vertommen, H., Corveleyn, J., Verhaest, Y., Stroobants, R., Vandeneede, B., Vansteelandt, K., & Peuskens, J. (2010). Process and outcome in psychodynamic hospitalization-based treatment for patients with a personality disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198, 110-115.
71. Werbart, A., in collaboration with Grünbaum, C., Jonasson, B., Kempe, H., Kusz, M., Linde, S., Lundén O'Nils, K., Sjövall, P., Svenson, M., Theve, C., Ulin, L., & ö hlin, A. (2011). Changes in the representations of mother and father among young adults in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 28, 95-116.
72. Westen, D. (1991). Social cognition and object relations. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 429-455.
73. Westen, D., Klepser, J., Ruffins, S., Silverman, M., Lifton, N., & Boekamp, J. (1991). Object relations in childhood and adolescence: The development of working representations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 400-409.
74. Wiman, M., & Werbart, A. (2002). Unga vuxna i psykoterapi II: Hur uppfattar de själva sina problem? [Young adults in psychotherapy II: How do they perceive their problems?]. Psykoterapi: Forskning och utveckling [Psychotherapy: Research and Development], Report 23. Stockholm: Institute of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapy Section at Karolinska Institutet.