Young adults in psychoanalytic psychotherapy: Patient characteristics and therapy outcome

Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice

Volumn 79, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 89-106

  Philips, Björn ^a   Wennberg, Peter ^a   Werbart, Andrzej ^a,b   Schubert, Johan ^a  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b Institute of Psychotherapy   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALCOHOL ABUSE; ARTICLE; AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BORDERLINE STATE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER; CONDUCT DISORDER; DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; GROUP THERAPY; HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NARCISSISM; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOANALYSIS; PSYCHOPATHY; PSYCHOTHERAPY; SCHIZOIDISM; SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER; SELF CONCEPT; SELF REPORT; SWEDEN;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY DISORDERS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; INTERVIEW, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MALE; OBJECT ATTACHMENT; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PARENT-CHILD RELATIONS; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; PERSONALITY DISORDERS; PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY; PSYCHOMETRICS; PSYCHOTHERAPY, GROUP; REFERENCE VALUES; SELF CONCEPT;

EID: 33645452757     PISSN: 14760835     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1348/147608305X52649     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Adamson, L., & Lyxell, B. (1996). Self-image and questions of life: Identity development during late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 569-582.
2. Adatto, C. P. (1980). Late adolescence to early adulthood. In S. J. Greenspan & G. H. Pollock (Eds.), The course of life: Psychoanalytic contributions toward understanding personality development, (Vol. 2, pp. 463-476). Latency, adolescence and youth, Adelphi, MD: MMH, Mental Health Study Center.
3. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. Apoteket, A. B. (2003). Retrieved August 29, 2003, from www.apoteket.se/content/1/c4/48/02/VadStyrLakemedelsforsaljningen.pdf
5. Armelius, B.-Å. (1999). The SASB Swedish data base. Sweden: Umeå University, Department of Psychology.
6. Armelius, K. (2001). Reliabilitet och validitet för den svenska versionen av SASB- självbildstestet Reliability and validity for the Swedish version of SASB- the self image test. Unpublished manuscript, Umeå University, Sweden.
7. Auerbach, J., & Blatt, S. J. (1996). Self-representation in severe pathology: The role of reflexive self-awareness. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 13, 297-341.
8. Baruch, G. (1995). Evaluating the outcome of a community-based psychoanalytic psychotherapy service for young people between 12 and 25 years old: Work in progress. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 9, 243-267.
9. Baruch, G., & Fearon, P. (2002). The evaluation of mental health outcome at a community-based psychodynamic psychotherapy service for young people: A 12-month follow-up based on self-report data. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 75, 261-278.
10. Benjamin, L. S. (1974). Structural analysis of social behavior. Psychological Review, 81, 392-425.
11. Benjamin, L. S. (1983). The INTREX user's manual, Part I and II. Madison, WI: Intrex Interpersonal Institute (Computer program manual).
12. Benjamin, L. S. (1996). Interpersonal diagnosis and treatment of personality disorders (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
13. Berntsson, L., Köhler, L., & Gustafsson, J. E. (2001). Psychosomatic complaints in schoolchildren: A Nordic comparison. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 29, 44-54.
14. Beutler, L., Malik, M., Alimohamed, S., Harwood, T. M., Talebi, H., Noble, S., & Wong, E. (2004). Therapist variables. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 227-306). New York: Wiley.
15. Bjorner, J. B., Søndergaard Kristensen, T., Orth-Gomér, K., Tibblin, G., Sullivan, M., & Westerholm, P (1996). Self-rated health: A useful concept in research, prevention and clinical medicine. Stockholm: Swedish Council for Planning and Coordination of Research (FRN), Report 96:9.
16. Blatt, S. J., & Auerbach, J. S. (2001). Mental representation, severe psychopathology, and the therapeutic process. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 49, 113-159.
17. Blatt, S. J., & Auerbach, J. S. (2003). Psychodynamic measures of therapeutic change. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 23, 268-307.
18. Blatt, S. J., Auerbach, J. S., & Aryan, M. (1998). Representational structures and the therapeutic process. In R. F. Bornstein & J. M. Masling (Eds.), Empirical studies of the therapeutic hour (pp. 63-107). Washington, DC: APA Books.
19. Blatt, S. J., Stayner, D. A., Auerbach, J. S., & Behrends, R. S. (1996). Change in object and self-representations in long-term, intensive treatment of seriously disturbed adolescents and young adults. Psychiatry, 59, 82-107.
20. Blomberg, J., Lazar, A., & Sandell, R. (2001). Long-term outcome of long-term psychoanalytically oriented therapies: First findings of the Stockholm Outcome of Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis study. Psychotherapy Research, 11, 361-382.
21. Cederblad, M. (1996). Fifty years of epidemiologic studies in child and adolescent psychiatry in Sweden. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 50, 55-66.
22. Chiesa, M., Bateman, A., Wilberg, T., & Friis, S. (2002). Patients' characteristics, outcome and cost-benefit of hospital-based treatment for patients with personality disorder: A comparison of three different programmes. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 75, 381-392.
23. Clarkin, J. C., & Levy, K. L. (2004). The influence of client variables on psychotherapy. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 194-226). New York: Wiley.
24. Commission on Child Psychiatry (1998). Det gäller livet: Stöd och vård till barn och ungdomar med psykiska problem [A matter of life: Support and care for children and young people with mental problems.]. SOU 1998:31. Stockholm: Fritzes.
25. Dalman, C., & Wicks, S. (2000). Barns och vuxnas utnyttjande av psykiatrisk vård - i Stockholms län 1993-1999 - per sjukvårdsområde 1999 [Children's and adults' utilisation of psychiatric care in the County of Stockholm 1993-1999 - per health-care region 1999.]. Rapport 2000:5. Stockholm: Samhällsmedicin, Enheten för Psykisk Hälsa.
26. Danielson, M., & Marklund, U. (2000). Svenska skolbarns hälsovanor 1997/98 [The health habits of Swedish schoolchildren 1997/98]. National Institute of Public Health, Reports 2000:5. Stockholm: National Institute of Public Health.
27. Derogatis, L. R. (1994). Symptom checklist-90-R: Administration, scoring and procedures manual (3rd ed.). Minneapolis: National Computer Systems.
28. Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., & Covi, L. (1973). SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric rating scale - preliminary report. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 9, 13-27.
29. Diamond, D., Blatt, S. J., Stayner, D., & Kaslow, N. (1995). Differentiation-relatedness of self and object representations. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
30. Emde, R. N. (1985). From adolescence to midlife: Remodelling the structure of adult development. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 33S, 59-112.
31. Endicott, J., Spitzer, R. L., Fliess, J. L., & Cohen, J. (1976). The Global Assessment Scale. A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 766-771.
32. Escoll, E.J. (1987). Psychoanalysis of young adults: An overview. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 7, 5-30.
33. Fonagy, P. (Ed.). (2002). An open door review of outcome studies in psychoanalysis (2nd rev. edition). London: International Psychoanalytical Association.
34. Fridell, M., Cesarec, Z., Johansson, M., & Malling Thorsen, S. (2002). Svensk normering, standardisering och validering av symtomskalan SCL-90 [Swedish norms, standardisation, and validation of the symptom scale SCL-90]. Västervik: National Board of Institutional Care (SiS).
35. Hagquist, C. (Ed.). (1997). Barns och ungdomars psykiska bälsa. [Children's and young people's mental health.]. Report from researcher hearing September 16, 1997. Stockholm: The Centre for Epidemiology at the National Board of Health and Welfare.
36. Heidrich, J., Liese, A. D., Lowel, H., & Keil, U. (2002). Self-rated health and its relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in southern Germany. Results from the MONICA Augsburg cohort study 1984-1995. Annual Epidemiology, 12, 338-345.
37. Hill, C. E., & Lambert, M. J. (2004). Methodological issues in studying psychotherapy processes and outcomes. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield's handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 84-135). New York: Wiley.
38. Hjälmdahl, Y., Claesson, M., Werbart, A., & Levander, S. (2001). Bedömning av differentiering-relaterande i själv- och objektrepresentationer I: En validitetsstudie [Differentiation-relatedness of self and object representations I: Validity of the Swedish version]. Psykoterapi: Forskning och utveckling [Psychotherapy: Research and Development], Report 20. Stockholm: Institute of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapy Section at Karolinska Institutet.
39. Horowitz, L. M., Alden, L. E., Wiggins, J. S., & Pincus, A. L. (2002). IIP- Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. Manual. (Swedish translation edited by R. Weinryb). Stockholm: Psykologiförlaget.
40. Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., Baer, B. A., Ureño, G., & Villaseñor, V. S. (1988). Inventory of interpersonal problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 885-892.
41. Ivarsson, T. (1998). Depression and depressive symptoms in adolescence: Clinical and epidemiological studies. Doctoral thesis, Göteborg University, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
42. Jacobs, T. J. (1988). Notes on the therapeutic process: Working with the young adult. In A. Rothstein (Ed.) How does treatment help? On the modes of therapeutic action of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Workshop Series of the American Psychoanalytic Association, Monograph 4. (pp. 61-80). Madison, Connecticut: International University Press.
43. Jacobs, T. J., & Chused, J. F. (1987). Psychoanalysis of the young adult: Theory and technique. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 35, 175-187.
44. Jones, S. H., Thornicroft, G., Coffey, M., & Dunn, G. (1995). A brief mental health outcome scale-reliability and validity of the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 654-659.
45. Junkert-Tress, B., Schnierda, U., Hartkamp, N., Schmitz, N., & Tress, W. (2001). Effects of short-term dynamic psychotherapy for neurotic, somatoform, and personality disorders: A prospective 1-year follow-up study. Psychotherapy Research, 11, 187-200.
46. Larsson, D., Hemmingsson, T., Allebeck, P., & Lundberg, I. (2002). Self-rated health and mortality among young men: What is the relation and how may it be explained? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 30, 259-266.
47. Leichsenring, F. (2001). Comparative effects of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in depression: A meta-analytic approach. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 401-419.
48. Leichsenring, F., & Leibing, E. (2003). The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behaviour therapy in the treatment of personality disorders: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1223-1232.
49. Leichsenring, F., Rabung, S., & Leibing, E. (2004). The efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in specific psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 1208-1216.
50. Leuzinger-Bohleber, M., Stuhr, U., Ruger, B., & Beutel, M. (2003) How to study the quality of psychoanalytic treatments and their long-term effects on patients' well-being: A representative, multi-perspective follow-up study. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 84, 263-290.
51. Leuzinger-Bohleber, M. & Target, M. (Eds.). (2002). Outcomes of psychoanalytic treatments: Perspectives for therapists and researchers. London: Whurr.
52. Lilliengren, P. & Werbart, A. (2005). A model of therapeutic action grounded in the patients' view of curative and hindering factors in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 42, 324-339.
53. Lorentzen, S., Bogwald, K. P., & Hoglend, P. (2002). Change during and after long-term analytic group psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 52, 419-429.
54. Lorig, K., Stewart, A., Ritter, P., Gonzalez, V., Laurent, D., & Lynch, J. (1996). Outcome measures for health education and other health care interventions. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.
55. McRoberts, C. H., Burlingame, G. M., & Hoag, M. J. (1998). Comparative efficacy of individual and group therapy: A meta-analytic perspective. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 59, 101-111.
56. Michels, R., Siebel, U., Freyberger, H. J., Stieglitz, R. D., Schaub, R. T., & Dilling, H. (1996). The multiaxial system of ICD-10: Evaluation of a preliminary draft in a multicentric field trial. Psychopathology, 29, 347-356.
57. Monsen, J. T., Odland, T., Faugli, A., Daae, E., & Eilertsen, D. E. (1995). Personality disorders: Changes and stability after intensive psychotherapy focusing on affect consciousness. Psychotherapy Research, 5, 33-48.
58. Morrison, K. H., Bradley, R., & Westen, D. (2003). The external validity of controlled clinical trials of psychotherapy for depression and anxiety: A naturalistic study. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 76, 109-132.
59. Mossey, J. M., & Shapiro, E. (1982). Self-rated health: A predictor of mortality among the elderly. American Journal of Public Health, 72, 800-808.
60. Mulder, R. T., Frampton, C., Joyce, P. R., & Porter, R. (2003). Randomized controlled trials in psychiatry. Part II: Their relationship to clinical practice. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 265-269.
61. Nilsson, P. & Orth-Gomér, K. (Eds.). (2000). Self-rated health in European perspective. Stockholm: Swedish Council for Planning and Coordination of Research (FRN), Report 2000:2.
62. Olsson, G. (1998). Adolescent depression: Epidemiology, nosology, life stress, and social network. Doctoral thesis, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Faculty of Medicine 770.
63. Ottosson, H., Bodlund, O., Ekselius, L., Grann, M., von Knorring, L., Kullgren, G., Lindström, E., & Söderberg, S. (1998). DSM-IV and ICD-10 personality disorders: A comparison of self-report questionnaire (DIP-Q) with a structured interview. European Psychiatry, 13, 246-253.
64. Ottosson, H., Bodlund, O., Ekselius, L., von Knorring, L., Kullgren, G., Lindström, E., & Söderberg, S. (1995). The DSM-IV and ICD-10 Personality Questionnaire (DIP-Q): Construction and preliminary validation. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 285-291.
65. Patelis-Siotis, I., Young, L. T., Robb, J. C., Marriott, M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, L. C., &Joffe, R. T. (2001). Group cognitive behavioural therapy for bipolar disorder: A feasibility and effectiveness study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 65, 145-153.
66. Perry, J. C. (1992). Problems and considerations in the valid assessment of personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1645-1653.
67. Philips, B., Werbart, A., & Schubert, J. (2005). Private theories and psychotherapeutic technique. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 19, 48-70.
68. Pilkonis, P. A., Heape, C. L., Ruddy, J., & Serrao, P. (1991). Validity of the diagnosis of personality disorders: The use of the LEAD standard. Psychological Assessment, 3, 46-54.
69. Reiss, D., Grubin, D., & Meux, C. (1996). Young psychopaths in special hospital: Treatment and outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 99-104.
70. Rosander, M. & Stiwne, D. (1997). Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, IIP- konstruktion och normering av svensk kortversion [Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, IIP- construction and norms of a Swedish short version]. Unpublished manuscript, Linköping University, Sweden.
71. Rosenthal, R. N., Muran, J. C., Pinsker, H., Hellerstein, D., & Winston, A. (1999). Interpersonal change in brief supportive psychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 8, 55-63.
72. Seligman, M. E. P. (1995). The effectiveness of psychotherapy. The Consumer Reports study. American Psychologist, 50, 965-974.
73. Shadbolt, B., Barresi, J., & Craft, P. (2002). Self-rated health as a predictor of survival among patients with advanced cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20, 2514-2519.
74. Spitzer, R. L. (1983). Psychiatric diagnosis: Are clinicians still necessary? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 24, 399-411.
75. Statistics Sweden (2001). Retrieved January 29, 2004, from http://www.scb.se
76. Stevenson, J., & Meares, R. (1992). An outcome study of psychotherapy for patients with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 358-362.
77. Strauss, B., & Schmidt, S. (2003). Differential treatment outcome of inpatient psychodynamic group work. In R Richardson, H. Kachele & C. Renlund (Eds.), Research on psychoanalytic psychotherapy with adults (pp. 15-34). London: Karnac.
78. Wallerstein, R. (1986). Forty-two lives in treatment: A study of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press.
79. Wampold, B. E., Minami, T., Baskin, T. W., & Callen Tierney, S. (2002). A meta-(re)analysis of the effect of cognitive therapy versus other therapies for depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 68, 159-165.
80. Wampold, B. E., Mondin, G. W., Moody, M., Stich, F., Benson, K., & Ahn, H. (1997). A meta-analysis of outcome studies comparing bona fide psychotherapies: Empirically, all must have prices. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 203-215.
81. Weiner, I. B., & Exner, J. E. (1991). Rorschach changes in long-term and short-term psychotherapy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 56, 453-465.
82. Werbart, A. (2004, June). Which therapist suits me? Young adult patients view their psychotherapists. Paper presented at the Society for Psychotherapy Research 2004 Conference, Rome, Italy.
83. Westen, D. (1997). Divergences between clinical and research methods for assessing personality disorders: Implications for research and the evolution of Axis II. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 895-903.
84. Westen, D., & Morrison, K. (2001). A multidimensional meta-analysis of treatments for depression, panic, and generalized anxiety disorder: An empirical examination of the status of empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 875-899.
85. Westen, D., Shedler, J., Durrett, C., Glass, S., & Martens, A. (2003). Personality diagnosis in adolescence: DSM-IV Axis II diagnosis and an empirically derived alternative. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 952-966.
86. Wilberg, T., Karterud, S., Urnes, O., Pedersen, G., & Friis, S. (1998). Outcomes of poorly functioning patients with personality disorders in a day treatment program. Psychiatric Services, 49, 1462-1467.
87. Wiman, M., & Werbart, A. (2002). Unga vuxna i psykoterapi II: Hur uppfattar de själva sina problem? [Young adults in psychotherapy II: How do they perceive their problems?]. Psykoterapi: Forskning och utveckling [Psychotherapy: Research and Development], Report 23. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapy Section.
88. Zlotnik, C., Shea, M. T., Pilkonis, P. A., Elkin, I., & Ryan, C. (1996). Gender, type of treatment, dysfunctional attitudes, social support, life events, and depressive symptoms over naturalistic follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1021-1027.